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Reflective equilibrium is enough: against the need for preselecting considered judgements
No full textIn this paper, we focus on one controversial element of the method of reflective equilibrium, namely Rawls’ idea that the commitments that enter the justificatory procedure should be pre-selected or filtered: According to him, only considered judgements should be taken into account in moral philosophy. There are two camps of critics of this filtering process: 1) Critics of reflective equilibrium: They reject the Rawlsian filtering process as too weak and seek a more reliable one, which would actually constitute a distinct epistemic method. 2) Proponents of reflective equilibrium: They reject the Rawlsian filtering process as too exclusionary. We defend RE against its critics, arguing that the method can secure reasonable commitments without depending on a strong external filtering process. However, we side with the critical proponents of reflective equilibrium and argue that without the Rawlsian weak filtering process, RE is more plausible both as a general method as well as in the context of moral philosophy.Neste artigo focamo-nos num elemento controverso do método do equilíbrio reflexivo, nomeadamente a ideia de Rawls de que os compromissos que entram no processo justificatório deveriam ser pré-seleccionados ou filtrados: de acordo com Rawls, apenas os juízos bem ponderados deveriam ser levados em conta na filosofia moral. Os críticos deste processo de filtragem distribuem-se por dois campos: 1) Os críticos do equilíbrio reflexivo rejeitam o processo de filtragem rawlsiano por ser excessivamente fraco e procuram um que seja mais fiável e que constituiria um diferente método epistémico; 2) Os proponentes do equilíbrio reflexivo rejeitam o processo de filtragem Rawlsiano por ser excessivamente excludente. Nós defendemos o ER, em oposição aos seus críticos, argumentando que este método pode assegurar compromissos razoáveis sem estar dependente de um processo externo forte de filtragem. No entanto, alinhamo-nos com os proponentes críticos do equilíbrio reflexivo, defendendo que, sem este processo de filtragem fraco, o ER rawlsiano revela-se como mais plausível tanto como um método geral, como no contexto da filosofia moral
Interconexiones literarias: Textos babilónicos en el Mediterráneo oriental y regiones adyacentes (ca. 1500-1200 a.C)
No full textLas interacciones entre los grandes poderes del Cercano Oriente antiguo —incluidos Babilonia, Asiria, Mitanni, el reino Hitita y Egipto— con otros estados de Siria y el Levante durante el Bronce Tardío (ca. 1500-1200 a.C.) pueden reconstruirse gracias a la profusa variedad de restos arqueológicos y de fuentes escritas. Parte de esa evidencia da cuenta de los contactos entre diversos grupos etnolingüísticos que utilizaban la escritura cuneiforme y el acadio como lingua franca. Tanto en Turquía como en Siria, el Levante y Egipto se han encontrado ejercicios escolares que atestiguan el aprendizaje del cuneiforme, del sumerio y del acadio. Entre esos materiales figuran (fragmentos de) obras literarias tales como “Gilgameš”, la “Historia babilónica del diluvio”, el “Poema de los primeros gobernantes” y “Nergal y Ereškigal”. En este trabajo examinaré ciertos textos literarios babilónicos hallados en la periferia occidental de Babilonia que muestran las interconexiones literarias acaecidas durante el Bronce Tardío.Interactions between the great powers of the ancient Near East —including Babylonia, Assyria, Mitanni, the Hittite kingdom, and Egypt— with other states in Syria and the Levant during the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1500-1200 BC) can be reconstructed thanks to the profuse variety of archaeological materials and written sources. Part of this evidence accounts for contacts between various ethnolinguistic groups that used cuneiform writing and Akkadian as the lingua franca. In Turkey, Syria, the Levant and Egypt, school exercises have been found attesting to the learning of cuneiform, Sumerian and Akkadian. These materials encompass (fragments of) literary works such as "Gilgameš", the "Babylonian flood story", the “Poem of early rulers” and “Nergal and Ereškigal”. In this paper I will examine certain Babylonian literary texts found on the western periphery of Babylonia that show the literary interconnections occurring in the Late Bronze Age.As interações entre os grandes poderes do Oriente Próximo antigo —incluidos Babilónia, Assíria, Mitani, o reino Hitita e o Egito— com outros estados da Síria e o Levante durante o Bronze Tardio (c. 1500-1200 a.C.) podem-se reconstruir graças à profusa variedade de restos arquelógicos e de fontes escritas. Parte dessa evidência dá conta dos contatos entre diversos grupos etnolinguísticos que utilizavam a escrita cuneiforme e o acádio como língua franca. Tanto na Turquia como na Síria, no Levante e no Egito, têm-se encontrado tarefas escolares que testificam a aprendizagem do cuneiforme, do sumério e do acádio. Dentre esses materiais constam (fragmentos de) obras literárias tais como “Gilgameš”, a “História babilônica do dilúvio”, o “Poema dos primeiros governantes” e “Nergal e Ereškigal”. Neste trabalho examinarei certos textos literários babilónicos achados na periferia ocidental da Babilónia que exibem as interconexões literárias acontecidas durante o Bronze Tardio
