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The International Congress on Architectural Envelopes | Special issue -2018
No full textSpecial edition in collaboration with the International Congress on Architectural Envelopes (www.icae2018.eu), which is organise devery 3 years in San Sebastian (Basque Country, Spain).
The eleven articles found in this issue were carefully selected from 50 abstracts that will be presented during the scientific section of the congress. The final selected papers were subjected to the regular double-blind review process of the journal.
With this selection of papers, we want to give an overview of the traditional technologies that are normally discussed in the context of façades, while also making some mention of new technologies, which, some time ago, existed only in the realm of the laboratory but which have begun to appear in real buildings and construction in recent years. In fact, the main topic of the conference this year is the Envelope 4.0, and consequently the aim of the magazine. Under this title, the aim is to unify two elements: the architectural envelope, due to it being the main reason for holding the conference, and the term “Industry 4.0” as a representation of the need to improve the manufacturing, assembly, distribution, and installation processes of many of the products included in today’s envelopes in order to be competitive in the market
Integrated Urban River Corridors: Spatial design for social-ecological resilience in Bucharest and beyond
Get PDFThis thesis focuses on Urban River Corridors (URCs) as spaces of social-ecological integration par excellence–that is, spaces where the interaction between the urban systems (carrying the ‘social-’) and the river system (carrying the ‘-ecological’) is (potentially) the most intense. The general hypothesis is that with an integrated spatial understanding, planning and design of rivers and the urban fabric surrounding them, cities could become more resilient, not just to flood-related disturbances, but to general chronic stresses as well. Hence, the thesis addresses a number of spatial problems arising from the loss of synergy between the natural dynamics of rivers and the spatial configuration and composition of urban areas that they cross, namely: the relationship between fluvial geomorphology and urban morphology weakened by river-taming operations; the physical barrier caused by riverside vehicular traffic; the latent flood risk built up through resistance-based flood-protection measures; the diminished capacity of urban rivers to provide ecosystem services; and the reduced scalar, (and implicitly) social and ecological complexity of urban rivers after rationalisation.
Drawing on theories of social-ecological resilience and urban form resilience, on conceptual and analytical tools from the fields of spatial morphology and landscape ecology, and on explorations through urban river design projects, the thesis departs from the research question
“How can social-ecological integration be spatially defined, assessed and designed in Urban River Corridors?”
Accordingly, it constructs a theory of social-ecologically integrated Urban River Corridors, in which it proposes a spatial-morphological definition, an assessment framework, and a set of design principles and design instruments. These three components of the theory represent the descriptive, analytical, and normative claims advanced in the research, respectively. The thesis employs a mixed methods research strategy that combines methods of both quantitative and qualitative nature as part of a transdisciplinary design study approach. As the object of the design study, the case of Bucharest crossed by URC Dí¢mboviÈ›a and URC Colentina is used to contextualise the spatial-morphological definition, and to demonstrate, develop and test the proposed assessment framework and design principles, with a distinct set of methods in each of the three parts of the thesis.
The first part places URCs in a wider theoretical and empirical context. A transdisciplinary literature review is carried out to distil environmental-ecological, social-economic, planning-governance and spatial-morphological knowledge into four key properties of URCs–connectivity, open space amenity, integration and multiscalarity–and to adopt a method of URC delineation. A historical overview of Bucharest’s URCs and a qualitative data analysis of 22 expert interviews is conducted to describe the past dynamics and the current state of URC Dí¢mboviÈ›a and URC Colentina. The history of the two rivers shows a process of radical transformation from a flooding and dynamic river valley to a canalised stream and cramped urban space (River Dí¢mboviÈ›a) and from a pestilential wetland to a succession of lakes and parks designated as a metropolitan recreational area (River Colentina). In the expert interviews addressing the current state of the two URCs, Dí¢mboviÈ›a was described as inaccessible, disruptive, unattractive and artificial from both social and ecological point of view, but also, in terms of potentials, as a major axis of urban development and potentially the largest public space of the city. URC Colentina, as revealed in the analysis of the expert interviews, is currently inaccessible and fragmented by lakeside privatisation and it lacks cohesion due to contrasting social and spatial peripheral conditions. Yet, most experts considered that it is potentially the largest recreational space and green corridor in the metropolitan area of Bucharest.
Based on the spatial-morphological definition of URCs and on existing approaches to assessing urban rivers, the second part of the thesis develops an assessment framework, that is, a structured indicator system and a method for the assessment of social-ecological integration. The indicator system is structured in a hierarchy of social and ecological categories under connectivity (longitudinal, lateral, and vertical connectivity) and spatial capacity (spatial diversity, quality and composition). The method of assessment confronts values given by indicators from corresponding categories (e.g. social lateral connectivity with ecological lateral connectivity) in a mirrored social-ecological assessment chart and highlights areas of potential for improved social-ecological integration on the scales of the corridor and the corridor segment. Informed by the key problems and potentials derived from the analysis of the expert interviews, a complete assessment is carried out on URC Dí¢mboviÈ›a and a demonstration of wider application is given on URC Colentina. Corridor-segment assessment shows that URC Dí¢mboviÈ›a currently has a high-to-medium longitudinal connectivity, medium-to-low lateral connectivity and low vertical connectivity, as well as a medium spatial diversity and quality, and a medium-to-high spatial composition. The social-ecological profile of URC Dí¢mboviÈ›a highlights potential improvements on the ecological dimension for centrally located corridor segments and a potential increase in spatial diversity and composition on the social dimension in peripheral segments. The application of the assessment framework to different site conditions is briefly demonstrated on URC Colentina with an indicator of street network accessibility (also used in the assessment of URC Dí¢mboviÈ›a) and green space coverage (specific to URC Colentina).
