Ekonomika
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THE COMPREHENSIVE PUBLICATION ON “COMMERCIAL BANKING: ANALYSIS AND EVALUATIONS” (the monograph by Dr. Filomena Jasevičienė in Lithuanian)
Get PDFTRANSFORMATIONAL RESEARCH OF THE FRAUD TRIANGLE
Get PDFAbstract. Fraud is one of the most negative factors of society. Because of frauds, some companies experience many financial and even business continuity problems. The article analyses the theory of the fraud triangle and its transformation into a square. Their various elements – motives, possibilities, pressure, rationalisation, incentive and others – suggested by different authors are presented. The article provides a theoretical analysis of fraud scales and their elements: motives, conditions, possibilities, and performance.Key words: fraud triangle, motives for fraud, fraud scale
THE MODIGLIANI–ADDO–BRUMBERG LIFE-CYCLE MODEL: APPLYING TO UKRAINE’S ECONOMY
Get PDFAbstract. The authors investigate and analyze the possibility of the Modigliani–Ando–Brumberg life-cycle model to describe the relationship among income, consumption, savings, and inheritance of individual households of Ukraine’s economy by using the state statistics data of Ukraine. The features and contradictions of the assumption that a person has the desire to stabilize consumption and make it uniform throughout his life to Ukrainian households are tested.Key words: life cycle model, savings, income, debt, retirement, consumption, wealth, inheritance, constant consumptio
ANALYSIS AND MODELING OF THE SOCIAL SECURITY INDEX IN UKRAINE, LITHUANIA, AND SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES
Get PDFAbstract. The social security of acountry is a situation which is positively regulated by legal norms where the government uses all democratic management practices to maintain decent living standards and ensure theability to meet basic needs for the development of the country and society.The Scandinavian economic model provides for a comprehensive social protection and social benefits to all segments of the community. That is why we used a comparative analysis and the modelling of the social security index in Ukraine, Lithuania, and Scandinavian countries.In the paper, we identify a unique method for calculating the indicator of social security, using three main components: income, demographic situation, and labour market.We have studied the impact of macroeconomic indicators on the level of social security, made an analogy with the Nordic countries, and determined which model should be used for the best results in ensuring the social protection of society.The research has shown that high tax rates combined with a full public confidence in the government and a transparent system of income redistribution are important factors in the development of socially-oriented Scandinavian countries.A regression analysis was conducted to analyse the relationship of tax revenues and social security index; the models of dependence for each country were constructed.We have defined the basic types of taxes and their impact on the economic situation in a country. It is concluded that, in most cases, increasing tax rates should lead to negative changes in the social security of a country.Key words: social security, public policy, fiscal policy, stability, societ
MAIN RISKS IN THE LITHUANIAN BANKING SECTOR: ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
Get PDFAbstract. There are a number of different financial market institutions such as banks, credit unions, leasing and insurance companies, as well as capital market players in Lithuania. The bank sector makes the largest part of the financial market (more than 80%). Thus, the bank sector has a considerable influence on the country’s economy. Banks are not specialized in Lithuania, i.e. they are universal banks which seek to provide quite a wide range of financial services. The successful performance of a bank mostly depends on how it succeeds to manage the risks. The problems of risk management are becoming an object of exceptional attention while enhancing the variety of analysed risks as well as developing the investigation instruments both in the whole world and in Lithuania. Loans make the largest part of bank assets. So, the loan risk management is one of the most important guarantees of safe banking. To manage effectively the bank credit risk, it should be adequately evaluated.Key words: banks, credit risk, credit risk management, credit quality, non-performing loansp
ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL FUNDAMENTALS OF THE DIVERGENCE OF DEVELOPMENT PATHS IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
Get PDFAbstract. An analysis of the divergence of economic development paths of Eastern European countries (Poland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia) that joined the EU in 2004 and of the European post-Soviet states (Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, Moldova) for the past twenty years with an emphasis on trade and financial openness is carried out in the article. A detailed description of institutional mechanisms and institutional changes in the economies of these two groups of countries is presented. In my opinion, in order to ensure a sustainable economic development and sustainable economic growth, the macroeconomic equilibrium has to be supplemented by the institutional equilibrium. The equilibrium criteria have to match the actual functions of the institutions, assigned to them by society, and contribute to the development of the whole society along with formation of the middle class.Key words: economic development, economic growth, institutional change, transition economy, Central and Eastern Europ
INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL VALUATION: METHODS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION
