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    Quelle politique migratoire en Europe pour les prochaines années : dépasser les idées préconçues !

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    International audienceQuelle politique migratoire en Europe pour les prochaines années : dépasser les idées préconçues

    Propriétés mécaniques et microstructure des pâtes de ciment de puits légères pour le stockage géologique du CO₂

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    CO₂ capture and geological storage are essential for combating climate change. Studying the components of storage sites is crucial, including the integrity of the reservoir, the caprock, the casing, and the cement sheath of injection wells. This sheath is formed by injecting fresh cement into the annular space between the casing and the geological formation. The pressure exerted by the cement during installation, proportional to its specific weight, must be sufficiently high to ensure complete cementing, without exceeding the threshold that could damage the geological formation. The addition of lightweight materials, such as hollow glass microspheres (HGMS), makes it possible to control this pressure and ensures good cementing.This work explores the use of HGMS in Portland cement for CO₂ injection wells, testing two classes of HGMS possessing a borosilicate glass outer shell and differing in mechanical strength and density. Laboratory experiments simulated the effects of supercritical CO₂ environments on these cement pastes, analysing carbonated and non-carbonated samples. Tests included uniaxial (UCS) and triaxial compression tests, elastic parameter measurements, mercury intrusion porosimetry analyses, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, and pH measurements using pH indicators.First, the study focuses on the compatibility between HGMS and cement paste, assessing their pozzolanic activity and their ‘filler’ effect. HGMS showed meaningful pozzolanic activity, comparable to that of conventional additives. Mechanical tests showed significant variations in elastic parameters and UCS depending on the type of HGMS used. Microstructural analyses showed a correlation between the presence of HGMS and changes in porosity and pore structure.Second, the results show that carbonation significantly affected cement pastes containing HGMS, with a reduction in pore size. Rupture of HGMS during exposure increased interconnected porosity, accelerating carbonation. SEM images and pH tests confirmed the consumption of portlandite in samples containing HGMS. Pastes with HGMS showed marked reductions in Young's modulus and UCS. The carbonated cement pastes showed a greater increase in shear strength with confining pressure.The experimental results were used to model the behaviour of traditional and lightweight cement pastes under real conditions, using an open-source finite element software developed at École des Ponts. The model implemented solves the coupled chemo-poromechanical equations and homogenises the elastic parameters according to the components of the cement matrix. The study extended this model to incorporate the homogenisation of elastic parameters due to the presence of HGMS, as well as the partial rupture of HGMS under high pressure, resulting in a variation in the porosity of the homogenised material, affecting both mechanical and transport properties. This improvement has enabled the model to be calibrated to predict the behaviour of light cement pastes in CO₂ injection wells.In conclusion, this study highlights the complex role of HGMS in cement pastes used for CO₂ injection wells. Although they lighten cement formulations, their rupture under high pressure increases the carbonation rate and affects mechanical performance, highlighting the need to properly assess their long-term durability. The choice of HGMS must take into account their mechanical properties and pozzolanic activity. These results make it possible to improve the design of cement