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What is the role of the infringement procedure in tackling rule of law backsliding in the EU?
No full textThe rule of law is a foundational and fundamental value of the European Union, embodied by the complete and coherent system of legal remedies based on the fundamental right to effective judicial protection. In some Member States, the rule of law has been facing challenges and difficulties of varying degrees of severity, leading to what has been called a “rule of law backsliding” in those States. The urgency to tackle these challenges has led to the search for immediate solutions within the European Union’s tools and mechanisms, which has increased the focus given to the infringement procedure, a judicial procedure whose goal is to review the behaviours of Member States and find breaches of European Union law committed by them. The past uses of this judicial mechanism by the European Commission and the decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) that followed have showed positive results and opened promising paths to follow in the fight to uphold the rule of law in the European Unio
Automated individual decision-making and profiling [on case C-634/21 - SCHUFA (Scoring)]
No full textAutomated decision-making and profiling are finally being considered before the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). Article 22 GDPR states that “the data subject shall have the right not to be subject to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, which produces legal effects concerning him or her or similarly significantly affects him or her” – but its provisions raise many doubts to the legal doctrine – and to the referring court in the SCHUFA case. The problem with this case law lies in the opacity of inferences or predictions resulting from data analysis, particularly by AI systems – inferences whose application to everyday situations determines how each of us, as personal data subjects, are perceived and evaluated by others. The CJEU has the opportunity to assess the existence of legal remedies to challenge operations which result in automated inferences that are not reasonably justified. However, the effectiveness of the application of the GDPR to inferred data faces several obstacles. This has to do with fact that the GDPR was designed for data provided directly by the data subject – and not for data inferred by digital technologies such as AI systems. This is the difficulty behind the Advocate General’s Opinion
Peacekeeping and crisis management: a brief assessment of EU-UN cooperation
No full textThe present short paper aims to add to the debate on the future of peacekeeping and crisis management in the current context of international relations. Starting from the premise that cooperation between the European Union and the United Nations (UN) for peace and security is a significant source of synergies between both organisations, the paper highlights the way in which the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) were built, summarising the applicable legal regime, especially following the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty. By providing a review of the legal background to EU crisis management and assessing the EU’s added value for UN-led efforts, the paper concludes that the Lisbon Treaty provisions provide the EU with the instruments necessary to assume a significant role in peacekeeping and crisis management. Although the EU’s natural partner in the field of peacekeeping and crisis management is the UN, there is growing uncertainty regarding the strength of the ties between both organisations as multilateralism traverses a crisis seemingly unlike others in the past
The concept of personal data protection culture from European Union documents: a “Brussels effect” in Latin America?
No full textThis article aims to analyse, based on documentary sources and data collected through extensive field research, the potential cultural influence of EU (European Union) standards for protecting personal data in Latin American countries, which have data protection authorities and specific laws on the subject. The text has two sections, with an introduction and a conclusion. The introduction presents the subject, indicating the sources that lead up to the text analysis and conclusions. In the first section, the article deals with the EU’s data protection model from its fundamentalist legal perspective. The second section deals with constructing the personal data protection culture concept and how extensive EU documents research can help infer it. The conclusion indicates that the EU’s data protection perspective – as a fundamental right and public policy – can potentially influence several Latin American countries. Also, it concludes that there is an evident difficulty in culturally measuring greater or lesser effectiveness in protecting personal data based on the documents. Despite this dilemma, the EU documentation points to some qualitative suggestions that deserve to be incorporated into the analysis of cultures of personal data protection, focusing on Latin American countries
Literary identity and photography : The covers of Clarín magazine