Get PDFAbstract. Currently, a more significant added value is created by intellectual rather than physical capital; yet, according to the current standards of accounting, only a minor segment of intellectual capital is presented in financial accounts of enterprises as it usually does not satisfy one of the criteria of property recognition in financial accounting, namely reliable valuation. As a result, there is an increasing demand for novel methods of valuation, enabling enterprises to establish reliably the value of intellectual capital or its specific segments of a given enterprise. A number of scholars have dealt with the methods of intellectual capital valuation. However, their works analyze and classify different methods of intellectual capital valuation, and different criteria of classification are employed; hence, there is no universally accepted opinion on the issue. That is why the aim of this research was to generalize a scheme of methods of intellectual capital valuation. The main methods applied in the present study are the synthesis and generalization of academic writings, including content analysis. The results of the research and its conclusions are based on the analysis of academic investigations conducted by various authors and the resulting publications. Results. The article generalizes the methods of intellectual capital valuation, suggested by a number of scholars, provides comparisons, reveals the multiplicity of the methods, and highlights the unlimited research of the academic field. Besides, the main classifications of methods of intellectual capital valuation are provided, and the applied criteria are defined. Conclusions. It was established that more than sixty different methods for the valuation of the intellectual capital of an enterprise are available. The results of the research show that these methods are classified according to the four following features. Correspondingly, a classification scheme of intellectual capital valuation methods has been developed. It has been established that most methods of intellectual capital valuation are based on scorecard, they assess specific components; of intellectual capital and in the process of valuation do not employ monetary units of measurement. Tis reveals a lack of the studies that focus on the financial aspect of intellectual capital valuation methods.Key words: intellectual capital, valuation, valuation methods, classification of method
REGULATION PROBLEMS AND THEIR POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS IN THE LITHUANIAN EXPRESS CREDIT SECTOR
Get PDFAbstract. Express credit institutions have started their activities only five years ago when the economic crisis came and increased the borrowing demand. Now, we have the consumer credit law and other legislative acts which aim to ensure this sector regulation. However, there still remain problems that have to be solved. The main of them are inconsistencies in consumers’ solvency evaluation in different companies, the lack of financial knowledge in society and its information, the aggressive lending and advertising policy. The increasing demand for this service shows its importance and proves the necessity to maintain it in the market while at the same time ensuring consumer protection.Key words: express credits, pay-day loans, consumer credi
EVALUATION OF REGIONAL EFFICIENCY DISPARITIES BY EFFICIENT FRONTIER ANALYSIS
Get PDFAbstract. The nonparametric methods, such as data envelopment analysis, free disposal hull and order-α frontier analysis, have been applied in this study to evaluate the efficient frontier which extends the application of the production function of regions. These mathematical programming methods allow evaluating the effectiveness of the regional spatial aspects. In recent studies, efficient frontier methods are applied to evaluate regional policy issues of the European Union.The purpose of this article is to present a more detailed evaluation of regional disparities by analysing regional infrastructure, human capital efficiency, and linkages among the regions. The application of frontier methods reveals their feasibility for studying regional inputs and outputs to asses a more detailed and more reasonable allocation of funds among Lithuanian regions. A more detailed territorial breakdown is selected in this paper to identify a wider scale of efficiency differences among the regions. From the practical point of view and according to the results, more balanced planning tools are suggested for fund allocation decisions in Lithuanian regions while planning infrastructure and human capital development. As efficient regions areidentified, it is recommended to invest in more indirect factors to enhance regional growth. while in inefficient regions more emphasis should be made on more direct interventions to foster economic activity because current investments give insufficient returns. The present type of research is a case study.Key words: regional disparities, regional efficiency, economic development, spatial data envelopment analysis, nonparametric analysi
DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUNICIPAL BOND MARKET IN POLAND AFTER 1989
Get PDFAbstract. The purpose of the paper is to present the development of the municipal bond market in Poland between 1989 and 2012, a characteristic of municipal bonds and their types, issued in this period. The empirical research conducted by the author provides some main financial indicators that determine the development of this market and its role for local governments in Poland. Moreover, there are analysed the types of investors on this market, organizers of the placements or the meaning of this market against the background of the municipal bond markets in the European Union (EU) countries. The study is mainly based on the miscellaneous reports and statistics of the National Bank of Poland, Ministry of Finance, Central Statistical Office of Poland, Warsaw Stock Exchange or rating agency Fitch Polska. An important source of information was also the research conducted by the author, which concerned the perspective of servicing the local governments by commercial banks and the associated risk. As a consequence, the author indicates that the value of municipal bonds issued in Poland is still relatively low in comparison with its gross domestic product and the leading EU countries. Therefore, there are possibilities of the further growth of this market in Poland. First and foremost, municipal bonds are positively perceived as an investment instrument by the investors, i.e. mainly commercial banks. Besides, these securities have a small share in the investment portfolio of pension funds and investment funds. However, one of the main obstacles of the further development of the municipal bond market in Poland is its relatively low liquidity.Key words: municipal bond market, municipal bonds, local government