pastes for the geological storage of CO₂.La capture et le stockage géologique de CO₂ sont essentiels pour lutter contre le changement climatique. L'étude des composants des sites de stockage est cruciale, notamment l'intégrité du réservoir, de la roche de couverture, du cuvelage et de la gaine de ciment des puits d'injection. Cette gaine est formée en injectant du ciment frais dans l'espace annulaire entre le cuvelage et la formation géologique. La pression exercée, proportionnelle au poids volumique, doit être suffisamment élevée pour assurer une cimentation complète, sans dépasser le seuil qui pourrait endommager la formation. L’ajout de matériaux légers, comme les microsphères de verre creuses (HGMS), permet de contrôler la pression et d'assurer une bonne cimentation. Ce travail explore l'utilisation des HGMS dans le ciment Portland pour les puits d'injection de CO₂, en testant deux types d’HGMS possédant une coque externe en verre de borosilicate et différant par leur résistance mécanique et densité. Des expériences en laboratoire ont simulé les effets des environnements de CO₂ supercritique sur ces pâtes de ciment, analysant des échantillons carbonatés et non-carbonatés. Les tests incluaient essais de compression uniaxiaux (UCS) et triaxiaux, mesures des paramètres élastiques, analyses par porosimétrie à intrusion de mercure, images obtenues par microscopie électronique à balayage (SEM), et mesures de pH à l'aide d'indicateurs de pH.Premièrement, l'étude se concentre sur la compatibilité entre les HGMS et la pâte de ciment, évaluant leur activité pouzzolanique et leur effet «filler». Les HGMS ont montré une activité pouzzolanique significative, comparable à celle des additifs conventionnels. Les tests mécaniques ont montré des variations notables des paramètres élastiques et du UCS en fonction des types de HGMS utilisés. Les analyses microstructurales ont montré une corrélation entre la présence de HGMS et les changements de porosité et de structure des pores. Deuxièmement, les résultats montrent que la carbonatation a significativement affecté les pâtes de ciment contenant des HGMS, avec une variation de la taille des pores. La rupture des HGMS pendant l'exposition a augmenté la porosité interconnectée, accélérant la carbonatation. Les images SEM et les tests de pH ont confirmé la consommation de la portlandite dans les échantillons contenant des HGMS. Les pâtes avec HGMS montrant des réductions marquées du module d'Young et du UCS. Les pâtes de ciment carbonatées ont montré une plus grande augmentation de la résistance au cisaillement avec la pression de confinement. Les résultats expérimentaux ont servi à modéliser le comportement des pâtes de ciment traditionnelles et allégées dans des conditions réelles, en utilisant un logiciel open-source de calcul par éléments finis développé à l'École des Ponts. Le modèle implémenté résout les équations couplées chimio-poromécaniques et homogénéise les paramètres élastiques selon les composants de la matrice de ciment. L’étude a étendu ce modèle pour intégrer l'homogénéisation des paramètres élastiques due à la présence des HGMS, ainsi que la rupture partielle des HGMS sous haute pression, entraînant une variation de la porosité du matériau homogénéisé, affectant à la fois les propriétés mécaniques et de transport. Cette amélioration a permis de calibrer le modèle pour prédire le comportement des pâtes de ciment légères dans des puits d'injection de CO₂. En conclusion, cette étude souligne le rôle complexe des HGMS dans les pâtes de ciment utilisées pour les puits d'injection de CO₂. Bien qu’ils allègent les formulations de ciment, leur rupture sous haute pression augmente le taux de carbonatation et affecte les performances mécaniques, ce qui met en avant la nécessité de bien évaluer leur durabilité à long terme. Le choix des HGMS doit prendre en compte leurs propriétés mécaniques et leur activité pouzzolanique. Ces résultats permettent d’améliorer la conception de pâtes de ciment pour le stockage géologique de CO₂