Building on principles of urban and landscape design and informed by design explorations through four urban river projects carried out by the author, the last part of the thesis develops four design principles, namely Interconnectedness, Absorptive Capacity, Social-Ecological Integration, and Interscalarity, derived from the key properties specified in the spatial-morphological definition of URCs. Interconnectedness and Absorptive Capacity are principles that guide the design of elements found in the networks and open spaces of the URC, while Social-Ecological Integration and Interscalarity reveal systemic and scalar relations among those elements. Finally, the design principles are translated into four corresponding design instruments–the Connector, the Sponge, the Integrator and the Scaler–, meant to aid designers in building social-ecologically integrated URCs. A design workshop organised in Bucharest is employed to demonstrate and test the use of the design instruments in the design process and their impact on the design projects. The workshop participants evaluated the design instruments as overall useful and easy to use, but also gave valuable suggestions for improvements in their application in the design process.
The thesis concludes with a reflection on theoretical, methodological and practical implications of the research. By drawing parallels between the spatial-morphological definition, assessment and design of URCs, on the one hand, and the spatial properties and models of social-ecological resilience, on the other hand, it argues that social-ecologically integrated URCs have a potentially positive impact on general urban resilience. This last part discusses challenges and opportunities of the transdisciplinary design study approach and the mixed methodology, gives possible usage scenarios for the assessment framework and design instruments, and reflects on the wider applicability of the research for urban and landscape design beyond the case of Bucharest.
 
Heritage, History and Design Between East and West: A Close-Up on Kyoto’s Urban Fabric
Get PDFThis book comprises a collection of essays on traditional machiya in Kyoto from various viewpoints and at different scales, including the urban fabric, the construction, the layout of the space plan, and building materials and details. By discussing the topic further from the various perspectives of the Dutch and Japanese scholars, we aim not only to cultivate a better understanding of machiya, but also to clarify the difference between the Netherlands and Japan in terms of ideas and approaches to preservation and regeneration of historical buildings.
Concepts and approaches with respect to traditional architecture differ greatly between the Netherlands and Japan. The differences lie not only in the construction methods, respectively brick and timber construction, but also in the ways of living, as well as miscellaneous systems and regulations regarding architectural materials. Efforts to clarify such differences will promote a better understanding of each other’s culture, history and context, as well as comparative studies and a re-evaluation of ideas and approaches to preservation, regeneration and adaptive reuse of historic buildings in both countries.
This book was conceived as a record of the outcomes of exchanges between students and scholars of architectural history, preservation and adaptive reuse at Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) and Kyoto Institute of Technology (KIT). The exchange started when Kazuto Kasahara from KIT joined TU Delft’s RMIT (which later became the Heritage & Architecture section) as a visiting scholar from 2010 to 2011, and conducted surveys and research on preservation and adaptive reuse of historical buildings. Since then, both universities have been engaged in ongoing research and educational exchanges through KIT’s invitations to scholars from TU Delft. In February 2012, KIT hosted the international symposium The Present and Future of Preservation of Modern Architecture and invited Marie-Thí©rí¨se van Thoor and Hielkje Zijlstra to lecture. On the occasion of other symposia on preservation and adaptive reuse of historical buildings, Wessel de Jonge (November 2016) and Paul Meurs (February 2018) were invited to speak. In March 2015, Paul Meurs and Hielkje Zijlstra visited Japan to investigate possibilities for further collaboration in research and education within the KYOTO Design Lab, an institution launched by KIT and dedicated to practice-based research and innovation in, amongst others, the field of urban revitalization and architectural design. As a first joint project, KIT and TU Delft organized the design project Heritage & Machiya, involving a group of ten students from each university, from November 2015 to February 2016. Sara Stroux and Alexander de Ridder from the Netherlands and Kazuto Kasahara and Kazue Akamatsu from Japan participated in the project as instructors. The students’ works were exhibited at TU Delft in November 2016.
Five TU Delft scholars spent a month in Kyoto conducting research into machiya: Hielkje Zijlstra (Nov.-Dec. 2015), Lidwine Spoormans (Jan.-Feb. 2016), Carola Hein (July-Aug. 2016), Marie-Thí©rí¨se van Thoor (Feb.-Mar. 2017), and Barbara Lubelli (July-Aug. 2017). Most of the contributions in this book present the outcomes of these study trips.
Thus, TU Delft and KIT have been cultivating research and educational exchanges especially in the field of preservation and adaptive reuse of historical buildings, which are the challenges of the immediate future in the Netherlands and in Japan. The exchanges between both universities will hopefully contribute to finding solutions
CITY OF THE FUTURE | STAD VAN DE TOEKOMST: MSc II Design Studio Mobility & Public Space in the City of the Future
Get PDFDESIGN RESEARCH ON THE CITY OF THE FUTURE
How can we design and develop a transformation area in an integral way into an attractive and future-proof urban environment? This is the the central question of the research project Stad van de Toekomst (City of the Future).