No full textEl desarrollo que ha adquirido la filosofía de la imagen, a través de los estudios de autores como W. J. T. Mitchell y Gottfried Boehm, refuerza la conveniencia de seguir profundizando en la función y en el sentido que las fotografías alcanzan, por ejemplo, en el contexto literario. Y no solo en el caso de las obras de narrativa o de creación en general, sino en otros como el de las revistas literarias, en las que las fotos podrían pasar todavía más desapercibidas para el filólogo. Así, la fotografía tuvo una importancia significativa en Clarín. Revista de Nueva Literatura, que fue publicada en Oviedo entre 1996 y 2022, alcanzando los 162 números. La revista fue dirigida por el poeta, diarista y crítico literario español José Luis García Martín. Teniendo en cuenta que los contenidos creados por García Martín en Facebook, a partir de sus textos y fotografías, han despertado ya interés académico, resulta de interés analizar también las fotos de las portadas de Clarín, que, en su mayor parte, son obra suya. Los objetivos de este artículo serán determinar qué lugares aparecen fotografiados en dichas portadas, cómo se relacionan con la obra de García Martín, y qué identidad literaria proyectan.El desarrollo que ha adquirido la filosofía de la imagen, a través de los estudios de autores como W. J. T. Mitchell y Gottfried Boehm, refuerza la conveniencia de seguir profundizando en la función y en el sentido que las fotografías alcanzan, por ejemplo, en el contexto literario. Y no solo en el caso de las obras de narrativa o de creación en general, sino en otros como el de las revistas literarias, en las que las fotos podrían pasar todavía más desapercibidas para el filólogo. Así, la fotografía tuvo una importancia significativa en Clarín. Revista de Nueva Literatura, publicada en Oviedo entre 1996 y 2022. La revista, que alcanzó los 162 números, fue dirigida por el poeta, diarista y crítico literario español José Luis García Martín. Teniendo en cuenta que los contenidos creados por García Martín en Facebook, a partir de sus textos y fotografías, han despertado ya interés académico, resulta de interés analizar también las fotos de las portadas de Clarín, que, en su mayor parte, son obra suya. Los objetivos de este artículo serán determinar qué lugares aparecen fotografiados en dichas portadas, cómo se relacionan con la obra de García Martín, y qué identidad literaria proyectan
The “zoo” space of literature : Animals and the limits of human
No full textThis article covers the semantic and cultural aspects of the word “animal”, as well as the concepts that stemmed from the many meanings that the term and its correlates acquired over time. It aims not only to discuss the scientific, religious, political and aesthetic dogmas that coalesced around the “zoo” universe and its different placements within Western thought, but also to demonstrate how the definitions and descriptions of animals supported the hierarchization of living beings and shaped the relations between humans and non-humans. Literature, under this light, is analysed as a space wherein such values are questioned, and the zoo world acquires new and unforeseen configurations.Este artigo percorre os aspectos semânticos e culturais da palavra “animal”, bem como os conceitos que se formaram a partir dos vários sentidos que atravessaram o vocábulo e seus correlatos ao longo dos tempos. O propósito é não apenas discutir os dogmas de ordem científica, religiosa, política e estética que se legitimaram em torno do mundo “zoo” e suas diferentes inscrições no imaginário ocidental, mas também mostrar como as definições e descrições dos animais reforçaram a hierarquia dos viventes e moldaram as relações entre humanos e não humanos. A literatura, sob esse prisma, é analisada como um espaço em que tais valores são questionados e o mundo zoo adquire novas e insuspeitadas configurações
(em)arranhaço: Entangling and consubstantiation in Salette Tavares' poetics
No full textThis paper focuses on the exploration of the figure of the spider, used by Salette Tavares in “Aranha” (1963), and later in “Aranhão” (1978) and “Borboleta de Aranhas” (1979), as a speculative model to understand spatialization features within the author’s poetics. These three works are analyzed as three different moments of the same image, in a kind of close-up movement towards the figure of “Aranha”, as suggested by the accumulative processes of reproduction in these works as well as by the redimensionalization/multiplication of the typographic image of the poem from 1963. In addition, through this same speculative model, this study engages with the workings of the spatial poems “Maquinin” (1963-2010) and “Porta das Maravilhas” (1979), using the logic of the arachnid webbing as a basis for exploring the poetic effects of the chosen materials and three-dimensional arrangements of these works. In all readings, phenomena of consubstantiation are highlighted, through which Salette Tavares ratifies her vision regarding the inseparability between form and content in an irremediable way.Este breve estudo tem como foco a exploração da figura da aranha, utilizada por Salette Tavares em “Aranha” (1963), e posteriormente em “Aranhão” (1978) e “Borboleta de Aranhas” (1979), como um modelo especulativo para compreender aspetos de espacialização na poética da autora. Estas três obras são analisadas como três momentos de uma mesma imagem, numa espécie de aproximação progressiva da figura de “Aranha”, tal como é sugerido pelos processos acumulativos de reprodução destas obras, e pela redimensionalização/multiplicação da imagem tipográfica do poema de 1963. Ainda, por meio desse mesmo modelo especulativo, este trabalho dedica-se aos poemas espaciais “Maquinin” (1963-2010, 1965) e “Porta das Maravilhas” (1979), utilizando-se da lógica da tessitura aracnídea como base para explorar os efeitos poéticos dos materiais escolhidos e dos arranjos tridimensionais destas obras. Em todas as leituras são destacados os fenómenos de consubstanciação, através dos quais Salette Tavares ratifica sua visão a respeito da indissociabilidade entre forma e conteúdo de forma irremissível
