Archaeologia Lituana
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Žvilgsnis į Lietuvos archeologijos paveldo apsaugos ištakas
Get PDFThe processes of legislation and the development of systems for the preservation of ancient remains, including archaeological heritage, were under development in the countries of Western Europe during the 19th century. The paper seeks to observe the ideas and practices of heritage preservation in Lithuania under the Russian Empire – it is intended to reveal the circumstances under which the notion of heritage protection was born and the ways of its practical implementation. The origins of archaeological science and heritage protection in Lithuania can be traced to the beginning of the 19th c. By the middle of the century, elements of professional heritage protection were implemented in the activities of the Vilnius Museum of Antiquities and the Vilnius Temporary Archaeological Commission. Certain components of professional heritage protection were established in the end of the 19th c.; nevertheless, attempts to pass the general law and to introduce the system of archaeological heritage protection in the Russian Empire were not successful. The birth of a modern Lithuanian nation demanded relevant approaches toward its past in late 19th–early 20th centuries. Efforts were put into the development of the modern Lithuanian national state thus delaying the development of a professional heritage protection system.
Keywords: archaeology, science, heritage protection, history of archaeologyXIX a. pabaigoje Vakarų Europoje susiformuoja pagrindiniai profesionaliosios paveldosaugos elementai: įteisinamas paveldo ekspertų institutas, materialiosios kultūros liekanoms priskiriama vidinė vertė ir įteisinami jų sąrašai, paveldas pasitelkiamas tapatumui formuoti. Straipsnyje siekiama atskleisti profesionaliosios paveldosaugos formavimosi procesus Lietuvai esant Rusijos imperijos sudėtyje. XIX a. pirmoje pusėje Lietuvoje ėmė rastis archeologijos mokslo užuomazgų ir paveldo apsaugos (plačiąja prasme) pastangų, kurios XIX a. viduryje Vilniaus senienų muziejaus ir Vilniaus laikinosios archeologijos komisijos veikloje įgavo kai kuriuos profesionaliosios paveldosaugos bruožus. Atskiri paveldo apsaugos sistemos elementai įsitvirtina XIX a. pabaigoje, kai archeologijos objektų apsaugai ir jų tyrimams imta taikyti visoje Rusijos imperijoje galiojusi sistema, tačiau, kitaip nei Vakarų Europoje, bendro paveldo apsaugą įgyvendinančio įstatymo nebuvo priimta. XIX a. pabaigoje–XX pradžioje etninės lietuvybės pagrindu gimstanti lietuvių tauta susitelkė į valstybės kūrimo darbus – tai taip pat nulėmė pavėluotą profesionaliosios paveldo apsaugos sistemos formavimąsi, palyginti su kitomis Europos šalimis.
Reikšminiai žodžiai: archeologija, mokslas, paveldo apsauga, archeologijos istorij
XIII–XIV amžiaus Kernavės keramika
Get PDFPottery in Kernavė from the 13th–14th CenturiesThe subject of this study is medieval wheel-turned pottery in Kernavė in the 13th-14th centuries. The main goal is to examine the development of pottery in this medieval town. For the study, the technological, morphological and ornamental properties of pottery were analyzed in detail in search of their functional significance and developement throughout space and time. Stylistic vessel groups were established based on specific characterizing attributes. The analysis of dispersion of these vessels and their fragments reveals therole and evolution of pottery in the early urban society.Straipsnyje analizuojama viduramžių Kernavės miesto XIII–XIV a. apžiestos keramikos kolekcija. Detaliai nagrinėjami buityje naudotų indų technologiniai, morfologiniai, puošybiniai požymiai, ieškoma galimos paskirties, erdvės ir chronologijos nulemtų reikšmingų bruožų. Apibendrinant būdingus požymius, išskiriamos stilistinės indų grupės. Joms priskiriamų indų ir jų fragmentų sklaidos analizė išryškina puodininkystės vaidmenį ir raidą viduramžiškoje ankstyvojo Lietuvos miesto visuomenėje
AUTORIAI / AUTHORS
