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Knowledge-based Design: Developing urban & regional design into a science
Get PDFThe assumptions underlying this book are that urban & regional design can be developed into a societally relevant science, that this depends on the view held regarding the significance of urban & regional design to society, and what is considered to be the object of the discipline derived from this view. The author bases these assumptions on the knowledge and insights she has acquired during the last fifteen years; the first ten years within the Chair of Urban & Regional Design, and after that within the Chair of Spatial Planning, both of the Faculty of Architecture of the Delft University of Technology
11 Ontwerpen voor de Delta
Get PDFAfstuderen op bouwkunde betekent: je eigen opgave en probleemstelling formuleren, onderzoek doen en een ontwerp maken. Bij de leerstoel Stad en Regio wordt de context bepaald door de Hollandse metropool. Die grote schaal daagt uit tot strategische perspectieven voor de toekomst en ruimtelijke ontwerpen voor strategische interventies daarin. In het afstuderen komen de studenten zichzelf tegen. In het bepalen van hun opgave, die veel zegt over hun eigen kijk op de samenleving en hun interessen. In hun onderzoeksmethoden en technieken die duidelijk moeten maken dat ze zelfstandig onderzoek moeten kunnen doen en in hun uiteindelijke ruimtelijke strategie en ontwerp, waaruit hun creativiteit en ruimtelijk inzicht blijkt.
De verzameling afstudeerplannen uit een bepaalde periode zijn niet slechts losse projecten, maar zijn tevens een beeld van de tijdgeest, van actuele maatschappelijke opgaven en tenslotte van visies op de metropolitane ontwikkeling van Nederland en het landschap van Nederland. Door die plannen te laten becommentarií«ren door externe experts worden ze van een actuele maatschappelijke opvatting voorzien en bekritiseerd. Daarmee wordt het tijdsbeeld gecreí«erd van opvattingen vanuit de samenleving en ontstaat inzicht in de mate van acceptatie van de afstudeerplannen van de jonge ingenieurs, en hun bijdrage aan het ruimtelijke en programmatische onderzoek naar de toekomst van dit land
Designing from Heritage: Strategies for Conservation and Conversion
Get PDFDesigning from Heritage deals with challenges architects are faced with when dealing with the conservation and reuse of built heritage, with a focus on Modern Movement Monuments. It discusses how to carry out a thorough analysis and evaluation of monuments upon which their conservation and transformation can be based. It is meant for MSc education, but may be of interest to architects in general.
This book — the third in the Rondeltappe series — reflects the philosophy and didactic approach of Heritage and Architecture (H&A) section of the Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment (Delft University of Technology). H&A has three chairs: Design, Cultural Value and Technology. They work in close cooperation to lay the foundations for the preservation and continuity of use of built heritage.
Designing from Heritage is strongly connected to the first book in the Rondeltappe series which deals with durability and sustainability of monuments, and with the second which advocates freedom in heritage based design. It contains the contribution of Prof. Wessel de Jonge — the Chair of Heritage and Design and principle at Wessel de Jonge Architects — and Prof Marieke Kuipers — Chair of Culural Heritage in particular of the Architecture of the Twentieth Century and senior specialist of Twentieth Century Built Heritage at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands (RCE).
Designing from Heritage is subdivided in four chapters:
The first, a contribution by Wessel de Jonge, sketches issues of transitoriness and timelessness related to the reuse of Modern Movement monuments. Their values, characteristics and potentials are the foundations for architectural design aimed at guaranteeing their future lives.
In the second chapter, Marieke Kuipers presents a didactic exercise in critical observation of the architectural object.
In the third, she discusses the interpretation of tangible and intangible heritage values in order to specify the main characteristics and critical issues in relation to continuity and change.
Finally, Wessel de Jonge presents his experience of the role of the architect in relation to heritage value assessment, with specific reference to the conservation of Modern Movement monuments
Sustainable Academia: Translating the Vision of a Full Sustainable University into a Measurable Reality
Get PDFThere is a growing public expectation that universities should start focusing on delivering sustainability. The topic of sustainability in higher education has gathered a significant amount of interest from students, academics, governments and international organisations.
With a plethora of declarations, initiatives, marketing and assessments, there is a need to assess what the stakeholders want in order to make decisions regarding an institution's sustainability. Ultimately, students are the ones using these sustainability marketing materials to assist in their decision at which institution they will pursue their studies. The sheer volume of interpretations of the word sustainability with regards to higher education institution leaves ample room for potentially misguided initiatives or marketing.
A universal system for assessing a higher educational institution’s sustainability has not been translated into a measurable reality. It is proposed that a universal system would help create a common understanding of sustainability within higher education institutions and would help in stakeholder understanding, institutional accountability and impactful application of sustainable initiatives.
