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Du concept à la pratique : mettre en œuvre la sobriété numérique, état des lieux des entreprises françaises
No full textNational audienceFace à l’empreinte environnementale croissante du numérique, la décarbonation des systèmes d’information s’impose comme un enjeu stratégique, technologique et sociétal majeur. Cet ouvrage collectif explore les leviers d’action concrets et les obstacles à surmonter pour inscrire durablement les systèmes d’information (SI) dans une logique de sobriété et de responsabilité.À la croisée de la réflexion stratégique, des retours d’expérience de terrain et des perspectives pédagogiques, il propose une lecture transversale des défis liés à la décarbonation numérique. De la sobriété des datacenters à l’écoconception logicielle, des paradoxes du secteur bancaire aux ambitions des territoires intelligents, chaque chapitre aborde avec rigueur et pragmatisme les enjeux environnementaux, organisationnels et sociaux des SI.Destiné aux chercheurs, enseignants, professionnels du numérique, décideurs publics et étudiants en management, cet ouvrage mobilise une cinquantaine de contributeurs issus de disciplines complémentaires, alliant expertise académique et ancrage opérationnel.Un ouvrage de référence pour comprendre, piloter et transformer les systèmes d’information à l’ère de l’Anthropocène. Un appel stimulant à repenser nos infrastructures numériques à la lumière de l’urgence écologique. Un guide essentiel pour celles et ceux qui veulent conjuguer transition digitale et transition environnementale
Assessing clustering methods using Shannon's entropy
No full textInternational audienceUnsupervised clustering techniques are a valuable source of information for determining how to divide a dataset into subgroups. We present a comprehensive analysis of the quality of these algorithms by defining a clustering fuzziness metric. A statistical test and cluster probabilities corrections are provided based on this metric. Some examples demonstrate how it can be used to compare different clustering algorithms or improve the accuracy of various methods. An application for adjusting the number of clusters is also presented. These results are illustrated using both simulated and real-world data
Transfer line balancing problem: A comprehensive review, classification, and research avenues
No full textInternational audienceThe Transfer Line Balancing Problem (TLBP) is characterized as the challenge of optimally distributing tasks across various workstations in an automated machining line to ensure its maximum efficiency. This problem holds pivotal importance for industries reliant on high-volume production, such as the automotive and aerospace sectors, where it directly influences the overall productivity and cost efficiency of the manufacturing process. TLBP has been studied for over two decades, and many problem variants and solution approaches have been devised to address real-world challenges. Despite the long history of the topic, no review study exists to shed light on its past, current, and future developments. This study conducted a systematic literature review on TLBP to identify and address the research gaps, focusing on classifying existing studies. A tuple notation classification framework has been introduced to organize TLBP research based on system configuration, problem characteristics, and optimization objectives. This framework offers a structured overview of the field, clarifying the current state of research and highlighting prospective research pathways. Consequently, this review study establishes itself as a foundational guide for academics and industry professionals interested in TLBP studies
Digital twin: a driver of sustainable smart cities? Evidence from a bibliometric analysis
No full textABS 1International audienceDigital twins (DT) have emerged as expected powerful tools for optimizing products, processes and services within the industry. In urban areas, DT should foster the development of innovative services to make the city even smarter. They should also respond to several key challenges such as economic development, social inclusion and adaptation to the effects of climate change. Although a significant number of papers have examined the three topics of DT, smart city and sustainability, to date, literature has paid little attention to the intersection between them. The aim of this paper is to explore the potential linkages between these three themes. To do this, a bibliometric analysis is carried out. This paper provides the main characteristics of DT for smart cities (1). It defines the concept of “sustainable smart cities” and focuses on the role and contribution of DT for urban sustainability (2). It analyzes the challenges, in terms of engineering (3) and societal (4) that DT imply for sustainability smart cities. These first insights and results are helping to fuel a debate on the place of technology in our societies and the path to be taken towards greater sustainability
Scenario-based optimization and simulation framework for human-centered Assembly Line Balancing
No full textInternational audienceAssembly lines are essential components of manufacturing operations but often face challenges due to variable operation times and ergonomic risks leading to increased musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and associated economic burdens such as absenteeism and workers’ compensation. Assembly line balancing approaches frequently overlook these issues and their impact on worker well-being, highlighting the need for models that integrate both ergonomics and variable operation times.This paper introduces a new scenario-based optimization model for assembly line balancing, incorporating a fatigue and recovery ergonomic assessment. The model aims to reduce worker fatigue by considering the variability of operation times across different scenarios and their probabilities. An Integer Linear Program (ILP) is developed and efficiently solved using an Iterative Dichotomic Search algorithm. A simulation framework evaluates the model’s robustness and supports dynamic managerial policies such as job rotation, overrun policies, and scheduled rest allowances.Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in improving ergonomic conditions and reducing the risk of MSDs without compromising production efficiency. Implementing the model enables managers to proactively address worker fatigue, enhancing well-being, increasing productivity, and achieving significant cost savings through reduced absenteeism and lower compensation claims. The model also provides actionable insights for managerial decision-making to improve resource allocation and strategic planning. By aligning with Industry 5.0 principles, the approach fosters sustainable, human-centric production systems, offering competitive advantages. The method’s adaptability provides practical solutions that enhance operational management and contribute to long-term organizational success by balancing worker health with economic efficiency
New insights on physicochemical features and toxicological outcome provided from incineration of nanocomposites