Get PDFSkaistė ArdavičiūtėArcheologijos katedraVilniaus universitetasUniversiteto g. 7LT-01513 [email protected] AugustinavičiusArcheologijos katedraVilniaus universitetasUniversiteto g. 7LT-01513 [email protected]ė GudaitienėArcheologijos katedraVilniaus universitetasUniversiteto g. 7LT-01513 [email protected] KulakovArcheologijos institutasRusijos mokslų akademijaDm. Uljanova g. 19117036 [email protected] MerkevičiusArcheologijos katedraVilniaus universitetasUniversiteto g. 7LT-01513 [email protected] MuradianArcheologijos katedraVilniaus universitetasUniversiteto g. 7LT-01513 [email protected]ėda NemickienėArcheologijos katedraVilniaus universitetasUniversiteto g. 7LT-01513 [email protected] PoškienėArcheologijos katedraVilniaus universitetasUniversiteto g. 7LT-01513 [email protected]ūnas PuškoriusMuzeologijos katedraVilniaus universitetasSaulėtekio al. 9, I rūmaiLT-10222 [email protected] SarcevičiusMiestų tyrimo skyriusLietuvos istorijos institutasKražių g. 5LT-01108 [email protected] ŠatavičiusArcheologijos katedraVilniaus universitetasUniversiteto g. 7LT-01513 [email protected]čardas TaraškevičiusGeochemijos sektoriusGamtos tyrimų centrasAkademijos g. 2LT-08412 [email protected] VasiliauskasBaltijos regiono istorijos irarcheologijos institutasKlaipėdos universitetasHerkaus Manto g. 84LT-92294 Klaipė[email protected] VasiliauskienėArcheologijos katedraVilniaus universitetasUniversiteto g. 7LT-01513 [email protected]
Akvamanilės Lietuvoje ir Europoje
Get PDFThe main aim of this paper is to establish a better understanding, dating and recognition of aquamaniles found in Lithuania by comparing the context and dating of metal aquamaniles with their Western European counterparts.Aquamanile is anthropomorphic or zoomorphic vessel, which was used to pour water on hands in order to wash them. Aquamaniles were made in Islamic world and in Western Europe in late medieval times using metal alloys (copper, brass) or clay and are in many different forms, ranging from lions, knights on horseback, mythical beasts to human busts. The main function of aquamanile was to pour water on the hands for the washing. Aquamaniles were used in both sacral and secular contexts, but it is still debatable in which they were started to be used first.Although the term aquamanile is now widely used to define a zoomorphic or anthropomorphic vessel used to pour water on hands, sometimes the old term, namely, urceolus, or the old definition, defining that aquamanile was a basin or a vessel to hold holy water, can be found. For example, in the Wawel cathedral catalogue aquamanile in the form of lion is called urceolus (Wawel, 2000, p. 259).Aquamaniles are virtually universal with examples coming from late Roman, early Byzantine and Islamic cultures. Through commercial trade, plunder and diplomatic gift exchange metal aquamaniles reached Western Europe. However, the most important factor which stimulated the emergence of metal aquamaniles in the twelfth century in Western Europe was cultural exchange. Metalworkers adopted a new metalworking technique (lost wax or cire perdue), which enabled them to cast hollow three-dimensional objects, metal aquamaniles being their first creations (Dandridge, 2008, p. 78). However, the forms of Islamic aquamaniles were not copied by Western metalworkers, but rather adapted to fit in with Western culture (Barnet, 2006; Dandridge, 2008). For example, there were no knight on horseback aquamaniles in Islamic culture, whereas such form was the second most popular in Western Europe during late medieval times. The main metalworking centres where many surviving aquamaniles were created between the 12th and the end of the 14th century were Lower Saxony and Lotharingia. From the 15th century onwards a new centre emerged in Nuremberg (Southern Germany).O. Falke and E. Meyer were the first to attribute nearly 350 metal aquamaniles to the three major stylistical groups – Romanesque (from the 12th to the first half of the 13th century), Early Gothic (second half of the 13th century) and Late Gothic (the beginning of 14th century to the 16th century) (Falke, Meyer, 1935, p. 38). Romanesque aquamaniles usually are quite stubby and rarely look like a real animal. Early Gothic aquamaniles are bigger and more slender than the Romanesque and usually have a collar around their necks, round ears and big almond shaped eyes. Late Gothic aquamaniles are realistic in form with later examples becoming very big and having flame-tails and a spiggot in their chests.Two aquamaniles were found in Lithuania. One is in the form of a lion and was found in Bartkuškis (Širvintos district). O. Falke and E. Meyer mention that this aquamanile was found in Reval (Tallin), but in V. P. Darkevich and B. R. Vitkauskienė papers it is written that it was found in Vilnius governorate and Bartkuškis (Falke, Meyer, 1935, p. 211; Даркевич, 1966, p. 42; Vitkauskienė, 2001, p. 691). Although all the references were checked, it is still unclear where the aquamanile