This research looked to answer if a holistic framework could be created that would aid stakeholders in reviewing a university’s level of sustainability. And, if so, if this vision of a fully sustainable university could be translated into a measurable reality.
The research was approached in a structured way. Each chapter represents a published and peer-reviewed step towards addressing if a holistic framework could be created that would aid students in reviewing sustainability tools, assessments and marketing. The qualitative and quantitative conclusions from each chapter influenced the subsequent chapters, eventually leading to the creation and testing of two digital tools. The interpretations of these published chapters are found in the conclusion of this dissertation
OverHolland 7: Architectural studies for the Dutch city
Get PDFBefore you lies the 5x5 Projects for the Dutch City publication, the result of the eponymous research project conducted at the Faculty of Architecture of Delft University of Technology. The 5x5 project aims at investigating the relationship between architectonic interventions and urban transformations in the station areas of five smaller historical cities in the Randstad, the urban agglomeration of Western Holland: Haarlem, Leiden, Gouda, Delft and Dordrecht. The starting point was the hypothetical assumption that in the future and following the Delft example, the railway in these cities will be placed underground in the inner city area. The results of the first part of this research — analyses of various locations and the impulse for a problem definition for the research by design — have been previously published in OverHolland 5 (SUN, 2007). The second part of this research project consisted of research by design for the five abovementioned station areas, carried out by five teams of architects. The results are presented in this specially designed seventh issue of the OverHolland series, entitled 5x5 Projects for the Dutch City.
Leen van Duin initiated this research project and is also responsible for its concept. With this pilot project he wants to encourage research by design at the Faculty of Architecture. Henk Engel was responsible for the elaboration of the content and the structure of the project, while François Claessens handled the project coordination.
The design research was supervised by five architects associated with the Delft University of Technology: Jo Coenen (Haarlem), Michiel Riedijk, Niklaas Deboutte, Kersten Geers (Leiden), Dick van Gameren (Gouda), bOb van Reeth (Delft) and Henk Engel (Dordrecht), and carried out by their respective staff members: Anne Snijders (Haarlem), Sjoerd Schaapveld and Rasmus Hamann (Gouda), Peter van Doninc (Delft), Olivier van der Bogt, Marius van der Meulen and Bart van den Ende (Dordrecht).
The preliminary research and coaching of the design teams was executed by members of the Urban Architecture research group at the Faculty of Architecture: Olivier van der Bogt, Roberto Cavallo, Esther Gramsbergen, Lara Schrijver and Willemijn Wilms Floet. Map research of the five project locations was done by Iskander Paní© and Otto van Diesveldt. The five project scale models were made by teaching assistants Inouk Brouwer, Sjors de Graaf, John Jaspers, Jaimy Siebel and Froukje de Vries. A special thanks to all of them for their efforts in successfully finishing this project.
We would also like to thank Roger Willems who designed this book and in particular Henk Hoeks of SUN Publishers for believing in this project. Finally, we would like to thank the Faculty of Architecture of the Delft University of Technology for its financial support of this project and its publication
OverHolland 3: Architectural studies for the Dutch city
Get PDFOverHolland addresses the relationship and interaction between the building and the city in the context of the Dutch urban landscape. To this end, the city is understood in its material manifestation, as an artefact constructed of tangible elements such as buildings and infrastructure. In this approach it is especially the architectural conception of the city as it emerges in various designs for the city, whether implemented or not, that is the empirical object of study and analysis. Therefore, the research that we present here analyses the city primarily as an ‘architectonic construction’.
The previous cahier of OverHolland focused on the link between the larger scale of the Randstad and the smaller scale of its component parts: the individual Dutch cities. As a sequel to the previous article on the genesis of the city in the Netherlands during the Middle Ages, in the present scahier of OverHolland, Reinout Rutte discusses urban development during the period from the fourteenth to the nineteenth centuries. In his article, he relates the economic and demographic phenomena of growth and shrinkage of the Dutch city to the spatial development of urban landscapes and city plans during this period.
Regarding the individual cities, the present and following issue will focus on the city of Amsterdam. In their contribution, Henk Engel and Esther Gramsbergen analyse realisation of the first Amsterdam Stock Exchange in relation to the formation of the city centre around the Dam. They correlate two sets of facts that are usually studied separately: the development of public buildings and the morphological development of the city. The development of public buildings for municipal administration and trade resulted in a new perspective concerning the genesis of the city and the further steps in the process of urbanisation. Moreover, with their reconstruction of the history of the development of the city centre of Amsterdam, a number of special characteristics of the Dutch city have been brought to light.
In their article, Roberto Cavallo and Dirk Zuiderveld investigate the remarkable series of transformations that were undergone by the present day Paradiso building on the Weteringschans. Built in 1879 as the headquarters for the Vrije Gemeente (a nontraditional religious community), today the building is an internationally renowned pop venue. This is a typifying example of the permanence and durability of urban facts in a continuously changing city.
