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    Stroke but no hospital admission: Lost opportunity for whom?

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    International audienceTo counter the spread of COVID-19, the French government imposed several stringent social and political measures across its entire population. We hereto assess the impact of these political decisions on healthcare access in 2020, focusing on patients who suffered from an ischemic stroke. We divide our analysis into four distinct periods: the pre-COVID-19 pandemic period, the lockdown period, the “in-between” or transitional period, and the shutdown period. Our methodology involves utilizing a retrospective dataset spanning 2019–2020, an exhaustive French national hospital discharge diagnosis database for stroke inpatients, integrated with income information from the reference year of 2019. The results reveal that the most affluent were more likely to forgo medical care, particularly in heavily affected areas. Moreover, the most disadvantaged exhibited even greater reluctance to seek care, especially in the most severely impacted regions. The data suggest a loss of opportunity for less severely affected patients to benefit from healthcares during this lockdown period, regardless of demographic, location, and socioeconomic determinants. Furthermore, our analysis reveals a notable discrepancy in healthcare-seeking behavior, with less affluent patients and seniors (over 75 years old) experiencing slower rates of return to healthcare access compared to pre-pandemic levels. This highlights a persistent gap in healthcare accessibility, particularly among socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, despite the easing of COVID-19 restrictions

    Effects of Salinity and Alkalinity on the Volumetric Deformation of the Opalinus Clay from the Lower Sandy Facies (LSF) of Mont Terri Site

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    International audienceIn this study, the impact of salinity and alkalinity on the volumetric deformation of the Opalinus Clay from the lower sandy facies (LSF) of Mont Terri site was investigated. Series of samples were exposed in parallel to alkaline solutions at four different pHs (8.8, 11.5, 12.5 and 13.5) or to saline solutions at three different osmotic suctions (π = 10, 15 and 34 MPa). As a reference, samples were also exposed to synthetic water at pH 7.5 and π = 1 MPa. It was found that the protocol followed above (“parallel testing”) was not suitable for the LSF Opalinus Clay due to the high mineralogy variability. Therefore, a new protocol (“gradual testing”) consisting of gradually exposing the same sample to diferent saline or alkaline solutions was adopted. It was found that the volumetric swelling strain increased with alkalinity and decreased with salinity. In the first case, the acid-base attack resulted in a dispersed structure with higher repulsive forces. Also, the precipitation of new compounds composed of the products of the dissolution of clay minerals and the species present in the alkaline solution contributed to the observed increase in swelling strain. For the saline solutions, the decrease of the thickness of diffuse double layer and the osmotically induced consolidation explained the observed decrease of swelling strain

    Quand dire et faire font deux : "on dit ça" ou la contestation implicite de l’énonciation

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    International audienceThe French statement on dit ça (ODC) can be considered as a formally and semantically-pragmatically fixed unit, used to express implicit contestation of a prior statement by another speaker, announcing or implying a future act. The genericity and its occurrence in an oppositional structure p et q latent or manifest differentiate ODC from its compositional homonyms.L’énoncé on dit ça (ODC) peut être considéré comme une unité formellement et sémantico-pragmatiquement figée. Il permet à son locuteur d’exprimer la contestation implicite d’une énonciation préalable d’un autre locuteur, qui annonce ou sous-entend un acte futur. Son caractère générique et son occurrence dans une structure oppositive p et q latente ou manifeste différencie ODC de ses homonymes compositionnels

    Source laser hybride fibre/cristal conçue pour les mesures de CO2 et de vent a 2,05 µm

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    International audienceWe present a hybrid fiber/bulk laser source designed for CO 2 and wind monitoring using differential absorption LIDAR (DIAL) and coherent detection at 2.05 µm. This source features a master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) architecture made of four fiber stages and one single-pass, end-pumped, bulk amplifier. This Letter focuses on the single-pass bulk amplifier performance and on the hybrid architecture benefits for DIAL and coherent detection. The bulk material is a holmium-doped YLF crystal that provides high efficiency amplification at 2.05 µm. This laser offers an energy breakthrough as compared to the classical stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) limit encountered in a fiber laser without compromising robustness, thanks to very few free-space optical elements and a small optical path. It delivers pulse energy and repetition frequency of 9.0 or 1.2 mJ/20 kHz with 200 ns quasi Fourier-transform limited pulses.Nous présentons une source laser hybride fibre/cristalconçue pour la surveillance du CO2 et du vent à l'aide d'un lidar à absorption différentielle (DIAL) et d'une détection hétérodyne à 2,05 µm. Elle présente une architecture d'amplificateur de puissance à oscillateur maître (MOPA) composée de quatre étages d'amplification fibrée et d'un amplificateur cristallin à passage unique, pompé longitudinalement. Cet article se concentre sur l'amplificateur de puissance. La matrice est un cristal YLF dopé à l'holmium qui permet une amplification à haut rendement à 2,05 µm. Ce laser offre une énergie largement supérieure par rapport à la limite classique de la diffusion de Brillouin stimulée (SBS) rencontrée dans les lasers à fibre, sans compromettre la robustesse grâce à très peu d'éléments optiques en espace libre et à un petit chemin optique. Il délivre une énergie d'impulsion et une fréquence de répétition de 9,0 mJ/1 kHz ou 1,2 mJ/20 kHz avec des impulsions de 200 ns quasiment limitées par transformée de Fourier