This question is motivated by urgent social as well as local tasks in the urban areas, varying from housing demand, social inclusiveness, new economy, climate adaptation, and the like, taking into account the transitions in energy, mobility, circularity and digitization. Based on future scenarios, the aim and intended results of this study are to obtain insights into the central and local questions in order to inform integral area development from systems and networks. In addition, also transitions to other spatial conditions are addressed. Such insights can have significance for the developments of a number of locations, and contribute to the policy of local and central governments.
The study was initiated from the Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management (Min.IenW) in close coordination with the BNA (The Royal Institute of Dutch Architects), Delft University of Technology/DIMI (Delft Deltas, Infrastructures & Mobility Initiatives) and the Delta Metropolis Association. Other project partners involved are the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Min.BiZa) and the municipalities of Amsterdam, Eindhoven, The Hague, Rotterdam and Utrecht.
The five biggest cities of the Netherlands have to contend with a growing number of inhabitants. They all have to deal with compaction and expansion. Each of these five cities Stad van de Toekomst appointed a 1 í— 1 km transformation area to be analyzed, researched and designed by two interdisciplinary teams of architects, urbanists, city planners, visionaries, engineers and sociologists — for the five cities there are in total ten multidisciplinary teams of practitioners fully involved with the project. This size of the 1 km ‘window’ is considered necessary because many different functions and spatial issues come together and are visible at once. These windows have in common the challenge of dealing with the existing city and, at the same time, with an urban densification assignment. They serve as test locations for new insights that can also be used in other places where further urbanization takes place.
In Amsterdam it is about a port and business area which is already in the process of being redeveloped at this very moment. In Eindhoven this is a district defined by offices and broad roads adjacent to the main railway station. The Rotterdam site is a car-oriented office and megastore/ shopping mall area. Utrecht is about a city periphery with fragmented mono-functional areas and the site in The Hague is a fragmented area with three stations and trespassed by various railway tracks, large city roads and a motorway.
In this very realistic design brief, Stad van de Toekomst brings together designers, stakeholders, municipalities and academia in order to find answers on the central question for the near future where various essential transitions will most probably take place. The design teams will do this in a speculative manner, from current as well as known developments and techniques, and on the basis of explicit assumptions. In different plenary meetings all stakeholders and experts are invited to present and criticize the findings of the design teams.
DESIGN STUDY STAD VAN DE TOEKOMST
Starting point of the design study is the large system transitions that are necessary for the fundamental social tasks that we face. These system transitions concern energy supply, mobility systems, circularity of raw materials and digitalization based on ICT. De Stad van de Toekomst depends on the extent to which these transitions can be given a place as part of a new daily living environment. The transformation of the city from the current situation to a new situation of such complex and interlocking systems is far-reaching and yet unknown.
In addition, the system transitions have a major impact on societal tasks such as progressive urbanization, regional and urban accessibility and climate adaptation, which for instance must ensure that we can better control extreme rainfall or long-term drought.
Urbanization is the main theme of the design study. Amsterdam bursts at the seams and Eindhoven is looking for urbanity. The Hague already knows where the densification should take place and Utrecht is still looking for the right locations for densification.
The design study is not looking for classic area development solutions, but for new ways of thinking about the city, which should be based on how the different transitions can work to the advantage of the area.
MSc II DESIGN STUDIO ARCHITECTURE & URBAN DESIGN
The MSc II design studio Architecture & Urban Design at the Faculty of Architecture & the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, is tightly connected to the Stad van de Toekomst research and design project. In this ten weeks master design course, students in architecture, urbanism and landscape architecture work together in the examination of the urban space as architectural space and the architectural space as urban space. In this experimental design project, based on the same assignment given by Stad van de Toekomst, students and staff are interested on one hand to the urban intervention in the built environment and its effect on architecture, and at the other hand to the architectural treatment of the city and its effect on urbanism. The close interrelation between urbanism and architecture is the main assumption of this course.
The framework of the Stad van de Toekomst research design study is directly projected, compressed and applied to this ten weeks master course. This intensive study program kicked off with a two day workshop forming scenarios for the five cities. A study trip to Boston, MA, provided the students with a background and feeling of large metropolitan city developments and transformations. In addition, some very interesting interactions with colleagues at MIT and Harvard universities and a fantastic presentation at the City Hall on the urban challenges of Boston, contributed to enrich the knowledge about urban strategies and operations in relation to the future of the city.
Next to it, all students had the opportunity to interact with one or more multidisciplinary teams of practitioners working on the Stad van de Toekomst project. This gave the students interesting insights on how practice is dealing with the same real life issues they were facing while analyzing and designing. Furthermore, the students visited the ‘locale ateliers’, workshop meetings where the design teams were given the chance to directly ask questions and present issues to the different parties and experts per city — a unique opportunity for both the design teams and the students to be this close on experts of all levels while being in the middle of a design process. Last but not least, the students attended the plenary sessions where all different stakeholders and the students could discuss the process of dealing with the challenges of the Stad van de Toekomst.
