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Point de vue (Aux carrefour des sémiotiques linguistique et visuelle)
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Handicap, déficience, différence. Une introduction aux disability studies
No full textNational audienceThe aim of this book is to introduce the French public to Disability Studies, a multi-disciplinary field of research in the humanities and social sciences which, since the end of the 1970s, has continued to grow in structure and complexity, to the point where it is now traversed by a number of currents, such as Cultural Disability Studies and Critical Disability Studies, themselves diversified into Crip Studies, Critical Studies of Ableism, Global South Disability Studies, and so on. Using an approach that is inseparably philosophical and historical, this volume presents these different currents in the order in which they emerged, together with the main concepts (impairment vs disability; ableism; disabilism; disability as metaphor; narrative prosthesis, etc.) and models (social/cultural/relational/affirmative model of disability, etc.) that they have forged to understand disability. It focuses on the debates and controversies that have led to the diversification of disability studies, and enriches them with a critical perspective.Cet ouvrage a pour but d’introduire le public français aux disability studies, ou études de handicap, champ de recherche pluridisciplinaire situé dans le domaine des sciences humaines et sociales, qui, depuis la fin des années 1970, ne cesse de se structurer et de se complexifier, au point d’être aujourd’hui traversé d’une pluralité de courants, telles que les cultural disability studies et critical disability studies, elles-mêmes diversifiées en crip studies, critical studies of ableism, global south disability studies, etc. Selon une approche indissociablement philosophique et historique, ce volume présente, dans l’ordre de leur apparition, ces différents courants ainsi que les principaux concepts (impairment vs disability ; ableism ; disabilism ; disability as metaphor ; narrative prosthesis, etc.) et modèles (social/cultural/relational/affirmative model of disability, etc.) qu’ils ont forgés pour appréhender le handicap. Il prend pour fil conducteur l'articulation des trois concepts de handicap, déficience et différence, concentre son propos sur les débats et controverses qui ont présidé à la diversification des disability studies, et les enrichit d'une perspective critique
Enseigner les Lumières depuis les Disability Studies
No full textInternational audienceIn his latest book (L'Héritage des Lumières. Ambivalences de la modernité, Seuil/Gallimard, 2019), Antoine Lilti distinguishes three main phases of Enlightenment criticism. The first, ‘conservative and reactionary’, present from the eighteenth century to the present day, pits faith against reason, tradition against progress, the family against the individual. The second, born in the wake of the Second World War, was initially Marxist-inspired (Adorno and Horkheimer), then critical of humanism (Foucault), and denounces the ‘excesses of reason and the forms of political domination it implies’. The third is postcolonial criticism, which, writes Lilti, ‘attacks the ideological substratum of European domination’, namely its (alleged) universalism (pp. 37-38). We present a fourth, generally neglected, critique of the Enlightenment, which has been unfolding in the English-speaking world since the 1990s, within a slightly older field of research, disability studies - or more precisely, cultural disability studies. In a way, this critique applies the main theses of the third approach to the issue of disability: the Enlightenment freed disability from the clutches of magical or religious interpretation, all the better to ensnare it in the clutches of reason, which excludes, rectifies and re-educates. The Enlightenment thus marked the transition from the moral model to the medical model of disability, which is still dominant today and sees disability as an unfortunate alteration or deficiency to be reduced as far as possible. The Enlightenment was not only racist and colonialist, it was also ableist: it forged the norm of the individual as not only rational and perfectible, but also autonomous and productive - in short, the able individual. While it would be beyond the scope of this chapter to assess the validity of such a diagnosis, we will ask the following questions: how does this critique from disability studies shed new light on the Enlightenment? What effects can or should it have on their teaching? After outlining the main features and the internal logic of this critique in the writings of its principal representatives, we show that its first effect is to offer the study of the Enlightenment nothing less than a new subject - ‘disability’, as it was then called - or a plurality of new subjects (blindness, deafness, etc.), taken into account, particularly in France, by its greatest authors.Dans son dernier ouvrage (L’Héritage des Lumières. Ambivalences de la modernité, Seuil/Gallimard, 2019), Antoine Lilti distingue trois grands phases de la critique des Lumières. La première, « conservatrice et réactionnaire », présente du XVIIIe siècle à nos jours, oppose la foi à la raison, la tradition au progrès, la famille à l’individu. La deuxième, née dans le sillage de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, d’abord d’inspiration marxiste (Adorno et Horkheimer), puis critique à l’égard de l’humanisme (Foucault), dénonce les « excès de la raison et des formes de domination politique qu’elle implique ». La troisième est la critique postcoloniale, qui, écrit Lilti, « s’attaque au substrat idéologique de la domination européenne », à savoir son (prétendu) universalisme (p. 37-38). Nous en présentons une quatrième, généralement négligée : la critique des Lumières qui se déploie dans le monde anglo-saxon à partir des années 1990, au sein d’un champ de recherches à peine plus ancien, les disability studies – plus précisément, les cultural disability studies. Cette critique consiste, en quelque sorte, à appliquer à la question du handicap les principales thèses de la troisième : les Lumières ont arraché le handicap aux griffes de l’interprétation magique ou religieuse pour d’autant mieux l’enserrer dans celles de la raison qui exclut, redresse et rééduque. Les Lumières signeraient ainsi le passage du modèle moral au modèle médical du handicap, qui, encore dominant aujourd’hui, conçoit celui-ci comme une altération ou une déficience malheureuse, à réduire autant que faire se peut. Les Lumières ne seraient pas seulement racistes et colonialistes, elles seraient aussi « validistes » (ableist) : elles auraient forgé la norme de l’individu non seulement rationnel et perfectible, mais encore autonome et productif – en somme, de l’individu capable (able). S’il ne saurait s’agir, en l’espace d’un chapitre, d’évaluer la validité d’un tel diagnostic, nous poserons les questions suivantes : en quoi cette critique issue des disability studies produit-elle sur les Lumières un nouvel éclairage ? Quels effets peut-elle ou doit-elle avoir sur leur enseignement ? Après avoir exposé, au moyen des textes de ses principaux représentants, les traits saillants et la logique interne d’une telle critique, nous montrons que son premier effet est d’offrir à l’étude des Lumières rien de moins qu’un nouvel objet – l’« infirmité », comme on la nommait alors – ou une pluralité de nouveaux objets (la cécité, la surdité, etc.), pris en vue, en France notamment, par ses plus grands auteurs
Correctly rounded evaluation of a function: why, how, and at what cost?
