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Table ronde de la session Introduction, contexte historique, juridique et social
No full textNational audienc
(Re)positionnement de la RATP dans la lutte contre les violences sexuelles et sexistes ? Le cas des campagnes de publicité: Session « Les transports en commun, espace public comme les autres ? »
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Monitorability for the Modal mu-Calculus over Systems with Data: From Practice to Theory
No full textInternational audienceRuntime verification, also known as runtime monitoring, consists of checking whether a system satisfies a given specification by observing the trace it produces during its execution. It is used as a lightweight verification technique to complement or substitute costlier methods such as model-checking. In the regular setting, Hennessy-Milner logic with recursion, a variant of the modal mu-calculus, provides a versatile formalism for expressing linear- and branching-time specifications of the control flow of the system. In this paper, we shift the focus from control to data and study the monitorability of an extension of this logic that allows one to express properties of the data flow. Data values are modelled as values from an infinite domain. They are stored using data variables and manipulated using predicates and first-order quantification. The resulting logic is closely related to register automata with guessing. This correspondence yields a monitor synthesis algorithm, and allows us to derive a strict monitorability hierarchy between the different fragments of the logic, in stark contrast to the regular setting. In particular, restricting to deterministic monitors strictly reduces the set of monitorable properties. Last, we exhibit a fragment of the logic that can express all monitorable formulae in the logic without greatest fixed-points but not in the full logic. We finally show that this is unavoidable because, in fact, there is no decidable fragment of the logic that captures all monitorable properties
Littératie financière : le « mauvais » genre ?
No full textInternational audienceThe concept of “financial literacy” has become a must when studying household finance. All empirical studies show that, overall, people’s financial knowledge is rather limited, particularly in certain categories of the population, notably among women. This article examines the gender gap in France. The gap seems to be better accounted for by social norms, gender stereotypes, or preferences than by observable individual characteristics. A financial education policy aimed at improving literacy must therefore be differentiated according to gender.Le concept de « financial literacy » est, aujourd’hui, un point de passage obligé, afin d’étudier la finance des ménages. Toutes les études empiriques montrent que, globalement, les connaissances financières des individus sont plutôt limitées, particulièrement dans certaines catégories de la population, notamment chez les femmes. Cet article fait le point sur ce gender gap, dans le cas de la France. Cet écart semble davantage expliqué par les normes sociales, les stéréotypes de genre, ou encore les préférences, que par les caractéristiques observables des individus. Une politique d’éducation financière, visant à améliorer la littératie, doit donc être différenciée selon le sexe
How Different Uses of AI Shape Labor Demand: Evidence from France
No full textInternational audienceUsing French firm-level data on AI adoption from 2017-2020, we find that, first, firms adopting AI are larger and more productive and skill intensive. Second, difference-in-difference estimates reveal an increase in firm-level employment and sales after AI adoption, suggesting that the induced productivity gains allow firms to grow and outweigh potential displacement effects. Third, occupations classified in recent work as substitutable with AI expand. Fourth, AI usage is a relevant dimension of heterogeneity in the labor demand response: We find positive employment growth for certain uses (e.g., information and communications technology security) and negative for others (e.g., administrative processes)
Network-based allocation of responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions
No full textInternational audienceWe provide an axiomatic approach to the allocation of responsibility for GHG emissions in supply chains. Considering a set of axioms standardly used in networks and decision theory, and consistent with legal principles underlying responsibility, we show that responsibility measures shall be based on exponential discounting of upstream and downstream emissions. From a network theory perspective, the proposed responsibility measure corresponds to a convex combination of the Bonacich centralities for the upstream and downstream weighted adjacency matrices. Scope 1 emissions, consumption-based accounting and income-based accounting are obtained as particular cases of our approach, which also gives a precise meaning to scope 3 emissions while avoiding double-counting. We apply our approach to the assessment of country-level