was really found.Another aquamanile, to be precise, its fragments, were found in Vilnius Lower Castle. It was also in the form of a lion. However, the vague context and small fragments make it difficult to date the aquamanile. The building in which the fragments were found was built in the second half of the 13th century, but due to intensive ground moving works it is possible that the aquamanile fragments got in from the later layers. After comparing aquamanile fragments from Vilnius Lower Castle with other aquamaniles found in Western Europe, it was possible to date its manufacture date to the end of the 13th century – first half of the 14th century. Aquamanile was made in one of the Lower Saxony metalworking workshops. Šis straipsnis nagrinėja iki šiol Lietuvos mokslininkų dėmesio nesulaukusius akvamanilių, rastų Lietuvoje, datavimo, formos, radavietės ir patekimo į Lietuvą klausimus. Taikant meninį stilistinį, komparatyvinį ir analitinį metodus, analizuojama akvamanilių funkcija ir jų reikšmė vėlyvųjų viduramžių krikščioniškajai visuomenei, akvamanilių atsiradimas Europoje, jų raida, tipologija ir pagrindiniai akvamanilių gamybos centrai, aprašomas naudotas gamybos būdas. Remiantis užsienio medžiaga ir atlikto tyrimo duomenimis buvo nustatyta, kad Vilniaus Žemutinės pilies akvamanilės fragmentai priklausė tai pačiai liūto formos akvamanilei, kuri buvo pagaminta XIII a. pabaigoje–XIV a. pirmoje pusėje Žemutinėje Saksonijoje, o Bartkuškyje rasta akvamanilė galėjo būti rasta visai ne Lietuvoje, o Taline
Vilniaus Šv. Mikalojaus bažnyčios plytos – nuo jų ženklinimų iki geocheminių sąsajų
Get PDFThe bricks of St. Nicholas Church in Vilnius comprise the study object of this manuscript. The authors present the visual method of brick marks and size analysis and the geochemical method. The aims of this manuscript werethe following: a) to reveal the information from marked bricks considering the issues of Church building stages and chronology, b) to present the examples of cluster analysis method application to geochemical data of brick composition demonstrating the methodical possibility to find related bricks in other buildings of Vilnius, c) to discuss the application conditions which could give more successful results of brick geochemical comparison on the basis of which both technological and chronological issues of brick production could be solved.The studies of old brick walls have a long tradition in Lithuania. The pioneer of such studies was Marijanas Moreliovskis who formulated the main research areas and issues for future generations during pre-war period. The scholar noted the changes of brick size and tie up methods during ages. The proportional-chronological regularities of the old bricks were used by many later scholars as well, almost exclusively by the architects. Using this method, the architects have determined the chronological boundaries of St. Nicholas Church: from the second half of the 14th century to the 15th century. Meanwhile, the positions of other researchers on this issue are very different. Some historians attribute the building of Church to the Grand Dukes’ Vytenis and Gediminas period, i.e., the junction of the 13th and 14th centuries. They were especially pleased by the date obtained during archaeomagnetic studies of bricks: 1297–1310. However, according to the major part of historians, the foundation of brick Church took place in the period between 1382 and 1413, they relate it to Hanul, vice-regent of Vilnius, merchant of Riga and follower of Jogaila.Solving St. Nicholas Church dating issue, the authors paid attention to the methodical problems of fixing the specificity of the former brickyard production. Both visual and geochemical methods were applied by the authors in search of the similarities or differences of brick production technology.Using the visual method, the attention was paid to the Church wall bricks with marks on their sides (these marks were pressed into bricks before their burning). Total number of marked bricks found was 11. They were marked using round dies with different ornamentation that can be divided into four types. Most of them were found in the southern facade of the Church (Fig. 1). Comparing the marked brick line-up and the changes of brick size in the southern and in the western façade (Figs. 2–4), the authors draw two conclusions. The first one is that the southern and the western walls of the church were built at the same primary time. At least two different marks (Fig. 