    An analytical model to calculate the forced vertical vibrations of two rails subjected to the dynamic loads of ballasted railway track

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    International audienceThe railway track consists of two rails which are solicited the loads from passing trains. Due to the dynamic nature of these loads, the total forces applied to each rail are unequal and asymmetric. However, analytical models that simplify the track as a single beam cannot accurately describe the track responses. In this paper, we calculate the forced vertical vibration of a ballasted railway track subjected to dynamic loading with dual rails. Each rail is modelled as a uniform Euler–Bernoulli beam of infinite length, positioned on a system of periodic and identical supports. The forced vibration of the rail is determined using Floquet’s theorem. Additionally, a model of a beam on a continuous foundation is employed to describe the dynamic behaviour of each support. In the frequency domain, each support is represented as a spring with an equivalent stiffness. By combining these two developed models, we analytically obtain the forced vibrations of two rails in the frequency domain. In the symmetric configuration, our results show a similarity of the rail responses with an existing model, particularly at the pin-pin resonance. The differing peak resonances at low-band frequencies are attributed to the different types of support. Subsequently, we apply this new model to investigate the forced vibrations of two rails in a non-symmetric configuration. The numerical tool visually illustrates the influence of load positions on rail responses and reaction forces in the time domain. This analytical model proves valuable for studying the rail noise and vibration of ballasted railway tracks

    L’infrastructure autoroutière solaire, pour quelle transition ? Vision pour la rocade métropolitaine bordelaise

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    International audienceQuestionnement scientifiqueA partir des années 1990 notamment, des préoccupations environnementales ont été intégrées à la conception et la gestion du réseau autoroutier français. Aujourd’hui, le système autoroutier et le régime de l’automobilité sont confrontés à des adaptations plus radicales liées aux dépassements des limites planétaires (comme le changement climatique notamment du fait des émissions de GES) qui réinterrogent sociétés et économies (Galaz et al., 2012).Acteurs publics et privés imaginent l’infrastructure autoroutière comme potentiel support d’une résilience énergétique solaire afin de répondre à des objectifs de décarbonation de l’énergie. De nouvelles stratégies et politiques publiques s’articulent autour d’un passage d’une infrastructure héritée de l’automobilité vers une infrastructure énergétiquement ou climatiquement résiliente (Dudley et al., 2020).Depuis le champ de l’étude des sciences et des techniques, infrastructure autoroutière et territoire évoluent en tant qu’ensemble cohérent en fonction d’orientations structurantes forgées par l’interaction de connaissances, de normes ou d’imaginaires collectifs. Une approche socio-technique par la transition (Bulkeley et al., 2014) éclaire les relations d’interdépendances entre territoire et autoroute, plus précisément le développement de politiques publiques autour de l’organisation des territoires de l’autoroute et de l’automobilité. Comment les politiques publiques dites « énergétiques et climatiques » se cristallisent-elles au sein du système autoroutier et le modifient-elles ? Nous proposons d’étudier le cas de la rocade bordelaise, objet de discussions (notamment dans la sphère politique locale et les médias) pour le déploiement d’une énergie solaire. L’emprise de la chaussée mais aussi les abords et « délaissés » sont de potentielles ressources pour installer des panneaux solaires. Le projet de rocade solaire réinterroge des leviers et instruments de l’action publique locale sur l’infrastructure et notamment sa gouvernance à la fois locale et nationale. Il produit un nouvel imaginaire véhiculé par les médias : d’une voie de la congestion à une autre voie « vectrice d’énergie renouvelable ».Par ailleurs, les abords et « délaissés » autoroutiers constituent de potentielles ressources pour d’autres politiques publiques de l’agenda des transitions : une nécessaire préservation du « sol » vivant rendant des services écosystémiques (puits carbones, effets d’ilots de fraicheur) mais aussi pour répondre à une raréfaction du foncier constructible dans une métropole qui semble encore en expansion.Le développement d’une solution technique énergétique sur et autour de la rocade bordelaise interroge alors différentes dimensions d’un système confronté au changement climatique mais aussi à d’autres limites planétaires (notamment l’artificialisation des sols et la perte de biodiversité).MéthodologieLa communication proposée est issue d’une recherche doctorale menée en CIFRE au sein de la collectivité de Bordeaux Métropole. Le travail de recherche interroge les évolutions des infrastructures autoroutières métropolitaines bordelaises au prisme des transformations territoriales, des enjeux environnementaux et climatiques. L’exploration proposée dans cette communication s’appuie sur le terrain principal de la recherche. Sont mobilisés principalement une étude de documents cadres des politiques publiques ainsi qu’une analyse de la presse locale, mis en perspective. Nouveauté, originalitéLa recherche ne traite pas de la contribution des transports-mobilités-infrastructures au changement climatique ou aux dépassements d’autres limites planétaires ni de leur vulnérabilité face à ces dépassements. Elle ne traite pas non plus d’avancées scientifiques ou technologiques sur des points spécifiques (biodiversité dans des bassins d’assainissement ou dépendances vertes, populations d’insectes sur des talus) (Bakalowicz et al., 2004). L’objet d’étude de cette recherche est le système autoroute-territoire, des points de vue matériels et immatériels (transformation physique de l’infrastructure, représentations,…). L’originalité de la recherche se situe dans la mobilisation d’une approche socio-technique et de transition pour appréhender l’infrastructure autoroutière comme objet de cristallisation de politiques publiques locales. Cette posture nous mène à appréhender, par l’introduction d’une nouvelle politique publique de transition énergétique, les relations entre différentes actions publiques de transition(s) et d’autres dimensions du système autoroutier (comme la structure de gouvernance ou l’imaginaire collectif de la rocade)