    Analyse théorique et numérique de modèles statiques et dynamiques en calcul de structure électronique

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    This thesis focuses on the study of three quantum models for electronic structure calculation: a method for ground-state calculation on complex molecules, a nonlinear model of a molecule in a weak electric field and a periodic crystal containing a localized defect.In chapter I, we study the DMET (Density Matrix Embedding Theory) algorithm. This numerical chemistry method calculates the ground state of large molecules using a mean-field and molecule fragmentation strategy. We prove DMET's exactness in the non-interacting case, and first-order accuracy in the weakly interacting case. We establish criteria to guarantee the convergence of the algorithm, in particular with respect to the choice of the fragments.In chapter II, we study the linear response in a TDDFT (Time Dependent Density Functional Theory) model. In this model, widely used in quantum chemistry, the Hamiltonian includes terms which depend on the average electron density. We start from a stationary state which is a local minimum of the energy, and we perturb it with a weak time-dependent electric field. We prove that the Schrödinger equation is well-posed and give the evolution of the solution at first order relatively to the amplitude of the perturbation. This linearized dynamics gives access to the system's electronic density response. We prove that this linear response includes resonances close to the Hamiltonian's excitation energies in the stationary state, and we give an estimation of the imaginary part of these resonances using a Fermi golden rule.In chapter III, we propose a method for calculating the meromorphic extension of the resolvent of non-interacting Hamiltonians in solids. For a periodic Hamiltonian, the resolvent can be expressed as an integral in reciprocal space over the Brillouin zone. Our method relies on a complex deformation of the path of this integral. The poles of the numerically obtained resolvent are shifted from the real axis to the lower complex plane. This makes it possible to calculate the electronic density of states (DOS) of the system without the need for artificial dissipation. This method can also be used to calculate the position of resonances in a crystal when a localized defect is added. These resonances appear as poles in the meromorphic extension of the resolvent of the Hamiltonian to the complex inferior plane. We obtain it by combining the Brillouin zone deformation method with a Dyson formula.Cette thèse porte sur l'étude de trois modèles quantiques pour le calcul de structure électronique: une méthode de calcul d'état fondamental sur des molécules complexes (DMET), un modèle non-linéaire de molécule dans un faible champ électrique (TDDFT) et un cristal périodique contenant un défaut localisé.Dans le chapitre I, nous étudions l'algorithme DMET (Density Matrix Embedding Theory). Cette méthode de chimie numérique calcule l'état fondamental de grosses molécules grâce à une stratégie de champ moyen et de fragmentation de la molécule. Nous prouvons l'exactitude de DMET dans le cas non-interagissant et l'exactitude au premier ordre dans le cas faiblement interagissant. Nous établissons des critères pour garantir la convergence de l'algorithme, en particulier concernant le choix de fragmentation de la molécule.Nous étudions dans le chapitre II la réponse linéaire d'un modèle de TDDFT (Time Dependent Density Functional Theory). Dans ce modèle très utilisé en chimie quantique, le Hamiltonien comporte des termes dépendant de la densité electronique moyenne. Nous partons d'un système stationnaire qui minimise l'énergie et nous le perturbons avec un faible champ électrique. Nous prouvons que l'équation de Schrödinger est bien posée et nous établissons sa dynamique au premier ordre relativement à l'amplitude de la perturbation. La dynamique linéarisée donne accès à la réponse linéaire en densité électronique du système. Nous prouvons que cette réponse linéaire comporte des résonances proches des energies d'excitation du Hamiltonien dans l'état stationnaire et nous donnons une estimation de la partie imaginaire de ces résonances grâce à la règle d'or de Fermi.Dans le chapitre III, nous proposons une méthode pour le calcul du prolongement méromorphe de la résolvante des Hamiltoniens non-interagissants dans les solides. Pour un tel Hamiltonien périodique, la résolvante peut s'écrire sous la forme d'une intégrale en espace réciproque sur la zone de Brillouin. Notre méthode s'appuie sur une déformation complexe du chemin de cette intégrale. Les pôles de la résolvante obtenue numériquement sont déplacés depuis l'axe réel vers le plan complexe inférieur. Cela permet de calculer la densité d'états (DOS) du système sans avoir recours à une dissipation artificielle. Cette méthode permet également de calculer la position de résonances du cristal lorsqu'on y ajoute un défaut localisé. Pour cela, le prolongement méromorphe de la résolvante du système comportant le défaut est calculé en combinant la méthode de déformation de la zone de Brillouin avec une formule de Dyson

    Modélisation et validation des scénarios économiques monde-réel en assurance : Prise en compte des propriétés trajectorielles