No full textInternational audienceThis study focuses on research in the area of "nanomaterials in waste" and shows the difficulty of providing quantitative data on nanomaterials in different wastes. As highlighted in the ECHA report (November 2021) and although substantial progress have been made in the characterization and measurement of nanomaterials, some challenges remain, particularly the characterization of nanomaterials in complex media. Therefore, work to improve the detection, characterization, and quantification of nanomaterials should be continued to complete the database with different types of nanowaste mixtures. The dominant end-of-life scenario for nanocomposites is the incineration. The environmental by-products impact on the soil and air have been considered from the point of view of nanoparticles partitioning and the potential toxicological synergistic effects. A specific management of nanocomposites end-of-life should be implemented as recommended by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in order to limit nanoparticles dissemination by landfilling and particularly in incineration facilities where their presence is significantly increasing. The aim of our study was to expand the current knowledge of the partition of nanowaste, mainly in case of nanocomposites mixture, and the potential synergetic or antagonistic impact of potential hazardous nanowastes on the toxicological profile. Incineration products of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposites containing both silica and precipitated calcium carbonate, corresponding to cable sheaths compositions, were investigated in this study, using a lab-scale incineration process. Soot and residue composition were analysed using various relevant experimental techniques in order to assess the presence of initial nanoparticles. In vitro toxicological assessments were carried out and have shown that only pro-inflammatory responses seem to be affected by the presence of nanoparticles. SiO2 nanoparticles appear to have a major impact on toxicity whatever the partitioning in soot or residue. Conversely, CaCO3 as expected does not impact the nanowaste toxicity and does not seem able to mitigate the SiO2 toxicity
Chapitre 4. Flux environnementaux et territoires
No full textNational audienceLes territoires sont aujourd’hui confrontés à de nombreux enjeux environnementaux, mais souffrent d’un manque d’accès à une information adaptée à leur échelon d’action.L’analyse territoriale des environnements apporte un éclairage sur la manière dont les données caractérisant les changements environnementaux doivent être traitées, complétées et diffusées afin que les acteurs locaux puissent se les approprier. Il s’agit de présenter des méthodes pour élaborer des indicateurs locaux ou régionaux des changements en cours, mais aussi de comprendre les logiques des acteurs agissant sur un territoire donné.Pour ce faire, Analyse territoriale des enjeux environnementaux accorde une large place à la notion de système et aux approches de modélisation. Il présente également les données disponibles et les méthodes permettant de développer une analyse de leur dimension spatiale, en s’appuyant sur un large éventail d’études de cas, combinant données environnementales et jeux d’acteurs
Facilitating the use of Physics-Based Simulations on Embedded Devices by running FMUs from MicroPython
No full textInternational audiencePhysics-based simulations (PBS) are increasingly valuable for real-time applications in embedded systems, yet integrating them on resource-constrained devices remains challenging. This paper presents ufmu, a lightweight framework that enables execution of source-code FMI 2.0-compliant Functional Mock-up Units (FMUs) within the MicroPython environment, targeting platforms such as the ESP32. The proposed approach integrates into the MicroPython firmware the FMU source code and the FMU model description translated into C structures, and exposes a minimal Python API for simulation control, enabling model-based computations on-device without cloud dependencies. We evaluate the framework using a standard FMU model, comparing performance across ESP32, Unix, and plain C environments in terms of memory usage, execution time, and firmware size. Despite the ESP32's hardware limitations, the results demonstrate that meaningful simulations can be achieved efficiently, with minimal memory overhead. All code, documentation, and experiment instructions are freely available under an MIT license, supporting reproducibility and adoption in education, prototyping, and embedded research. This work also lays the foundation for future integration with eFMI and the FMI 3.0 standard
Strengthening mechanisms and tribological aspects of ceramic particle reinforced electrodeposited metal matrix composites – A review
No full textInternational audienceElectrodeposited coatings have many applications across various industries because the electrodeposition process is simple and allows for better control over their microstructure and properties. Recently, electrodeposited metal matrix composite (MMC) coatings have attracted significant interest due to their impressive wear and corrosion resistance, both at ambient and high-temperature conditions. Although research and industrial focus on these MMC coatings have increased, there remains a lack of fundamental understanding of critical considerations and design guidelines. In this review, we thoroughly examine three key aspects of electrodeposited MMCs: the electrochemical science behind composite electrodeposition, the strengthening mechanisms of MMCs, and the essential properties of MMCs that influence their wear performance. This comprehensive review highlights important material factors to consider and aims to serve as a guide for electrodeposition of next-generation MMC coatings with enhanced properties
Assessing Agentic AI & AI Agents Concepts and Platforms through the lens of Traditional Multi-Agent Systems Principles
No full textInternational audienceMulti-Agent Systems are a long-standing subfield of artificial intelligence, with foundational concepts emerging as early as the 1980s. Multi-Agent Systems involves collections of autonomous agents interacting within an environment and organized within a system. Although early research showed strong potential, computational limitations at the time restricted real-world adoption. The recent rise of AI Agents and Agentic AI -driven by advances in Large Language Models -has renewed interest in Multi-Agent concepts. These developments have given rise to a new wave of Agent-based platforms and applications. However, many of these modern implementations only partially reflect the theoretical foundations of traditional Multi-Agent Systems, often resulting in limited explicability, robustness, coordination, or scalability. As a first contribution in this paper, we clarify the evolving terminology surrounding "AI Agents" and "Agentic AI", through the lens of Traditional Multi-Agent Systems formalisms. We propose a synthesis combining theoretical rigor of Traditional Multi-Agent Systems with current technological capabilities of Agentic AI systems, which is paving the way to what we call "Modern MAS". As a second contribution, we use the formalisms of Traditional MAS to compare contemporary Agentic AI platforms