In a contribution from Master Thesis Studio for Hybrid Buildings of the Faculty of Architecture of the Delft University of Technology, several architectonic studies are presented that tested various possibilities for transforming the railway zone on the east side of Amsterdam from a barrier to an element of transition. A series of studies of building forms along, underneath and above the railway was developed into architectonic designs.
This cahier of OverHolland ends with the Polemen section, in which François Claessens discusses the book The Metope and the Triglyph of Antonio Monestiroli regarding its architectural theory and educational content, and Guus Borger critically analyses the book by Wouter Reh, Clemens Steenbergen and Diederik Aten on land reclamation and the Dutch polder landscape
Imagine: Reimagining Housing
No full textArchitects much prefer to design new buildings. It gives a clear style and language, defines a position and contributes to developments in architecture. But today’s reality is that most buildings we will use in the future have already been built. We are required to reimagine them, whether refurbishing them for a better performance or giving them an entirely new duty.
This is the theme Reimagining Housing is targeting: the potentials of refurbishing an existing building not just to better insulate it but also to generate a new idea for the existing house, whether in the sense of retaining its spirit, refreshing it, spicing it up or renovating it completely
Dwelling on Courtyards: Exploring the energy efficiency and comfort potential of courtyards for dwellings in the Netherlands
Get PDFThe urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon and the dependency of buildings onÀ¨fossil fuels were the two main issues that formed this dissertation. UHI results in higher air temperatures in dense urban areas compared with their suburbs and rural surroundings. This phenomenon affects human health through thermal discomfort. Furthermore, in the Netherlands, it is estimated that by 2050 the air temperature could be up to 2.3°C warmer as compared to the period of 1981-2010. Besides, the energy consumption of buildings is responsible for 30 to 45% of CO2 emissions. 31% of this consumption belongs to residential buildings. Residential buildings can play a major role in reducing the CO2 emissions caused by fossil fuel consumption.
One of the passive architectural design solutions is the courtyard building form. Courtyards have been used for thousands of years in different climates in the world. In hot climates they provide shading, in humid climates they cause a stack effect helping ventilation, in cold climates they break cold winds and protect their microclimate. In temperate climates (such as of the Netherlands), the thermal behaviour of courtyards has been studied less. In this dissertation, low-rise residential courtyard buildings were therefore studied among (and along) different urban block types in the Netherlands.
As the first step, computer simulations were done as a parametric study for indoor and outdoor thermal comfort. Field measurements were done in actual urban courtyards and in dwellings alongside urban courtyards in the Netherlands (and in a similar temperate climate in the US). A scale model experiment later followed the simulations. Some of these field measurements were used to validate the simulation models. These efforts answered the two main research questions:
1) To what extent is a dwelling alongside an urban courtyard more efficient and thermally comfortable than other dwellings?
2) To what extent do people have a more comfortable microclimate within an urban courtyard block on a hot summer day than within other urban fabric forms?
To answer the first question, the energy performance of and thermal comfort inside dwellings in three types of urban blocks in the Netherlands (each with 1, 2 and 3 stories) were analysed (with an identical floor area). The main objective of the research was to clarify the effect of building geometry on annual heating energy demand, thermal comfort, heat loss, solar gains through external windows and on overheating in summer. The buildings had different surface to volume ratios owing to different shapes: single, linear and courtyard shape. The single shape model is more exposed to its outdoor environment and has the highest surface to volume ratio. The linear models consist of a row of dwellings, which leads to a smaller area exposed to the outdoor environment, and this amount is the lowest for the courtyard models. The single dwelling has a higher surface to volume ratio and this model has the highest solar gains. The average amount of energy demand for heating in a year for the single shape is the highest among the models. However, the lighting energy demand for the single shape is the lowest. The linear and courtyard models are very similar in lighting energy demand. The courtyard shape has the lowest energy demand for heatingˬsince it is more protected. Considering thermal comfort hours in free running mode, the courtyard shape has the lowest number of discomfort hours among the models. Reducing the external surface area exposed to the climatic environment leads to higher energy efficiency and improved summer thermal comfort performance. Therefore, this analysis showed that the courtyard shape proves to be more energy efficient and thermally comfortable than other dwellings.