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    This thesis aims to take into account the pathwise properties of financial data series in the modelling and validation of real-world scenarios used in insurance.The introduction presents the concepts and motivations underlying this thesis, namely real-world economic scenarios, their applications, and their validation against historical data. Chapter 2 proposes a new method for validating real-world scenarios based on the statistical test of Chevyrev and Oberhauser (2022), which allows verifying whether two samples of stochastic processes paths come from the same distribution. In a configuration similar to the one faced by practitioners, we numerically demonstrate that this method, which relies on the notions of signature and maximum mean distance, captures pathwise properties such as Hölder regularity, autocorrelation, or regime changes, which point-in-time validation, the most common practice among insurers, does not. These numerical results, obtained on both synthetic and historical data, indicate that the proposed validation method is a promising addition to the current real-world scenario validation procedures in the industry. Based on the work of Guyon and Lekeufack (2023), Chapter 3 empirically studies the dependence of implied volatility on the past trajectory of the underlying asset price. This study reveals that a significant part of the movements in at-the-money-forward implied volatilities can be explained by the past returns of the underlying asset and their squares. Building on the conclusions of this study and a parsimonious version of the SSVI (Surface Stochastic Volatility Inspired) parameterization from Gatheral and Jacquier (2014), we construct a new model to jointly simulate the price of a financial asset and the implied volatility surface corresponding to options written on that asset. We show that the real-world scenarios generated by this model are realistic in view of the historical evolution, particularly regarding pathwise properties. Chapter 4 presents an application of stochastic scenarios of an asset’s price and the associated implied volatility surface to the dynamic hedging of registered index-linked annuities (RILAs), which are investment products offered by American insurance companies. This application highlights the importance of a specific modelling of implied volatility for evaluating the performance of a hedging strategy. It also demonstrates that the model developed in Chapter 3 is more relevant in this exercise than the model by Cont and Vuletić (2023), which does not introduce a dependence of implied volatility on the past trajectory of the underlying asset. Finally, Chapter 5 demonstrates the existence and uniqueness of a solution to the path-dependent volatility model by Guyon and Lekeufack (2023), which specifies the instantaneous volatility of a financial asset’s price as a function of the past returns of the asset and their squares, both weighted by general kernels (not necessarily of convolutional or bounded type) on which we make integrability and regularity assumptions. Moreover, assuming that the kernel weighting the past returns is of exponential type and that an inequality relating the logarithmic derivatives of the two kernels is satisfied, we show that the instantaneous volatility is positive, thereby extending the results of Nutz and Riveros Valdevenito (2024). We show that this hypothesis does not deteriorate the calibration of the model to the S&P 500, Euro Stoxx 50 and FTSE 100 indices.Cette thèse vise à prendre en compte les propriétés trajectorielles des séries de données financières dans la modélisation et la validation des scénarios monde-réel utilisés en assurance.L’introduction présente les concepts et les motivations qui irriguent l’ensemble de cette thèse, à savoir les scénarios économiques monde-réel, leurs applications et leur validation au regard des données historiques. Le Chapitre 2 propose une nouvelle méthode de validation des scénarios monde-réel basée sur le test statistique de Chevyrev et Oberhauser (2022) qui permet de vérifier si deux échantillons de trajectoires de processus stochastiques proviennent de la même distribution. Dans une configuration proche de celle à laquelle les praticiens sont confrontés, nous montrons numériquement que cette méthode, reposant sur les notions de signature et de distance moyenne maximale, permet de capturer des propriétés trajectorielles comme la régularité Höldérienne, l’autocorrélation ou les changements de régime, dont ne tient pas compte la validation dite ponctuelle qui est la pratique la plus répandue parmi les assureurs. Ces résultats numériques, obtenus à la fois sur des données synthétiques et des données historiques, indiquent que la méthode de validation proposée est prometteuse pour compléter les processus de validation des scénarios monde-réel actuellement en place dans l’industrie. Sur la base des travaux de Guyon et Lekeufack (2023), le Chapitre 3 étudie empiriquement la dépendance de la volatilité implicite à la trajectoire passée du prix de l’actif sous-jacent. Cette étude révèle qu’une large part des mouvements des volatilités implicites à la monnaie forward peut être expliquée par les rendements passés de l’actif sous-jacent et leurs carrés. En s’appuyant sur les conclusions de cette étude et une version parcimonieuse de la paramétrisation SSVI (Surface Stochastic Volatility Inspired ) de Gatheral et Jacquier (2014), nous construisons un nouveau modèle permettant de simuler conjointement le prix d’un actif financier et la surface de volatilité implicite correspondant aux options portant sur cet actif. Nous montrons que les scénarios monde-réel générés par ce modèle sont réalistes au regard de l’évolution historique notamment du point de vue des propriétés trajectorielles. Le Chapitre 4 présente une application de scénarios stochastiques du prix d’un actif et de la surface de volatilité implicite associée à la couverture dynamique des registered index-linked annuities (RILAs) qui sont des produits d’investissement proposés par les compagnies d’assurance américaines. Cette application permet, d’une part, de mettre en évidence l’importance d’une modélisation spécifique de la volatilité implicite pour évaluer la performance d’une stratégie de couverture et d’autre part, de montrer que le modèle développé dans le Chapitre 3 est plus pertinent dans cet exercice que le modèle de Cont et Vuletić (2023) qui n’introduit pas de dépendance de la volatilité implicite à la trajectoire passée de l’actif sous-jacent. Enfin, le Chapitre 5 démontre l’existence et l’unicité d’une solution au modèle de volatilité path-dependent de Guyon et Lekeufack (2023) qui spécifie la volatilité instantanée du prix d’un actif financier comme une fonction des rendements passés de l’actif et de leurs carrés, tous deux pondérés par des noyaux généraux (non nécessairement convolutionnels ou bornés) sur lesquels nous faisons des hypothèses d’intégrabilité et de régularité. En outre, sous l’hypothèse que le noyau pondérant les rendements passés est de type exponentiel et qu’une inégalité liant les dérivées logarithmiques des deux noyaux est vérifiée, nous montrons que la volatilité instantanée est strictement positive, étendant ainsi les résultats de Nutz et Riveros Valdevenito (2024). Nous vérifions que cette hypothèse ne dégrade pas la calibration du modèle aux indices S&P 500, Euro Stoxx 50 et FTSE 100

    Resource Booms and the Energy Transition: What Can We Learn from Dutch Economists' Response to the Discovery of Natural Gas Reserves (1959–1977)?