This book shows the results of the studio work done by 29 students from eleven different nationalities
Integrated Urban River Corridors: Spatial design for social-ecological resilience in Bucharest and beyond
Get PDFThis thesis focuses on Urban River Corridors (URCs) as spaces of social-ecological integration par excellence–that is, spaces where the interaction between the urban systems (carrying the ‘social-’) and the river system (carrying the ‘-ecological’) is (potentially) the most intense. The general hypothesis is that with an integrated spatial understanding, planning and design of rivers and the urban fabric surrounding them, cities could become more resilient, not just to flood-related disturbances, but to general chronic stresses as well. Hence, the thesis addresses a number of spatial problems arising from the loss of synergy between the natural dynamics of rivers and the spatial configuration and composition of urban areas that they cross, namely: the relationship between fluvial geomorphology and urban morphology weakened by river-taming operations; the physical barrier caused by riverside vehicular traffic; the latent flood risk built up through resistance-based flood-protection measures; the diminished capacity of urban rivers to provide ecosystem services; and the reduced scalar, (and implicitly) social and ecological complexity of urban rivers after rationalisation.
Drawing on theories of social-ecological resilience and urban form resilience, on conceptual and analytical tools from the fields of spatial morphology and landscape ecology, and on explorations through urban river design projects, the thesis departs from the research question
“How can social-ecological integration be spatially defined, assessed and designed in Urban River Corridors?”
Accordingly, it constructs a theory of social-ecologically integrated Urban River Corridors, in which it proposes a spatial-morphological definition, an assessment framework, and a set of design principles and design instruments. These three components of the theory represent the descriptive, analytical, and normative claims advanced in the research, respectively. The thesis employs a mixed methods research strategy that combines methods of both quantitative and qualitative nature as part of a transdisciplinary design study approach. As the object of the design study, the case of Bucharest crossed by URC Dí¢mboviÈ›a and URC Colentina is used to contextualise the spatial-morphological definition, and to demonstrate, develop and test the proposed assessment framework and design principles, with a distinct set of methods in each of the three parts of the thesis.
The first part places URCs in a wider theoretical and empirical context. A transdisciplinary literature review is carried out to distil environmental-ecological, social-economic, planning-governance and spatial-morphological knowledge into four key properties of URCs–connectivity, open space amenity, integration and multiscalarity–and to adopt a method of URC delineation. A historical overview of Bucharest’s URCs and a qualitative data analysis of 22 expert interviews is conducted to describe the past dynamics and the current state of URC Dí¢mboviÈ›a and URC Colentina. The history of the two rivers shows a process of radical transformation from a flooding and dynamic river valley to a canalised stream and cramped urban space (River Dí¢mboviÈ›a) and from a pestilential wetland to a succession of lakes and parks designated as a metropolitan recreational area (River Colentina). In the expert interviews addressing the current state of the two URCs, Dí¢mboviÈ›a was described as inaccessible, disruptive, unattractive and artificial from both social and ecological point of view, but also, in terms of potentials, as a major axis of urban development and potentially the largest public space of the city. URC Colentina, as revealed in the analysis of the expert interviews, is currently inaccessible and fragmented by lakeside privatisation and it lacks cohesion due to contrasting social and spatial peripheral conditions. Yet, most experts considered that it is potentially the largest recreational space and green corridor in the metropolitan area of Bucharest.
Based on the spatial-morphological definition of URCs and on existing approaches to assessing urban rivers, the second part of the thesis develops an assessment framework, that is, a structured indicator system and a method for the assessment of social-ecological integration. The indicator system is structured in a hierarchy of social and ecological categories under connectivity (longitudinal, lateral, and vertical connectivity) and spatial capacity (spatial diversity, quality and composition). The method of assessment confronts values given by indicators from corresponding categories (e.g. social lateral connectivity with ecological lateral connectivity) in a mirrored social-ecological assessment chart and highlights areas of potential for improved social-ecological integration on the scales of the corridor and the corridor segment. Informed by the key problems and potentials derived from the analysis of the expert interviews, a complete assessment is carried out on URC Dí¢mboviÈ›a and a demonstration of wider application is given on URC Colentina. Corridor-segment assessment shows that URC Dí¢mboviÈ›a currently has a high-to-medium longitudinal connectivity, medium-to-low lateral connectivity and low vertical connectivity, as well as a medium spatial diversity and quality, and a medium-to-high spatial composition. The social-ecological profile of URC Dí¢mboviÈ›a highlights potential improvements on the ecological dimension for centrally located corridor segments and a potential increase in spatial diversity and composition on the social dimension in peripheral segments. The application of the assessment framework to different site conditions is briefly demonstrated on URC Colentina with an indicator of street network accessibility (also used in the assessment of URC Dí¢mboviÈ›a) and green space coverage (specific to URC Colentina).
Building on principles of urban and landscape design and informed by design explorations through four urban river projects carried out by the author, the last part of the thesis develops four design principles, namely Interconnectedness, Absorptive Capacity, Social-Ecological Integration, and Interscalarity, derived from the key properties specified in the spatial-morphological definition of URCs. Interconnectedness and Absorptive Capacity are principles that guide the design of elements found in the networks and open spaces of the URC, while Social-Ecological Integration and Interscalarity reveal systemic and scalar relations among those elements. Finally, the design principles are translated into four corresponding design instruments–the Connector, the Sponge, the Integrator and the Scaler–, meant to aid designers in building social-ecologically integrated URCs. A design workshop organised in Bucharest is employed to demonstrate and test the use of the design instruments in the design process and their impact on the design projects. The workshop participants evaluated the design instruments as overall useful and easy to use, but also gave valuable suggestions for improvements in their application in the design process.
