HAL-ENS-LYON
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Aimer son travail malgré un déclassement : entre contraintes et ressources
No full textInternational audienceDonnant souvent lieu à une fragilisation à la fois matérielle et symbolique, les trajectoires descendantes de personnes issues de milieux favorisés invitent à réinterroger la problématique du bonheur au travail. L’analyse de quatre récits de déclassement dans des secteurs contrastés (restauration, coiffure, transport routier), parfois entremêlés à des expériences de stigmatisation, permet de donner une réponse nuancée à cette question
Des dimensions sensibles de l’activité essentielles en prévention : corps et désaccords des agriculteurs
No full textInternational audienceIn prevention processes associated with pesticide risk in agricultural settings, attention is overly focused on the expected benefits of technical prevention measures, to the detriment of a nuanced understanding of pesticide usage and their effects on the health of farmers who use them. Almost like putting the cart before the horse by trying to solve a problem before it has been properly understood and analyzed. A comprehensive approach rooted in ergonomics and anthropology aims to restore this balance and start from the analysis of work activity and the observation of working bodies in motion. In this article, we use these two approaches to understand and highlight the actual and sensitive work of farmers in the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). We show how PPE has become a focal point that may occult the broader issues of using approved toxic products and managing exposure risks in the context of a widely held collective belief that wearing PPE actually protects de facto. Through theseobjects, the formal and informal, material and immaterial dimensions of toxic risk regulation practices play out. These dimensions must be taken into account in the design of truly effective prevention measures. However, to bring prevention processes out of compensation and technique-based logics – which fail in practice – the invisible and sensitive dimensions that come into play in the development of self-preservation practices need to be documented and valued. The sensitive reading proposed here, by complementing the anthropotechnologicaland ergotoxicological approaches with an anthropology of the senses and drawing inspiration from an emerging philosophy of the body in dance, seeks to transcend the dualistic and cognitivist boundaries that prevent us from grasping the sensory depth of bodies engaged in activity analysis. In this sense, the use of a choreographic perspective seems relevant not only in the analysis of the technical practices of people in activity but also with a transformative aim, serving as an intermediary object of intervention and design.Dans les processus de prévention associés au risque pesticides en milieu agricole, l’attention se focalise trop sur les bénéfices escomptés de mesures de prévention d’ordre technique, au détriment d’une compréhension fine des usages et des effets de ces mesures sur la santé des agriculteurs. Dans cet article, nous mobilisons des approches compréhensives ancrées dans l’ergonomie et l’anthropologie pour appréhender et donner à voir le travail réel et sensible des agriculteurs dans les situations d’usage des équipements de protection individuelle (EPI). Nous montrons comment les EPI cristallisent plus largement les problématiques qui préoccupent les agriculteurs vis-à-vis de produits toxiques homologués dans le contexte d’une croyance collective répandue selon laquelle le fait de porter des EPI protégerait de fait. À travers ces objets se jouent les dimensions formelles et informelles, matérielles et immatérielles des pratiques de régulation des risques toxiques. Cette contribution invite à revisiter les paradigmes actuels de prévention et à investir le travail réel par l’observation des corps en gestes et l’appréhension des dimensions sensibles de l’activité au-delà des données de laboratoire relatives à l’efficacité de tel ou tel EPI
« En quête d’un statut légal. L’Église catholique et l’État républicain, de l’affrontement au rapprochement, 1901-1957
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Cosmic ray and plasma coupling for isothermal supersonic turbulence in the magnetized interstellar medium
No full textInternational audienceCosmic rays (CRs) are an integral part of the non-thermal pressure budget in the interstellar medium (ISM) and are the leading-order ionization mechanism in cold molecular clouds. We study the impacts that different microphysical CR diffusion coefficients and streaming speeds have on the evolution of isothermal, magnetized, turbulent plasmas, relevant to the cold ISM. We utilized a two-moment CR magnetohydrodynamic (CRMHD) model, allowing us to dynamically evolve both CR energy and flux densities with contributions from Alfvénic streaming and anisotropic diffusion. We identify and regimes, and define dimensionless Prandtl numbers and , which quantify whether the plasma falls within these two regimes. In the coupled regime -- characteristic of slow streaming ( or ) the CR fluid and the plasma have negligible interactions. We further show that CR heating is enabled by coherent structures within the compressible velocity field, with no impact on the turbulence spectrum of incompressible modes
Fast Inference with Kronecker-Sparse Matrices