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    International audienceGeopolitical instability and climate change are about to bring about large-scale energy reconfigurations. Recent discoveries of fossil fuel potential echo important historical episodes, starting with the finding of natural gas reserves in the Netherlands in 1959, which gave birth to the notion of Dutch Disease, in reference to the macroeconomic structural readjustments that followed the resource boom. Recently, the economic literature on whether such a boom might be a blessing or a curse for a country has been growing. What has not received attention so far is the attitude of Dutch economists in the 1960s and 1970s and the lessons to be drawn from them in today's economic research. This article explores how they understood the gas boom, how they anticipated its effects, and the role they played in shaping Dutch energy policies. We show that the 1960s were a parenthesis, and that energy optimism has historically been more an exception than a rule. In situ economists correctly anticipated some but not all of the transmission channels of the resource boom. These results are insightful for the 21st century, as they not only allow for historicizing the concept of the resource curse but also provide lessons for macroeconomic policies in the context of the energy transition, especially in countries endowed with fossil fuels and mineral resources

    ZeBraInspector, a platform for the automated segmentation and analysis of body and brain volumes in whole 5 dpf zebrafish following simultaneous visualization with identical orientations

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    In recent years, the zebrafish has become a well-established laboratory model. We describe here the ZeBraInspector (ZBI) platform for high-content 3D imaging (HCI) of 5 dpf zebrafish eleuthero-embryos (EEs). This platform includes a mounting method based on 3D-printed stamps to create a grid of wells in an agarose cast, facilitating batch acquisitions with a fast-confocal laser scanning microscope. We describe reference labeling in cleared fish with a fluorescent lipophilic dye. Based on this labeling, the ZBI software registers EE 3D images, making it possible to visualize numerous identically oriented EEs on a single screen, and to compare their morphologies and any fluorescent patterns at a glance. High-resolution 2D snapshots can be extracted. ZBI software is therefore useful for diverse high-content analyses (HCAs). Following automated segmentation of the lipophilic dye signal, the ZBI software performs volumetric analyses on whole EEs and their nervous system white matter. Through two examples, we illustrate the power of these analyses for obtaining statistically significant results from a small number of samples: the characterization of a phenotype associated with a neurodevelopmental mutation, and of the defects caused by treatments with a toxic anti-cancer compound

    Coaches vs trains ​in the provision of regional mobility services: the case of France​

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    International audienceAlthough France has one of the largest railway networks in Europe, travelling by train represents only 11% of domestic passenger travel (CGDD, 2021). Furthermore, the usage of the French railway network is very heterogeneous. While a third of the network accommodates 71% of the transportation supply (in train-km), almost half of it (45%) is dedicated to only 9% of the supply. The French national railways company, the SNCF, has until recently benefitted from a quasi-monopolistic power by operating most of the network. However, complying with the European guidelines, the French government has gradually opened domestic rail passenger travel to competition, starting from 2019 and until 2023. French regions are seizing this opportunity to challenge the SNCF with other operators, and to question the relevance of rail services for small passenger lines (“lignes de desserte fine du territoire” in French). These lines face very limited ridership for comparatively often very high operating costs. In periurban and rural areas, where most of these lines are located, private cars are the preferred mode of travel, as they may prove more convenient than a low-speed train service with only a few round-trips per day. Coach services could therefore provide a more affordable alternative to train services. On the other hand, some regions have considered an opposite approach by improving service frequency on these small lines in an attempt to boost ridership and avoid closing those lines, in fear of isolating the rural areas served by these lines. This work intends to shed light on this debate by investigating the relevance of several alternative scenarios for the provision of regional passenger mobility, which vary according to the mode used – either train or coach – and the level of service frequency. The scenarios are evaluated using a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) evaluation framework based on the French national guidelines (Quinet, 2019), in order to capture the impact on consumer surplus, operating costs, and the environmental and safety externalities (Boardman, 2006). Relatively to the existing literature on the topic (see Tirachini et al., 2010 for a review), our evaluation framework includes a very detailed cost structure for train services. This allows us to take into account economies of scale related to infrastructure costs but also operating costs when improving service frequency, with a level of detail not present in previous studies. The methodology is applied to 8 railway lines in the Région Sud Provence Alpes Côtes d’Azur in French, which features a mixture of busy and small railway lines. Four scenarios are considered: 1) a “status quo” scenario with the current rail service, 2) a “coach” scenario where the service is operated by coaches instead of trains, 3) an “improved train” scenario with improved service frequency and finally 4) an “improved coach” scenario which mimics scenario 3) but again using coaches instead of trains. As the Région Sud faces chronic issues regarding regional passenger transportation, it provides an excellent case study for this analysis. Preliminary results show that, as expected, the choice between train and coach services results from a trade-off between the lower operating costs of coach services and the greater value for users of train services resulting from a better comfort for the latter mode. The environmental impact of switching from train to coaches depends on the load factor. Although it is usually in favor of coaches, it remains extremely limited compared to operating costs and private costs with the current valuation of pollutant emissions. Improving service frequency, both for trains and cars, often proves an effective policy, with a positive net present value for seven out of eight lines. We find that the critical level of ridership between coach and train services is around 700,000 passenger-km per year for regular levels of service frequency, and around 500,000 passenger-km per year when service frequency is improved and optimized, thanks to economies of scale