The thesis concludes with a reflection on theoretical, methodological and practical implications of the research. By drawing parallels between the spatial-morphological definition, assessment and design of URCs, on the one hand, and the spatial properties and models of social-ecological resilience, on the other hand, it argues that social-ecologically integrated URCs have a potentially positive impact on general urban resilience. This last part discusses challenges and opportunities of the transdisciplinary design study approach and the mixed methodology, gives possible usage scenarios for the assessment framework and design instruments, and reflects on the wider applicability of the research for urban and landscape design beyond the case of Bucharest
Delft Lectures on Architectural Design: Edition 2015 / 2016 revised and updated August 2018
Get PDFThe idea of this lecture series is to enable various full professors, associate professors and researchers to present their positions held in architectural design within the faculty’s master track in architecture. Next to their collaboration in the actual lectures, the faculty staff each has handed in a contribution to this reader, in which the lecturers reflect upon both contemporary key problems within the field of architecture and/or their own sources of inspiration and illumination.
Hence, the audience and target group of the lecture series and reader are MSc1 students. Since this student group has diverse educational backgrounds, like bachelor students from Delft, college students, Erasmus students and International Master students from all over the world, this series offers what actually ‘forms’ the Delft Master program on architecture for both an informed and un-informed public. For the students the series renders thus an introduction to the MSc architecture programs & design studios, which are offered by a variety of architecture chairs located within the faculty. For the outside world — other architecture faculties, academic researchers, professional practice and interested lay(wo)men — the reader might be of interest as well, because it provides insight into the current stances of the Delft school of A+BE vis-í -vis architectural design.
The introduction of the reader illuminates the way in which certain approaches to research and design evolved at the Delft Faculty of Architecture as a consequence of student revolts after 1968. It traces the roots of what today might be considered part of the ‘Delft DNA’ and as such, could be considered specific for the Delft approach to architecture if compared to other schools across Europe.
We arranged the contributions to this reader according to the structure of the Department of Architecture and the Department of Architectural Engineering and Technology. Within these departments, we distinguish the chairs, headed by professors representing a specific field. So, for Architecture, there are six chairs: Architectural Composition & Public Building, Architecture & Dwelling, The Architecture of the Interior, Complex Projects, Methods & Analysis and The Why Factory. From the Department of Architectural Engineering and Technology, the chairs of Architecture & Engineering and Heritage & Architecture are involved. For each chair, a short introduction addressing the chair’s main field of research and education is to be found. Considering that the students just enter their master education at our faculty we hope this structure will help them to orient themselves and to provide insights that facilitate the choice of design studios.
The full professors, associate professors and researchers of the Delft Faculty of Architecture address in the collected texts key contemporary topics, investigating historical models and theoretical arguments while discussing the latest architecture projects as well prototypical cases. Moreover, diverse contributions present contemporary positions in architectural practice and theory against the background of the modern era (1750-today) as characterised by the conditions of the historical avant-garde, (post)modernity, and its various moments of crisis and critique. Through the series of articles presented here, a broad range of questions and themes thus is addressed and explored.
Notwithstanding the broad focus of the reader, the lecture series concentrate each semester on a specific theme. In the academic year 2017-2018 the lectures series is composed around the theme of Architecture and the City. The series is organized to challenge the students to see the possibility of positions that could be taken within the field and how they affect the actual (design) approach to architectural projects. The central theme is first addressed from an academic perception, by giving the floor to two more or less theory-oriented lecturers. The subsequent lectures than offer the floor to professors who are extensively involved in design practice, in order to reflect upon the theme using their own practice as exemplary. The series concludes with a final debate in which the theoretical positions and practical approaches are confronted. This debate will make students aware of the urge to reflect upon their own position. Underneath this approach is the conviction that reflection is a necessary part of architecture: without discussion there only is ‘building’, no architecture!
– The editors August 201
realms of urban design: mapping sustainability
Get PDFThe traditional thematic realms of urban design, such as liveability, social interaction, and quality of urban life, considered to be closely related to urban form and specifically to public space, have long since been recognised as important, and have given the discipline a certain identity. The book Realms of Urban Design: Mapping Sustainability is certainly rooted in this fundamental urban design thinking, but its main contribution belongs to the second part of the book’s title — discourse on sustainability. Its chapters, considered as a whole, put forward the importance of the discipline and the designerly way of thinking in the context of the discussion about unprecedented environmental transformation.
The eleven chapters of the book represent the major sustainability concerns that the authors have seen as being related to the urban design discipline in their specific professional and environmental contexts. Therefore, the chapters as an entity could be seen as an act of mapping the sustainability issues that are coming “from the front” of urban design research and practice at the universities involved in the project Creating the Network of Knowledge Labs for Sustainable and Resilient Environments (KLABS). They show disciplinary, mostly methodological, concerns with the larger scales in comparison to those of the neighbourhoods and public space that are traditionally connected to urban design; with the collective or common nature of urban space; and with the distinctive, underused spaces coming not only as a legacy of the 20th century, but also as an important by-product of contemporary economic trends. The first four chapters tackle the self-questioning of the disciple of urbanism in the wake of spatial, social, and environmental change at an unprecedented planetary scale. They are assembled around the question of what the sustainability concept means for the discipline and how the discipline should change to become socially relevant in the context of dynamic spatial transformation? The chapters are review contributions to recent theoretical and methodological rethinking of design approaches to the urban condition, with a focus on multi-scale and process-oriented urbanism. The chapters call for an integrated design approach in the sense of finding a theoretical and methodological common ground for separated disciplines of architecture, urban design, and urban planning.