Reseña Expedientes de censura franquista de literatura infantil y juvenil
No full textEn el documento se realiza una reseña del libro Expedientes de censura franquista de literatura infantil y juvenil de los autores José Soto Vázquez y Ramón Tena Fernández
O Mito para Almada Negreiros
No full textEste ensaio analisa a conceção de “mito” em Almada Negreiros, focando-se em Mito-Alegoria-Símbolo para harmonizar diversas manifestações mitopoéticas ao longo da obra. O pensamento mitológico de Almada é contextualizado dentro da missão que atribui ao artista: como exemplo de individualidade radical e como reformador da coletividade; recuperando-se o poder que o mito teve na formação do indivíduo e da pátria para os poder transfigurar no século XX, atualizando-os.This essay analyses the concept of “myth” in Almada Negreiros, focusing on Myth-Alegory-Symbol to harmonize diverse mythopoetical manifestations in his works. The mythological thought of Almada is contextualized inside the mission that he gives the artist: as an example of radical individuality and as a reformer of the collectivity; recovering the power that myth had in the formation of the individual and the nation to transfigure them in the 20th century, by updating them
O Desejar na Poesia de Adélia Prado
No full textThis paper analyzes the various dimensions of the desire (as a verb, in Portuguese “desejar”), a very suitable term to designate the audacity of the expression of feelings in the work of the Brazilian poet Adélia Prado. The corpus includes all the lyrical works of the author grouped in the anthology Poesia Reunida, published in 2015. The article seeks to analyze, in a first stage, the eroticism in Adélia’s poetry, based on the Freudian theory about the life drive. Subsequently, a meticulous observation will be made of the poet’s thoughts about love and death, under the lens of Adélia’s religion. Adélia treats the infinite as material, without disregarding its transcendence. We will see that the desire in Adélia’s work is not only erotic in a corporeal sense, and that death is a desire not according to the Freudian death drive, but acquired by her Christian faith. Finally, the dissolution of the body/spirit dichotomy through lyrical subtlety will be pointed out.Este artigo pretende analisar as várias dimensões do desejar, termo muito apropriado para designar a audácia da expressão dos sentimentos na obra da poetisa brasileira Adélia Prado. O corpus inclui todas as obras líricas da autora, agrupadas na antologia Poesia Reunida, publicada em 2015. O artigo examina, numa primeira fase, o erotismo na poesia de Adélia, com base na teoria freudiana sobre as pulsões de vida. Posteriormente, será feita uma meticulosa observação dos pensamentos da poetisa sobre o amor e a morte, sob a lente da religião de Adélia. Adélia trata o infinito como material, sem desatender a sua transcendência. Veremos que o desejar na obra de Adélia não é apenas erótico no sentido corpóreo, e que a morte é um desejo não segundo as pulsões de morte freudiana, mas adquirido pela sua fé cristã. Finalmente, será assinalada a dissolução da dicotomia corpo/espírito através da subtileza lírica
A Lei n.º 4/2015, de 15/1, e as alterações introduzidas na Lei Tutelar Educativa – uma primeira leitura
No full textO presente artigo toma por objeto a análise das principais alterações operadas no âmbito da primeira revisão da Lei Tutelar Educativa, levada a cabo pela Lei n.º 4/2015, de 15/1, lançando sobre as mesmas um primeiro olhar crítico. Em especial, atentaremos nas principais inovações legislativas, destacando-se a dispensa de queixa do ofendido, a previsão do cúmulo jurídico, a supervisão intensiva e o acompanhamento pós-internamento. Transversalmente, perscruta-se o sentido a atribuir a esta revisão (ou reforma?) legislativa, dissecando-se, a traços largos, a sua pertinência, oportunidade e alcance, no âmbito do modelo de intervenção estadual junto dos jovens que praticam factos qualificados como crime pela lei penal
Competência judiciária na União Europeia
No full textO presente texto procura, fundamentalmente, analisar o âmbito de aplicação do Regulamento (UE) n.º 1215/2012, do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho, de 12/12/2012, relativo à competência judiciária, ao reconhecimento e à execução de decisões em matéria civil e comercial, circunscrevendo-se essa análise à abordagem da competência judiciária na União Europeia. No prosseguimento desse desiderato, são analisados os âmbitos temporal, objetivo e subjetivo do regulamento, sem se descurar as problemáticas da competência exclusiva e convencional, bem como da litispendência europeia. Procurou-se igualmente, ainda que de forma genérica, identificar as principais inovações do Regulamento (UE) n.º 1215/2012 no âmbito da competência judiciária, por contraposição ao Regulamento (CE) n.º 44/2001, do Conselho, de 22/12/2000, assinalando-se a jurisprudência mais relevante nesse domínio
“I participate. You participate. He participates. We participate. You participate. Do they profit?” Brief reflections on the forms of citizen participation according to the Directive (EU) 2019/944 on the Internal Market of Electricity and the Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on Renewable Energy Sources