    Late summer northwestward Amazon plume pathway under the action of the North Brazil Current rings

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    International audienceThe North Brazil Current (NBC) flows offshore of the mouth of the Amazon River and seasonally sheds anticyclonic rings (NBC rings) that propagate northwestward and interact with the Amazon River plume (ARP). Mesoscale features have a high temporal variability that is hard to monitor from current weekly and monthly sea surface salinity (SSS) satellite fields. Novel SSS fields with a higher temporal resolution analyzed together with satellite geostrophic currents, chlorophyll-a, and wind speed and in-situ data from the “Microbiomes cruise” on the SV Tara in August–September 2021 revealed a late summer freshwater pathway, which was not well documented in earlier studies. By combining these datasets, we improved the characterization of summer ARP pathways. In 2021, the ARP was a succession of freshwater patches cut off from the main plume by the NBC rings. A patch of about 200.000 km2 with salinity <33.5 pss was observed in September 2021, bringing 0.5 Sv of Amazon water northwestward in a period where the mean ocean currents lead to eastward transport. This patch was shallow, very stratified, and it created a surface steric-height anomaly that was identified as an anticyclonic feature in altimetric sea level products. Once separated from the NBC retroflection, it was mainly driven by Ekman currents. Other similar patches were observed during the 2021 summer, leading to a strong intermittency of the ARP transport. They strongly contributed to make 2021 the year with the largest northwestward freshwater transport in late summer within the 2010–2021 time-period investigated. This freshwater transport pathway is important for all plume-related phenomena, and show the ability of combined SMOS and SMAP data to accurately represent the day-to-day SSS variability

    Le Vietnam à l'aube de sa transition énergétique

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    International audienceVietnam's Power Development Plan 8 (PDP8) sets a course for the country's energy transition to carbon neutralityby 2050. The plan targets significant growth in renewable energy, diversification of energy sources, and reducedreliance on imported coal. However, implementing PDP8 poses considerable challenges, including securing anestimated $13 billion annually for new power capacities and grid upgrades, expanding the power grid toaccommodate more renewables, and managing the risk of dependence on imported liquefied natural gas (LNG).The success of this plan could provide a model for other middle-income countries undergoing similar energytransitions.Le Plan de développement électrique 8 (PDP8) du Vietnam vise une transition énergétique vers la neutralité carbone d'ici 2050. Sans lancer de nouvelles centrales à charbon et avec un objectif ambitieux de croissance des énergies renouvelables, le plan fait face à des défis de taille : mobiliser 13 milliards de dollars par an pour augmenter la capacité de production électrique et améliorer le réseau, tout en gérant les risques liés à la dépendance vis-à-vis du gaz naturel liquéfié importé. La réussite de ce plan pourrait servir de modèle pour d'autres pays à revenu intermédiaire en pleine transition énergétique

    Evaluating the cost-emissions trade-offs of a modal shift in intermodal and synchromodal transportation planning

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    International audienceIntermodal transportation planning combines road with more sustainable transportation modes to encour- age a modal shift. To evaluate the impact of a modal shift on transportation cost and emissions, we propose an intermodal transportation planning model to provide transparency in the cost-emissions trade-off. The model incorporates minimum load requirements, time windows, freight consolidation, and stochastic travel times to generate alternative transportation options. It also includes order consolidation to facilitate the utilization of transportation modes that would otherwise be infeasible due to, for instance, minimum load requirements. We also propose a synchromodal planning tool to evaluate re-planning and re-consolidation options in response to disruptions. We numerically illustrate the working of our model using a represen- tative network setting and quantify the trade-offs concerning costs and emissions by evaluating different transportation route options

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