    Kinematics of nonlinear waves over variable bathymetry. Part I: Numerical modelling, verification and validation

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    International audienceFluid particle kinematics due to wave motion (i.e. orbital velocities and accelerations) at and beneath the free surface is involved in many coastal and ocean engineering applications, e.g. estimation of wave-induced forces on structures, sediment transport, etc. This work presents the formulations of these kinematics fields within a fully nonlinear potential flow (FNPF) approach. In this model, the velocity potential is approximated with a high-order polynomial expansion over the water column using an orthogonal basis of Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind. Using the same basis, original analytical expressions of the components of velocity and acceleration are derived in this work. The estimation of particle accelerations in the course of the simulation involves the time derivatives of the decomposition coefficients, which are computed with a high-order backward finite-difference scheme in time. The capability of the numerical model in computing the particle kinematics is first validated for regular nonlinear waves propagating over a flat bottom. The model is shown to be able to predict both the velocity and acceleration of highly nonlinear and nearly breaking waves with negligible error compared to the corresponding stream function wave solution. Then, for regular waves propagating over an uneven bottom (bar-type bottom profile), the simulated results are confronted with existing experimental data, and very good agreement is achieved up to the sixth-order harmonics for free surface elevation, velocity and acceleration

    Nicolas Duvoux, L'avenir confisqué. Inégalités de temps vécu, classes sociales et patrimoine

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    International audienc

    Grubbs Test Based Algorithms to Improve the Efficiency of Blockchain Oracles

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    International audienceBlockchains are used to store and transmit digital and secure information. This is made possible by creating a chain of chronologically and cryptographically linked data blocks. An oracle is often used to feed the blockchain to ensure the data inserted are reliable. The nature of data sent to the oracle can vary a lot from one application to another. In the scope of the Internet of Things, data provided by sensors may be corrupted when the sensor is damaged or has been corrupted. In this case, it is important for the oracle to include an efficient tool able to detect these outliers. The Grubbs test is such an efficient tool. This article aims at presenting the impact of the use of the Grubbs test on the performance of the oracle. It shows that not only it allows to significantly increase the quality of the data inserted in the blockchain by identifying outliers, it also keeps the algorithmic complexity of the oracle as low as possible

    Two-layers neural networks for Schrödinger eigenvalue problems

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    The aim of this article is to analyze numerical schemes using two-layer neural networks with infinite width for the resolution of high-dimensional Schrödinger eigenvalue problems with smooth interaction potentials and Neumann boundary condition on the unit cube in any dimension. Moreprecisely, any eigenfunction associated to the lowest eigenvalue of the Schrödinger operator is a unit L 2 norm minimizer of the associated energy. Using Barron’s representation of the solution with a probability measure defined on the set of parameter values and following the approach initiallysuggested by Bach and Chizat [1], the energy is minimized thanks to a constrained gradient curve dynamic on the 2-Wasserstein space of the set of parameter values defining the neural network. We prove the existence of solutions to this constrained gradient curve. Furthermore, we prove that,if it converges, the represented function is then an eigenfunction of the considered Schrödinger operator. At least up to our knowledge, this is the first work where this type of analysis is carried out to deal with the minimization of non-convex functionals

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