The next two chapters examine what is, in the traditional manner, considered to be the main theoretical and analytical focus and the main creative and practical outcome of urban design — the urban form. How we should understand, analyse, and design the urban form in the context of the contemporary complexities of urbanisation? Two chapters present opposing perspectives of urban form design. One is a morphological approach in which the urban form is seen as a disciplinary tool of conceptualisation and regulation of the city, using sophisticated concepts such as landscape and place, while the other maps the urban form as a resident’s basic expression of the need for shelter, territory of everyday use, and cultural interpretation of home, beyond regulation and urban design. By putting the two approaches side by side, the urban form can be comprehended as the simultaneous materialisation and negotiation of the ground of power intentions and everyday practice.
Chapters 7 and 8 are dedicated to a specific dimension of urban design process — participation. Who can participate in the design of territories and places? Who has the privilege to define who will participate? How should an urbanist manage the many different and contradictory requirements? Ultimately, how can people be encouraged and stimulated to take part in the public urban debate? These are the highly important questions rising in the wake of the urbanism crisis, intensified with the disintegration of the holistic expression of the public interest, characteristic of the modernist period. These chapters present a review of important theoretical considerations and recent experience of multi-voice design methodologies.
The final three chapters deal with the specific typology of urban space - previously developed and then abandoned, forgotten and underused spaces of an economic and technological past. These reminders of past urbanisation are still numerous in the western Balkan countries. What could the role of these places be in the sustainable strategies of urbanisation? How can the approach to the urban regeneration (planning, regulation, and design) of these spaces be conceptualised in order to be in tune with the ecological and social demands of a distressed planet and local historical and cultural values? By explaining the specific theoretical concepts and western Balkan case studies, these chapters tackle the most important issue related to sustainability and the management of urbanisation - the question of spatial resources
aE Journal 2017/2018: aE/Intecture innovating architecture
No full textDriven by the need to think differently about resources, energy, power generation, the choice of materials, and user involvement, we see the built environment in a new perspective. The program, Architectural Engineering, seeks for innovative and inspiring architectural solutions for social and environmental issues throughout all scales.
To achieve this, innovation of the architectural challenge is high on our agenda. Innovation is more than just a technical improvement. How do you implement new current issues in modern architecture? We anticipate new energy, materials, and circularity. We also use the current environment of the metropolis and the countryside. We add new buildings, strengthen existing stock, and work on new components of buildings. From high to low tech. From digital to traditional, looking carefully to the context.
We like to work together. Partners have been found in Landscape Architecture in the HARVEST-BK project for the Rotterdam Architecture Biennale in Rotterdam (IABR 2020) and Parkstad Zuid Limburg (IBA 2020). We work together with Heritage & Architecture and the department of Urbanism within the Shared Heritage Lab, in Bandung Indonesia. In Amsterdam, hundreds of international Master’s students from different semesters are working on the renewal of AMC, the largest 40-year-old academic hospital in the Netherlands. It is a completely covered city, with half a million square meters of indoor space. Our ideas for creative solutions for the Marineterrein as a breeding ground for slow architecture have found their way to the Future of the City debate. TU Delft partner AMS (Amsterdam institute for Metropolitan Studies) will soon be established on this location.
In order to inspire the innovative strength and debate, we are hosting Paul Kalkhoven, partner at Norman Foster, as a guest professor until spring 2019. We are looking for ‘the new architect’, the role that the architect can play in the renewal of architectural issues. From large to small scale, from panorama to artefact. We like to train decisive specialists and broad generalists. We share projects and ideas with students, teachers and researchers. We are proud to present you this 8th journal
Haagse Hitte: Het Haagse warmte-eiland in kaart gebracht
Get PDFDe afgelopen jaren zijn verschillende studies verricht naar het warmte-eiland effect in Nederland. Een studie van TNO (TNO, 2012) heeft voor wat betreft Den Haag de toon gezet. Den Haag zou van alle Nederlandse steden het sterkste warmte-eiland effect kennen. Die beeldvorming heeft gezorgd voor een maatschappelijke en politieke bezorgdheid die het vertrekpunt vormt voor dit Haagse Hitte onderzoek van de TU Delft, mede mogelijk gemaakt door de gemeente Den Haag. Bij het onderzoek hebben we ons de volgende vragen gesteld:
Is het warmte-eiland effect in Den Haag inderdaad fors sterker dan in naburige steden?
Welke stadsdelen van de gemeente Den Haag zijn het sterkst getroffen door het zomerse hitte-eiland effect?
Wordt het warmte-eiland effect in Den Haag veroorzaakt door het ruimtegebruik? En zo ja, welk ruimtegebruik legt hier het meeste gewicht in de schaal?
In juli 2006 trad er als gevolg van de extreme hitte een verhoogde sterfte op in Den Haag. Is de ruimtelijke spreiding van de sterfte gedurende die maand mede te verklaren aan de hand van het warmte-eiland effect?
Is er voldoende aanleiding voor de stad Den Haag om actie te ondernemen ten aanzien van het stadsklimaat? En zo ja, moeten dan bepaalde delen van de stad eerder aangepakt worden dan andere? Welke adaptieve maatregelen moeten we daar nemen om het warmte-eiland effect verminderen?