responsibility for global GHG emissions and to sector-level responsibility in the USA. We examine how the responsibility of countries/sectors varies with the discounting of indirect emissions. We identify three groups of countries/sectors: producers of emissions whose responsibility decreases with the discounting factor, consumers of emissions whose responsibility increases with the discounting factor, and an intermediary group whose responsibility mostly depends on the network position and varies non-monotonically with the discounting factor. Overall, our axiomatic approach provides strong normative foundations for the definition of reporting requirements for indirect emissions and for the allocation of responsibility in claims for climate-related loss and damage
Financer la transition écologique par la dette publique, c’est possible
No full textC’est la version économique de la quadrature du cercle : comment à la fois investir massivement pour la transition écologique et maîtriser la dette pour retrouver des marges de manœuvre financières ? Sous certaines conditions, les deux sont possibles simultanément. Découvrez comment
Chaleur et gestion des gares : défis opérationnels et solutions collaboratives Revue Ingenius - Ecole des Ponts
No full texthttps://ingenius.ecoledesponts.fr/articles/chaleur-et-gestion-des-gares-defis-operationnels-et-solutions-collaboratives/Avec le réchauffement climatique et l'accentuation des événements extrêmes, les systèmes de transport ferroviaire vont subir d’importantes perturbations. La récurrence des vagues de chaleur plus intenses entraîne non seulement des départs d'incendie, mais aussi de dommages structurels ou d'altération plus rapide pour les matériaux qui composent la voie, la ligne, et les équipements. Les inondations et les mouvements de terrain causés par des épisodes orageux succédant aux vagues de chaleur sont aussi amenés à se multiplier. Comment évaluer tous ces effets ? Comment transformer ces menaces en opportunités afin de maintenir l’usage du mode ferroviaire et contribuer ainsi à l'avènement d'une planification climatique résiliente
Shaping and diverting public space regulation: Newspaper coverage of an eviction in a BID, Washington, DC
No full textInternational audienceFeet in the street, then heads in the beds, and retail follows...» could be a definition of micro-transit induced gentrification. The quote shows the obsession of NoMa D.C. Business Improvement District (BID)'s President to transform the urban space with walkable infrastructure. But the irruption of homeless encampment breaks down the BID narrative as a vibrant place and happy community. How does The Washington Post cover this problem of coexistence in public space? Two methods, argumentative analysis and narrative discourse study, are applied to the press articles dealing with the necessity to clear the camp in order to facilitate BIDs resident movements, or, on the contrary, to primarily care for homeless people. The chapter explores how the media orchestrates the public debate, reframes responsibilities and finally derivates the search for the structural causes of the crisis towards a happy end parable. The added value of the chapter concerning gentrification coverage is that the newspaper doesn't deliver a static vision pro- or contra- gentrification, but a much more tactical and processual perspective of the media fabric of urban conflicts and of its semiotic resolution
Beyond the Determiner “Al-”: Expanding the Determiner Class in Arabic, and Elimination of Lexical Ambiguities by Grammars
No full textInternational audienceArabic nouns can be marked for definiteness or indefiniteness. The definite article is the prefix ''Al-,'' which confines the determiner class to a single element ''Al-.'' This topic is generally discussed under noun inflections, such as Gender, Number, Definiteness, and Case (GNDC), in grammar textbooks. The primary aim of this paper is to expand the Arabic determiner class (DET) by incorporating additional lexical items and providing a detailed description of their syntactic context within noun phrases (NPs). In traditional grammar, these lexical items are typically classified as noun adjectives and, at best, are referred to as noun specifiers since they modify the head noun. However, these ''nouns'' exhibit limited inflection compared to regular adjectives and occupy a specific position within the NP sequence. Additionally, the modified head nouns are constrained in their inflectional attributes, Number, and Definiteness. Our approach is qualitative and guided by morpho-syntactic considerations. We conduct an in-depth analysis of the grammatical features of ten lexical items, focusing particularly on the dependencies between the determiner and the following noun. This analysis also addresses some semantic properties. By focusing on context-sensitive grammatical rules, the study shows how these methods can enhance precision in parsing and reduce ambiguity in NLP tasks, highlighting the potential for developing more refined grammar for Arabic. This work is a prototype for comprehensive studies in linguistics and NLP