No full textThis article aims to identify the primary forms of citizen participation within the European energy regulatory framework, focusing on decentralised energy production and its intersection with the right to the city and environmental, climate, and energy-related concerns. The article is structured in two sections. The first section addresses the rise of the right to the city, tracing its emergence as a category within urban sociology until its legal recognition as a human right, which guarantees the fruition of urban rights and the promotion of democratic participation in the construction of the urban model. It also analyses the urban phenomenon as a result of the expansion of the urban fabric and a way of life supported by a model of entrepreneurship and commodification of cities. In the second section, there is a brief contextualisation of the development of European energy policy, and it identifies the forms of citizen participation outlined in the Directive (EU) 2019/944 on the Internal Electricity Market, and the Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on Renewable Energy Sources, especially the Citizen Energy Communities (CEC) and Renewable Energy Communities (REC). Finally, the article highlights some risks that should be considered to ensure that market interests do not co-opt mechanisms of citizen participation in the energy sector to the detriment of promoting the right to the city
The crisis of the Common European Asylum System: rethinking solidarity in light of Human Rights
No full textIn 2015, the unprecedented arrival of refugees and irregular migrants in the European Union (EU) put a strain on the Common European Asylum System (CEAS), thus exposing a number of deficiencies in EU external border, asylum and migration policy. The need to reform the system became urgent and the EU was presented with both a challenge and an opportunity to further advance towards a much-needed consensual and long-term solution for the harmonisation of the asylum system, standing on the basis of solidarity and responsibility-sharing. This paper argues that the new comprehensive approach to migration and asylum praised by the European Commission (EC) is still missing in the recent Pact on Migration and Asylum of 2020, which represents more a missed opportunity than the real reform that the CEAS needs. The chosen legislative path, the dualistic understanding concerning the approach to migrants, and the new solidarity mechanism envisioned in the Pact show how the lack of consensus among Member States, the tendency towards the creation of a “Fortress Europe”, and an asymmetric idea of inter-state solidarity prevail, preventing the development of a common European framework for migration management that is both effective and in line with the EU’s values and objectives. This paper further argues that, if the EU fails to shift the paradigm of solidarity, the system is at risk of remaining fractured and incapable of withstanding the future challenges of migration. A new framework must be grounded on the principle of solidarity, as defined in the Article 80 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) which, in turn, needs to move from a state-centred approach to a concept of solidarity based on affected individuals, thus setting its foundations on a human rights basis. The EU needs, in fact, to strongly step up as a humanitarian actor and place protection and responsibility-sharing at the centre of its agenda: the protection of fundamental human rights in its territory and beyond is at stake
The freedom to conduct a business as a driver for AI governance
No full textArtificial Intelligence (‘AI’) is associated with several risks that need to be contained and mitigated through an appropriate AI governance framework. However, it is also crucial to take into account the opportunities and societal benefits of AI and to consider and respect businesses as key actors in the context of AI. The freedom to conduct a business is a fundamental right enshrined in Article 16 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. It cannot be considered a diminished or functionalised right, nor are companies necessarily a threat to human rights or an obstacle to the pursuit of human-centred governance of AI. As in any scenario of conflict or collision between fundamental rights and interests, a fair balance must be struck between the subjective positions of different stakeholders. Ensuring respect for the freedom to conduct a business safeguards innovation and the flourishing of new opportunities that ultimately benefit citizens and the public interest. In the European Union legal system, AI governance will be shaped by both the ‘Artificial Intelligence Act’ and novel rules to address liability issues related to AI systems. While its prima facie content is affected by several provisions and obligations, in particular, for providers of high-risk AI systems, the EU legislator does not neglect the freedom to conduct a business. It seeks to provide legal certainty, ensure proportionality and address the special condition of small and medium-sized enterprises and start-ups. However, the rigidity of some provisions and the approach to risk, together with the uncertainty that characterises the normative environment of the AI, leave room for improvement and for further escape valves, with the future application being of particular importance