1, types 1 and 2) were used during this building stage. Basing on analogous marked bricks from St. Ann-Barbara Church with two different signs pressed into the same brick, the authors are inclined to suppose that the bricks of St. Nicholas church marked by stamps of types 1 and 2 were also produced in the same brickyard. The second conclusion is that the frontage of western façade of the Church was built or rebuilt later (probably in the 16th century). The marked bricks of type 3 are found there (Fig. 1). Basing on analogous marked bricks from Vilnius, the authors express their opinion that the brickyard, which produced these bricks, could supply its production also to other buildings of that time: Cathedral and St. Virgin Mary (Franciscan) Church (Figs. 6, 7). The authors express their opinion that the tradition of marking the bricks came to Vilnius from the west. According to analogous marked bricks from the towns of the north-eastern Germany (Fig. 5) it is concluded that St. Nicholas Church could be built not earlier than in the 7th decade of the 14th century. So, the position of Hanul times Church becomes more reasonable.The second method selected by the authors for determination of technological properties of bricks is geochemical. One of the multivariate statistical methods, i.e., the hierarchical cluster analysis is applied to the quantitative data of chemical element contents in bricks. The groups of samples are distinguished during this analysis according to similarity of chemical element contents. This method was used aiming to find out whether the bricks of St. Nicholas Church are similar in chemical composition and whether they are similar or different in comparison with bricks from other Vilnius buildings of the 14th–16th centuries. Five bricks from St. Nicholas Church were compared with 52 bricks of other buildings in Vilnius, dated back from 1326 to 1526. They are as follow: Franciscan Church of the St. Virgin Mary, early Cathedral and the Lower Castle (Table). The result of cluster analysis is that three bricks of St. Nicholas Church early stage have very similar chemical composition. This composition is most of all similar to the brick samples taken from the Franciscans Church and from the northern gate tower of Lower Castle (Figs. 8–10). However, the authors emphasise that the conclusions based on geochemical results are more or less only preliminary and informing about methodological possibilities. In future, aiming to obtain more precise interpretation of brick origin and technological processes according to geochemical research data, it would be useful to ensure the following conditions: a) to take more than one sub-sample from the same brick (avoiding the effect of accidental sample selection), b) to take samples from the inner part of the brick (avoiding anthropogenic geochemical load), c) to use multivariate analysis method (not less than 20 chemical elements) with determination of total content of each chemical element (Taraškevičius et al., 2013, p. 15), d) to compile geochemical database of exactly dated bricks (when a, b and c conditions are fulfilled), e) to select the set of chemical elements for multivariate analysis basing on various geochemical features (not only variability of sample composition); f) to verify and adjust the results of cluster analysis with the help of other multivariate statistical methods; g) to accumulate geochemical data on the deposits of potential raw material (clay). The fulfilment of the last condition can be most of all complicated. Hence, the search for these deposits and their specialised archaeological and geochemical investigations become the crucial objects of future research. Without such data, there exists the sore point of selection of chemical elements for cluster analysis. Taking into account that until now there is a large set of unknown variables, the possibility to reveal useful regularities in presented illustrations with cluster diagrams stimulates the hope that both the described and the other potential complexes of geochemical methods can be successfully used to obtain the knowledge about technological processes of the past. Straipsnio autoriai pristato vizualųjį plytų ženklinimo, plytų dydžių analizės ir geocheminių tyrimų metodus, kurie buvo kompleksiškai pritaikyti tiriant Vilniaus Šv. Mikalojaus bažnyčios mūrus (plytas). Šių metodų pritaikymo tikslas – pateikti naujas galimybes spręsti senųjų mūrų chronologinius bei plytų gamybos technologinius klausimus