No full textInternational audienceKronecker-sparse (KS) matrices—whose supports are Kronecker products of identity and all-ones blocks—underpin the structure of Butterfly and Monarch matrices and offer the promise of more efficient models. However, existing GPU kernels for KS matrix multiplication suffer from high data movement costs, with up to 50% of time spent on memory-bound tensor permutations. We propose a fused, output-stationary GPU kernel that eliminates these overheads, reducing global memory traffic threefold. Across 600 KS patterns, our kernel achieves in FP32 a median speedup of x1.4 and lowers energy consumption by 15%. A simple heuristic based on KS pattern parameters predicts when our method outperforms existing ones. We release all code at [github.com/PascalCarrivain/ksmm](https://github.com/PascalCarrivain/ksmm), including a PyTorch-compatible *KSLinear* layer, and demonstrate in FP32 end-to-end latency reductions of up to 22% in ViT-S/16 and 16% in GPT-2 medium
Comment Guenièvre devint canon
No full textInternational audienceThis contribution examines the textual dynamics that have made Lancelot’s lover the canonical version of Guinevere in Oïl-language literature. From the end of the Middle Ages onwards, the definition of the Arthurian queen is the object of a consensus that masks the work of selection and exclusion from which it results. The Matter of Brittain contains several competing versions of Guinevere before one of these becomes the canon. The process of “canonizing” a version of the character brings into play a series of literary mechanisms, not only on an intertextual level but also within a narrative (for instance, when a true and a false Guineveres compete in the Lancelot en prose romance).Cette contribution étudie les dynamiques textuelles qui ont fait de l’amante de Lancelot la version canonique de Guenièvre dans la littérature en langue d’oïl. Dès la fin du Moyen Âge, la définition de la reine arthurienne fait l’objet d’un consensus qui masque le travail de sélection et d’exclusion dont elle est le résultat. La matière de Bretagne contient en effet plusieurs versions concurrentes de Guenièvre avant que l’une de ces versions s’impose comme le canon. Le processus de « canonisation » d’une version du personnage met en jeu une série de mécanismes littéraires, à l’échelle intertextuelle comme à l’intérieur d’un récit (par exemple, lorsqu’une vraie et une fausse Guenièvre s’affrontent dans le roman du Lancelot en prose)
A new definition of human health is needed to better implement One Health
No full textInternational audienceSince the COVID-19 pandemic, One Health approaches1 have revived attention to the interdependence of human, animal, and ecosystem health. However, human health is still predominantly viewed through the prism of disease affecting humans and related care activities, as illustrated by health expenditure and health regulation. This approach is now overly restrictive since interdependencies and holistic approaches are crucial for the prevention and preservation of human health, particularly in relation to interlinked climate, biodiversity, pollution, and health crises. We claim that redefining WHO's definition of human health will facilitate actual implementation of One Health approaches in the medical field, improve pandemic prevention, and reflect the many ways in which health determinants have evolved. Although the funding and very existence of WHO are under attack, with dramatic consequences on worldwide global health, WHO should seize the opportunity to change the definition of human health and thereby reinvent itself, showing its ability to evolve with the international context, base its recommendations and policies on updated science, and promote multilateralism and its values
An English listening comprehension learning game and its effect on phonological awareness
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Elementary school teachers in France are responsible for teaching English, but most are not specialists. They need support, particularly for listening comprehension. Hence, we designed Luciole, an English listening comprehension learning game for 6-to-9-year-old French pupils. A first study showed that children who played Luciole developed their listening comprehension in English but, unexpectedly, also improved their phonological awareness in French, even though only about 5% of Luciole’s activities are related to phonology. Based on these results, another study with a bilingual phonological awareness test and a streamlined data collection method was designed to try to replicate the previous results and to explore their origin. The results for listening comprehension were replicated, but not the results for phonological awareness. We provide guidelines for a more reliable phonological awareness test, and we conclude that using digital tools in the classroom can be beneficial for young learners’ listening skills
L'évaluation des animaux dans le discours humain : Entre stéréotypes et perception expérientielle