Methode
Met remote sensing methodes is het warmte-eiland (oppervlaktetemperatuur) en de oppervlakte energiebalans bepaald. Met crowd sensing is de temperatuur in de directe nabijheid van meer dan 200 woningen gevolgd over een periode van twee jaar. Sociale en ruimtelijke factoren zijn in kaart gebracht met satellietbeelden, GIS en 3D-modellen. Met deze gegevens als vertrekpunt zijn de verbanden bepaald tussen warmte-eiland/oppervlakte energiebalans enerzijds en sociale/ruimtelijke factoren anderzijds. Multivariabele regressie analyse is gebruikt om de sociale en ruimtelijke kenmerken te bepalen die van invloed zijn bij het ontstaan van het warmte-eiland en bij de verhoogde sterfte onder ouderen.
De sociale en ruimtelijke factoren zijn verwerkt in de warmtekaarten gezondheid en ruimte. De warmtekaarten en de achterliggende data bieden inzicht in de factoren de Haagse bevolking kwetsbaar maakt voor hittegolven.
Resultaten
Het onderzoek resulteert uiteindelijk in twee warmtekaarten, een atlas met achterliggende data, en een set adaptatiemaatregelen voor de gebouwde omgeving. Gezamenlijk kunnen deze de stad Den Haag en haar inwoners weerbaarder maken ten aanzien van de effecten van hitte. Een eenvoudige tijdslijn onderstreept dat Haagse hitte vraagt om een beleid van lange adem.
Conclusie
Is het warmte-eiland effect in Den Haag inderdaad fors sterker dan in naburige steden?
Op basis van gedetailleerde en ook recente satellietbeelden stellen we vast dat het Haagse warmte-eiland effect inderdaad fors is, maar niet ernstiger dan in de rest van de Metropoolregio. Het oppervlakte warmte-eiland in Den Haag is overdag minder versnipperd dan dat van Rotterdam maar niet sterker. Het nachtelijke oppervlakte warmte-eiland staat onder invloed van de Noordzee. In het voorjaar is de zee ‘s nachts koeler dan het stadsoppervlak, in het najaar zijn die verhoudingen omgedraaid. De crowd sensing metingen tonen dat de temperatuur in de direct omgeving van woningen ‘s zomers gemakkelijk boven de 30 graden Celsius uitkomt.
Welke stadsdelen van de gemeente Den Haag zijn het sterkst getroffen door het zomerse warmte-eiland effect?
In Den Haag speelt de warmte-eiland problematiek vooral in de stadsdelen Centrum (inclusief de Schilderswijk en Transvaal), Scheveningen en Laak (inclusief de Binckhorst).
Wordt het warmte-eiland effect in Den Haag veroorzaakt door het ruimtegebruik? En zo ja, welke ruimtegebruik legt hier het meeste gewicht in de schaal?
Er bestaat een sterk verband tussen het warmte-eiland effect (QH + QS) en het ruimtegebruik in Den Haag. De mate van verharding, het gebrek aan weerkaatsing van zonlicht (albedo), de afwezigheid van groen en oppervlaktewater, schaduw en sky-view, gebouwvolume en de afstand tot de zee zijn factoren die gezamenlijk het warmte-eiland bepalen in de zomer. Er is niet gekeken naar het warmte-eiland effect in een winterse situatie.
In juli 2006 trad er als gevolg van de extreme hitte een verhoogde sterfte op in Den Haag. Is de ruimtelijke spreiding van de sterfte gedurende die maand mede te verklaren aan de hand van het warmte-eiland effect?
In juli 2006 zijn er 60 oudere inwoners (75+) mí©í©r overleden in Den Haag dan in een gemiddelde maand juli (periode 2001-2015). In vergelijking met de koele juli van 2007 zijn dat zelfs 93 oudere inwoners mí©í©r. We hebben geen lineair verband vastgesteld tussen de ruimtelijke spreiding van 75-plussers per hectare, de gemiddelde leeftijd van de bebouwing, en de som van de voelbare warmte en de bodemwarmtestroom. Clustering van deze aspecten laat wel sterke ruimtelijke verschillen zien qua bovengemiddelde sterfte. In sommige clusters nam het overlijden onder 75-plussers met 40-60% toe in juli 2006 terwijl andere delen van de stad ‘slechts’ een stijging van 0-20% optekenden, of zelfs een daling. De sterkste stijging komt overeen met het gebied met het sterkste warmte-eiland effect (QH+QS). Deze clusters komen vooral voor in Scheveningen, Centrum en Laak. In de stadsranden van Loosduinen, Escamp en het Haagse Hout zijn eveneens selecte gebieden waar in juli 2006 een sterk verhoogde sterfte onder 75-plussers optrad.
Is er voldoende aanleiding voor de stad Den Haag om actie te ondernemen ten aanzien van het stadsklimaat? En zo ja, moeten dan bepaalde delen van de stad eerder aangepakt worden dan andere? Welke adaptieve maatregelen moeten we daar nemen om het warmte-eiland effect verminderen?