No full textThe two accompanying files are: - The SageMath code computing upper bounds for the hardness to round of exp, trigonometric and hyperbolic functions over the firstfew binades surrounding 1;- the LACoR library that implements the BH algorithm for computing upper bounds on the hardness to roundInternational audienceThe goal of this article is to give a survey on the various computational and mathematical issues and progress related to the problem of providing efficient correctly rounded elementary functions in floating-point arithmetic. We also aim at convincing the reader that a future standard for floating-point arithmetic should require the availability of a correctly rounded version of a well-chosen core set of elementary functions. We discuss the interest and feasibility of this requirement
Directional light scattering in Mie-resonant Si particles with ultra-thin Au shells
No full textInternational audienceMetamaterial research has sought to create nanostructures with strong directional optical scattering to control light propagation at the nanoscale. Core–shell architectures comprised of both resonant cores and resonant shells are suggested as candidate particles in which the spectral overlap of the electric and magnetic dipoles is controlled to create strong directional scattering. In this study, Au-decorated Si core–shell (Si@Au) particles are presented, studying the role of the architecture (particulate, discontinuous shells vs continuous) and dimensions of the shell. The core–shell particles are synthesized by first creating Si particles, through the thermal disproportionation of hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ), which are then decorated with ≈4 nm diameter Au nanoparticles. The resonant behavior of the core–shell particles is characterized using electron energy-loss spectroscopy mapping and optical single-particle scatter spectroscopy. These observations are supported by T-matrix simulations and Mie-theory calculations of the scattering spectra, which show that, compared to Si, Si@Au particles demonstrate a dampened magnetic dipole resonance for smaller Si core diameters (100–130 nm) and an enhanced magnetic dipole resonance for larger Si core sizes (150–200 nm). The study indicates that the previously reported hybridized modes do not exist in particulate Au shells around a Si core and can only exist in continuous plasmonic shells. Thus, it is shown here how important it is to be as precise as possible regarding the nanomaterial architecture used in simulations. No configuration of Si@Au core–shell particles with a particulate shell could be found that strongly enhanced directional scattering, and a continuous shell may do so only modestly. However, the simulations show that the synthesis of thin, continuous Ag shells might represent an alternative route towards achieving good directional scattering properties.</p
“From blue to red: first evidence of heat treatment in the production of Minoan serpentinite vases through non-invasive study and experimental petrology”
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Neoadjuvant immune checkpoint blockade before chemoradiation for cervical squamous carcinoma (GINECO window-of-opportunity COLIBRI study): a phase II trial
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Machiavelli, Aristote et le républicanisme populaire offre la première étude complète de la relation entre Machiavel, Aristote et la tradition aristotélicienne. Alessandro Mulieri montre que le langage conceptuel de l’aristotélisme a non seulement façonné certaines des idées les plus radicales de Machiavel, mais a également joué un rôle central dans le développement de sa pensée républicaine populaire et dans sa critique du républicanisme classique.Adoptant une approche interdisciplinaire mêlant histoire de la pensée politique, théorie politique et histoire de la philosophie, cet ouvrage propose une interprétation originale de l’engagement de Machiavel avec cinq thèmes aristotéliciens : la nature de la science politique, la relation entre vertu et fortune, la préservation de la tyrannie, la notion prémoderne de démocratie comme « domination des pauvres » et la prudence de la multitude. En analysant un large éventail de textes aristotéliciens latins et vernaculaires circulant à l’époque de Machiavel, ainsi que des œuvres de plusieurs penseurs de la Renaissance, le livre aborde des défis de longue date dans l’interprétation de la relation de Machiavel avec les sources antiques, médiévales et modernes, révélant la nature sélective et profondément stratégique de son engagement envers la tradition prémoderne.