No full textInternational audienceThis study examines the discourse surrounding animals according to humans, focusing on the intersection of stereotypes and evaluative processes. By exploring how humans attribute traits, preferences, and emotions to animals—such as "my cat prefers warmth" or "he has a strong personality"—this research investigates the anthropocentric framing of animal behavior and experiences in language (Paveau & Ruchon 2020; Kerbrat-Orecchioni 2023).The analysis considers three interconnected aspects of "animal evaluation" defined as linguistic devices carrying stereotypes about ourselves and non-humans (Lakoff 1987; Hart & Long Jr. 2011): (1) the linguistic expression of evaluation as perceived by humans, constrained by the impossibility of accessing the animal’s own reflexive perspective; (2) evaluation as experienced by the animal, distinct from human perception; and (3) evaluative discourse, where humans articulate their interpretations of the animal's experience and their own perception of it (Cooren 2010). These layers highlight a form of transspecies anthropocentrism in discourse (Oozerally & Hookoomsing 2018), raising a main research question: how can we speak meaningfully about the lived experience of another species without imposing exclusively human frames of reference?This research draws on qualitative exploratory interviews with pet owners, focusing on domestic cats – Felis catus (Serpell, 2013) – as a case study. It critically engages with cognitive framing theories (Enfield & Levinson 2006), emphasizing the role of stereotypes in shaping how humans evaluate and discuss animal behavior. Ontological and epistemological distinctions are key to this inquiry: while ontology concerns what is, epistemology concerns what we know about the animal’s experience.To address this challenge, the study proposes integrating multiple frameworks. A “semantic of action” describes human-perceived behaviors, while a “semantic of intelligibility” (Saussez et al. 2020) seeks to interpret animal actions within their context, mediated by human understanding. Furthermore, the study advocates for interdisciplinary approaches, incorporating ethological insights, ecolinguistics (Alexander 2010; Stibbe 2018), discourse analysis (Wagener 2019) and alternative modes of representation—such as video and audio recordings—to move beyond linguistic limitations.By examining the interplay between stereotypes, evaluative discourse, and animal behavior, this research contributes to understanding the limits and possibilities of discussing non-human experiences within human-centered frameworks (Costa 2020)
Les expressions axiologiques dans l’espace public : un pendant critique aux normes sociétales ? : La transmission normative par les axiomorphosimes
No full textInternational audienceIn this paper, we wish to explore the questions posed in the framing text by starting from a phenomenological position on ‘transmission’: transmitting is an activity of putting, dynamic because it involves a ‘trajectivity’ (Berque, 2015), a movement across between at least two poles and linking them. In so doing, transmission is characterised by a double experience: that of being put into oneself, and that of being ‘taken’ (Bessy & Chateauraynaud, 1995; Heinich, 2017). These two positions create a particular kind of social relationship between the person who puts in and the person who takes: a relationship of value.Since 2017, we have been conducting ethnographic research consisting of photographing and mapping axiological expressions in public space. By ‘axiological expressions’, we mean written or posted messages, in letters and/or symbols, presenting one or more values, whether they are being fought for/defended (as in the case of feminist messages/fights against violence against women), addressed to someone explicitly or not.Dans cette communication, nous souhaitons explorer les questions posées dans le texte de cadrage en partant d’une position phénoménologique de la « transmission » : transmettre, c’est une activité de mise, dynamique car impliquant une « trajectivité » (Berque, 2015), un mouvement traversant entre au moins deux pôles et les reliant. Ce faisant, un double vécu d’expérience caractérise une transmission : celle de la mise en soi, et celle de la « prise » (Bessy & Chateauraynaud, 1995; Heinich, 2017). Ces deux postures enfin pose un rapport social entre la personne qui mise et la personne qui prise d’un type particulier : un rapport de valeur.Nous conduisons depuis 2017 une recherche ethnographique consistant à photographier et cartographier des expressions axiologiques dans l’espace public. Par « expressions axiologiques », nous entendons des messages écrits ou affichés, en lettres ou/et par des symboles, présentant une à plusieurs valeurs, qu’elles soient combattues/défendues (comme dans le cas des messages féministes/de luttes contre les violences faites aux femmes), adressées à quelqu’un explicitement ou non.Ces messages ou expressions axiologiques reconfigurent ainsi leur espace-support de réception : entre une expérience de l’art (Dewey, 2014) et une mise à « prise », ces messages sont disposés de façon à interpeller le sujet regardant. Ce faisant, ils transmettent non seulement un sens lexical – ils délivrent un message – mais aussi un sens politique – ils misent sur la prise souhaitée : interpeller la personne qui lit.C’est à partir de cette « configuration » (Barbier & Dutoit, 2023) que nous proposons d’explorer les questionnements du colloque, notamment sur une « normativité de la transmission » dans l’espace public. Nous faisons l’hypothèse que ces « axiomorphismes » - soit ces valeurs prennant une forme, se visibilisant – interpellent plus que le sujet lecteur : elles interpellent aussi la société en positionnant ce qui fait « crise » en elle en lumière critique, les deux étant reliées (Fassin, 2023; Heurtaux et al., 2023). A travers un récit rétrospectif de ces années de recherche ethnographique, nous souhaitons interroger comment ces mises en mots/symboles de valeurs qui comptent viennent conduire à s’interroger sur les siennes propres et, ce faisant, apprendre à situer la genèse de ses propres valeurs (Joas, 2023)