Gelet op de onrust rond de hitte-eiland problematiek, de klimaatvoorspellingen van het KNMI, de forse verdichtingsopgave waar de stad voor staat, de verwachte vergrijzing, en de bovengemiddelde sterfte in juli 2006 is er inderdaad veel aanleiding om de problematiek beleidsmatig aan te pakken. In de stadsdelen Scheveningen, Centrum en Laak speelt de ruimtelijke problematiek het sterkst. Vanuit een gezondheidsoogpunt verdienen selecte gebieden in de stadsrand van Den Haag eveneens aandacht. De studie heeft een zevental acties benoemd gericht op het beteugelen van het hitte-eiland effect:
uitfaseren bitumen daken;
terugdringen verharding;
vergroenen binnenterreinen;
koel houden zorggebouwen;
monitoren oververhitting woningen;
behouden van bufferzones;
realiseren van groene iconen.
Deze acties vergen een lange beleidsadem die zich uitstrekt over decennia
Diffusion and Risks of House Prices in the Netherlands
Get PDFThe rate of home-ownership has increased significantly in many countries over the past decades. One motivating factor for this increase has been the creation of wealth through the accumulation of housing equity, which also forms the basic tenet of the asset-based welfare system.
In generating the home equity, house price developments play an important role. Generally, house prices show an increasing trend over long time period, however, there are short-term negative appreciations that may have inherent risks for the housing equity. Following the 2007-08 Global Financial Crisis (GFC), for example, the collapse of house prices has caused many recent home buyers to run into negative equity.
Some housing researchers and experts have suggested that a better understanding of the spatial diffusion mechanisms of house prices will aid resuscitating the housing market after the GFC. Others also advocated adopting insurance schemes to protect the home equity that yields the welfare benefits. Unfortunately, however, little research insight exists on the Dutch house price diffusion process, although there are empirical results for countries such as the UK, US and China, where the contexts differ from the Netherlands. Furthermore, the current existing home-value insurance scheme in the literature is found to be less efficient and eliminates only up to 50% of the house price risks.
This dissertation covers important aspects of house price diffusion and risks in the Netherlands. The aim is to better understand the diffusion mechanism and the risks of house prices, while it also contributes to the measurement of these housing risks. More specifically, there are three objectives: first, to discover the diffusion mechanism of house prices in the Netherlands and the pattern particularly from the capital Amsterdam; second, to examine the spatial distribution of the house price risk; and third, to investigate the efficiency of the index-based home-value insurance for reducing the house price risk in the Dutch context.
The diffusion mechanism relates to the so-called ripple or spillover effect, for which movements of house prices in one location temporarily or permanently spread over their influence to other regions. The risks analyses capture the probability of selling the residential property below the purchase price. The index-based home-value insurance scheme is concerned with the reduction of the house price risk, while its efficiency and loss coverage are analysed.
The contributions of the dissertation are specifically elaborated in five chapters. The chapters are self-contained, four of them having been published separately in international journals and the other being currently under review.
Chapter 2 is a literature study that presents the general trend and an overview of the risks in home-ownership. It particularly discusses the government mortgage guarantee and tax deduction, among other factors, which contribute to home-ownership in the Netherlands. Mortgage default risk and house price risk, which are the two important risks from the perspective of the home-owners are also discussed in the context of the Dutch market.
Chapter 3 investigates the house price diffusion mechanism between the twelve provinces in the Netherlands. The methodology adopts a new Bayesian graphical approach which enables a data-driven identification of the important regions where the diffusion may predominantly emerge. Using quarterly house price indexes, the findings suggest that house price diffusion exists in the Netherlands with a pattern varying over the period of time. Focusing specifically on the period prior to the 2007-2008 Global Financial Crisis (GFC), the house price diffusion predominantly originated from Noord-Holland.
House prices in Amsterdam — the capital and an important economic hub of the Netherlands, are more likely to diffuse to other parts of the country. Thus in Chapter 4, attention is paid to the house price diffusion pattern from the capital Amsterdam to the other Dutch regional housing markets. The Granger causality and cointegration techniques are used, while controlling for the important house price fundamentals. The results suggest a possible house price diffusion existing from Amsterdam to all regions in the Netherlands except for Zeeland. The strongest long-run impact of Amsterdam house price diffusion potentially occur in Utrecht.
As one of the largest and most dynamic in the Netherlands, the Amsterdam housing market is itself an interesting case study. One part of Chapter 5, therefore, deals with the diffusion pattern by studying the spatial interrelationships between house prices in Amsterdam. The other part of the chapter studies the house price risks. Using the Granger causality test, a general causal flow of house prices is observed from the central business districts to the peripherals. Simple statistics similarly reveal that house prices grow faster and are more risky in the central business districts than those on the peripherals of the city.
Chapter 6 is concerned with the efficiency and loss coverage of the index-based home-value insurance scheme. It proposes a modification of the index-based home-value insurances policy, which seeks to reduce the large idiosyncratic residual house price risks. The modification uses aggregate measures of the reference index. Using the hedonic and repeated sales indexes, the empirical analysis suggests the proposed modified scheme is highly efficient and may eliminate up to 70% of the residual risks.
In general, the dissertation adopts innovative empirical methodological approach that combines standard statistical analyses and more recent and complex econometric modelling techniques in the study of the diffusion and risks of house prices in the Netherlands. The application of the graphical approach to the study of diffusions particularly in Chapter 3, is the first of its kind in the context of the housing market.
Furthermore, this dissertation is among the first to entirely provide a comprehensive analysis and the much needed body of knowledge regarding the house price diffusion and risks for the highly regulated Dutch housing market. The results have important policy implications and applications for households, commercial investors and financial institutions in the Netherlands. The results may also generally apply and replicable in other countries and economies with similar housing market conditions