LGPD: Concepts, challenges and awareness in the new culture for society and organizations
No full textNas últimas décadas, ocorreu um crescimento tecnológico exponencial que impactou diretamente a manipulação de dados na sociedade, tornando a informação, uma moeda de grande valor, sobretudo para as instituições públicas e privadas, tornando-se a governança de dados, fundamental para mitigar possíveis riscos de vazamento de dados pessoais. Desta forma, a Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados (LGPD), surgiu, com base na Legislação Europeia (GDPR), para auxiliar no tratamento responsável de dados sensíveis e sua implementação eficaz se tornou crucial para que as organizações atendam as obrigações legais e protejam os dados pessoais dos cidadãos. Este trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar à sociedade que as organizações precisam se adequarem à lei, apresentando estratégias para sua implantação, a fim de garantir uma gestão de dados sensíveis mais assertiva e segura. Diante disso, foi realizada uma pesquisa através de estudos bibliográficos sobre a temática, destacando o engajamento das partes interessadas, como o principal fator para o sucesso.In recent decades, there has been exponential technological growth that has directly impacted the manipulation of data in society, making information a currency of great value, especially for public and private institutions, making data governance fundamental to mitigating possible risks. of personal data leakage. In this way, the General Data Protection Law (LGPD), emerged, based on European Legislation (GDPR), to assist in the responsible processing of sensitive data and its effective implementation has become crucial for organizations to meet legal obligations and protect citizens' personal data. This work aims to demonstrate to society that organizations need to adapt to the law, presenting strategies for its implementation, in order to guarantee more assertive and secure management of sensitive data. In view of this, research was carried out through bibliographic studies on the topic, highlighting the engagement of interested parties as the main factor for success
Proposta de plano de manejo para o geossítio Gruta do Índio, Geoparque Quarta Colônia Aspirante UNESCO, RS, Brasil
No full textO Geossítio Gruta do Índio está localizado no município de Agudo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, e é um dos Geossítios do Geoparque Quarta Colônia Aspirante UNESCO. Sendo uma caverna esculpida em arenito, possui interesses turísticos, atrelado à beleza cênica, relevância antropológica (considerando que a região já foi habitada por comunidades indígenas no passado) e, também, de cunho científico e didático. Entretanto, por estar em uma propriedade particular e receber visitações sem controle, atualmente a ação antrópica é um fator que está pondo em risco a integridade do ambiente cavernícola. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho buscou, tendo como base conceitual os princípios da metodologia do Limite Aceitável de Câmbio – LAC, apresentar um plano de manejo, com estratégias de visitação, que podem ajudar a evitar a degradação do patrimônio e fortalecer o turismo no Geoparque Quarta Colônia Aspirante UNESCO. Foi proposto uma delimitação para o Geossítio, com 3 zonas diferenciadas, sendo uma zona de conservação, uma área de utilização de recursos naturais, e uma área de proteção geopatrimonial, que prioriza a proteção da gruta. Já no que diz respeito às medidas de manejo propostas, estas podem ser resumidas a três principais estratégias, sendo a implementação de ações de educação ambiental, o investimento em infraestrutura e em material interpretativo. Por fim, espera-se que este trabalho sirva como base para que medidas de conservação sejam aplicadas no Geossítio Gruta do Índio.The Geosite Gruta do Índio is located in the municipality of Agudo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and is one of the Geopark Geopark Quarta Colônia Aspirante UNESCO. Being a cave carved in sandstone, it has tourist interests, linked to scenic beauty, anthropological relevance (considering that the region was once inhabited by indigenous communities in the past) and, also, of a scientific and didactic nature. However, because it is on private property and receives uncontrolled visitations, currently human action is a factor that is endangering the integrity of the cave environment. In this sense, the present work sought, having as a conceptual basis the principles of the Acceptable Exchange Limit - LAC methodology, to present a management plan, with visitation strategies, which can help to avoid the degradation of the heritage and strengthen tourism in the Geopark Fourth Colony aspiring UNESCO. A delimitation for the Geosite was proposed, with 3 differentiated zones, being a conservation zone, an area of use of natural resources, and a geopatrimonial protection area, which prioritizes the protection of the cave. With regard to the proposed management measures, these can be summarized in three main strategies, namely the implementation of environmental education actions, investment in infrastructure and in interpretive material. Finally, it is expected that this work will serve as a basis for conservation measures to be applied in the Gruta do Índio Geosite