No full textPublished Online : 26 November 2025International audienceThe first comprehensive investigation to date of the Aristotelian roots of Niccolò Machiavelli's radical republican thought. Arguing that the conceptual language of Aristotelianism shapes key aspects of Machiavelli's radical ideas, this book is required reading for those interested in the political thought of one of the most important authors of modernity. Machiavelli, Aristotle and Radical Republicanism shows how Machiavelli draws upon Greek and Aristotelian sources to challenge classical republicanism and examines influence of the Early Modern Aristotelian intellectual context on the development of Machiavelli's political thought. This approach helps to overcome many of the problems in understanding Machiavelli's relationship with ancient sources and reveals the selective and deeply strategic character of Machiavelli's appropriation of the premodern tradition. Working from an interdisciplinary perspective, the book combines sources and methods from the history of political thought, the history of philosophy, literature, and political theory. Machiavelli, Aristotle and Radical Republicanism gives an original interpretation of Machiavelli's radical ideas following from his encounter with five different but intertwined Aristotelian themes: 1) the relationship between prudence and fortune, 2) the reservation of tyranny, 3) the wisdom of the crowd, 4) the idea of democracy and its relationship to poverty and 5) the problem of civil religion. It provides an unprecedented engagement with several Latin and vernacular Aristotelian texts that circulated in Machiavelli's time and with Aristotelian authors who were contemporary to Machiavelli such as Girolamo Savonarola (1452-1498), Giovanni Pontano (1436-1503), Pietro Pomponazzi (1462-1525)
An efficient construction of Raz's two-source randomness extractor with improved parameters
No full textRandomness extractors are algorithms that distill weak random sources into near-perfect random numbers. Two-source extractors enable this distillation process by combining two independent weak random sources. Raz's extractor (STOC '05) was the first to achieve this in a setting where one source has linear min-entropy (i.e., proportional to its length), while the other has only logarithmic min-entropy in its length. However, Raz's original construction is impractical due to a polynomial computation time of at least degree 4. Our work solves this problem by presenting an improved version of Raz's extractor with quasi-linear computation time, as well as a new analytic theorem with reduced entropy requirements. We provide comprehensive analytical and numerical comparisons of our construction with others in the literature, and we derive strong and quantum-proof versions of our efficient Raz extractor. Additionally, we offer an easy-to-use, open-source code implementation of the extractor and a numerical parameter calculation module
2nd Workshop on Scheduling Variable CapacityResources for Sustainability
No full textThis is the report for the second workshop on Scheduling Variable Capacity Resources for Sustainability. The first workshop in 2023 nucleated a research community focused on compute scheduling in the new age of renewable power generation -- where variation in weather and solar radiation drives variation in compute capacity (opportunity). The goal was to mobilize a combination of the scheduling community, cloud resource management community, and new leaders creating adaptive datacenters. These adaptive grid loads could then accelerate the use of clean renewable energy and thereby power grid decarbonization. This first workshop posited 1) variable capacity, flexible compute platforms; 2) dynamic grids and datacenter-grid decoupling; 3) adaptive scheduling approaches to accommodate these varying platforms and respond to grid demands; and 4) a growing social and government demand for carbon progress in datacenter systems. In September 2025, all of these technical changes come to reality, at large scale because of the AI fueled explosion of datacenter power demand and grid stress.However, in September 2025, the world of variable capacity scheduling is also shaped by two radical changes. First, a geo-political shock. While the dangers of climate change continue to grow, the turn of the US government's policies away from renewables, even promoting fossil fuels, has created a global turmoil. Second, a workload shock. Over the past two years, the AI revolution dramatically accelerated the growth of electric power consumption by computing -- in North America, Europe, Asia (notably China), and the Middle East. In short, the trends that motivated the workshop have only increased in importance and urgency.At the second workshop, we assessed progress made in 2.5 years on the key problems of variable capacity scheduling, and also trends, challenges, and opportunities:- Platforms are rapidly increasing in dynamics, with growing adoption of dynamic power management and adaptive scheduling to meet demand-response and other grid needs. There is a growing two-way relationship between datacenters and grids;opportunities abound.- Workloads become more malleable, delay flexible, or even acceptably approximate. AI training workloads are a major example, with hyper-parameter optimization and checkpoints enabling significant flexibility. - The scheduling algorithms and metrics are evolving rapidly, reflecting the interplay between flexible workloads and dynamically varying platforms. New metrics are emerging to capture both performance and non-performance attributes (e.g. carbon emissions), and new notions of progress (model improvement).- Societal concerns about the sustainability of computing have exploded into the public eye with growing resistance and protest against datacenters. Criticism of perpetual growth gives rise to questions about new models of sufficiency, as well as growing awareness, responsibilities, and action.The talks and position papers of the participants are available at https://people.cs.uchicago.edu/~aachien/workshops/varsched25/