For the second research question, the microclimate within the urban block forms previously studied (singular, linear and courtyard) were simulated, each with two different orientations (E-W and N-S, except for the courtyard). To explore their microclimates the simulations were done for the hottest day in the Netherlands (19th June 2000) according to the temperature data set provided in NEN5060. The results showed that the singular forms provide a long duration of solar radiation exposure for the outdoor environment. This causes the worst comfort situation among the models at the centre of the canyon for a hot summer day. In contrast, the courtyard provides a more protected microclimate which has less solar radiation in summer. Considering the physiological equivalent temperature (PET), the courtyard has the highest number of comfortable hours on a summer day. Regarding the different orientations of the models and their effect on outdoor thermal comfort, it is difficult to specify the differences between the singular E-W and N-S forms because they receive equal amounts of insolation and are equally exposed to wind. Nevertheless, the linear E-W and N-S forms are different in their thermal behaviour. The centre point at the linear E-W form receives sun for about 12 h. In contrast, this point at the linear N-S form receives 4 h of direct sunlight in that day. Therefore, in comparison with the E-W orientation this N-S orientation provides a cooler microclimate.
To sum up the above findings, it should be said that this study showed that courtyard buildings as a passive design solution (originally from hot and arid climates) can improve energy efficiency and thermal comfort for Dutch dwellings. This building archetype can reduce energy demands for cooling, as a result being a good alternative form for the expected warmer future of the Netherlands. Designing small scale courtyards (single- family house) needs attention in winter. Courtyards provide more indoor and outdoor comfort in comparison with linear and singular forms. With this knowledge, it could be said that design strategies taken from one climate may be applicable in other climates but with serious attentions and modifications. Different disciplines and sciences can perform valuable roles to make this transition beneficial for the fragile ecosystem and people
Gebiedsgericht Voorraadbeleid van Woningcorporaties: Een analyse van planningsbenaderingen in Vogelaarwijken
Get PDFThis issue of A+BE focuses on area-based asset management of housing associations. In this thesis you can find out how housing associations establish coherent intentions regarding the housing stock in neighbourhoods and what planning approaches they are using. Since their independence in the nineties of the last century housing associations have developed to social enterprises that are committed to a broad field of activity.
This change allows for increased complexity of decision-making on the housing stock of the housing associations. The asset management of housing associations has changed from a policy that focuses on the physical pillar (homes), on the primary target group and on its own portfolio , to an area-based asset management that is characterised by cooperation with other parties, by the broadening to social and economic activities and by a (policy) distinction between different areas.
The traditional asset management models are often not adapted to this development. These models do not take sufficient account of area characteristics, by which the proposed measures do not necessarily fit the area-specific problems. In addition, the policy is difficult to implement, because the top-down approach of the models neglects the reality in which multiple, interdependent actors are needed to have a successful housing stock policy.
That is why in this thesis it is examined which planning approaches housing associations use in the formulation of area-based asset management in restructuring districts (Vogelaarwijken).
 
Spatial planning and urban resilience in the context of flood risk
Get PDFSpatial planning is increasingly being considered as an important mechanism in coping with flood risk due to climate change. One of the reasons for this is that engineering approaches are increasingly expensive and cannot provide complete certainty of protection against climate-related floods. The thesis examines whether and how spatial planning is used in urban areas to promote resilience to flood risk and climate change. In this study, planning is considered as the regulation of physical implementation as well as the process of policy-making that guides spatial development. This process mainly involves the interaction and collaboration between actors (both public and private).
The notion of resilience is being used more and more in discussions of complex issues like the impact of climate-related flood risks on spatial development. The interpretations of resilience can vary significantly depending on the local context, the focus of spatial development and the interests of the actors involved in decision- making. The study proposes six characteristics of planning decision-making that can help to promote the resilience of cities. These comprise: (i) considering the current situation, (ii) examining trends and future threats, (iii) learning from previous experience, (iv) setting goals, (v) initiating actions, and (vi) involving the public. The importance of these characteristics over time for policy and practice is examined according to empirical evidence from detailed case study analysis. Six case studies are presented, four in Taiwan and two in the Netherlands. In all of the case studies, the issue of flood risk and spatial development is considered important by policy- makers, but the planning strategies used to tackle climate-related flood risks are often different, as are the experiences of flooding and governance arrangements. The information gathered is primarily based on interviews and the review of planning policies, government reports and research documents.
Comparative analysis is a central focus of the study. The analysis has both a national and international perspective, comparing cases within Taiwan and between Taiwan and the Netherlands. The national comparison examines the way in which local planning governance is addressed in shaping decisions to deal with flood risks. This can vary among cases which share similar spatial development objectives and national institutional framework. The international comparison between Taiwan and the Netherlands examines the roles of planning to promote urban resilience in the context of flood risk and climate change.
Three conclusions can be drawn. First, the interpretation of resilience is dependent on the views and interests of the actors involved. These change over time and can be seen in different episodes of policy-making. Second, the importance of the different assessment characteristics varies from one case to another. The interests of the leading actors, the interpretations of flood risks and the framework of local collaboration are all major factors that shape these differences. These factors are often associated with planning traditions and relatively stable in resistant to change. Third, when there is a collaborative framework for planning involving multiple actors, the result is a more comprehensive set of strategies in dealing with flood risk