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IMPACT OF ENDURANCE SPORTS ON IRON LEVELS AND ANEMIA RISK IN FEMALE ATHLETES: A REVIEW
No full textIron plays a crucial role in oxygen transport and energy metabolism, making it essential for athletic performance. Female endurance athletes are particularly susceptible to iron deficiency due to high training loads, menstrual blood loss, restrictive diets, and inflammation-induced hepcidin elevations. This review examines the prevalence, physiological mechanisms, and key causes of iron deficiency in female athletes. Evidence shows that iron losses occur through sweat, hemolysis, gastrointestinal bleeding, and exercise-induced inflammation. Heavy menstrual bleeding and relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) further increase risk. Additionally, genetic factors such as ACTN3 and HFE mutations may influence iron metabolism in athletes. Iron deficiency, even in the absence of anemia, is linked to impaired aerobic capacity, reduced endurance, and fatigue. Effective prevention and management strategies include regular monitoring, tailored dietary interventions, and iron supplementation when needed. Awareness of iron status is vital for female endurance athletes to sustain both health and performance
ONCOFERTILITY AS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR CANCER PATIENTS TO HAVE CHILDREN – A LITERATURE REVIEW
No full textBackground: Oncofertility is a field that combines specialisations in oncology and reproductive medicine. Fertility preservation methods should be presented to the patient before the start of cancer treatment. Proposals should be tailored to the patient's age, gender, type of cancer and future treatment.
Aim: This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the impact of cancer treatment on the gonads and methods of fertility preservation after cancer treatment.
Material and Methods: An in-depth literature review was performed using PubMed, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect, including keywords such as: ‘oncofertility’, ‘oncology’, ‘cancer’, ‘gynaecological cancers’, ‘methods of fertility preservation’, “chemotherapy” and ‘cancer treatment’.
Results: Fertility preservation methods vary depending on gender and age. In women, we can use oocyte, embryo and ovarian tissue fragment freezing, hormonal suppression and oophorectomy. Research is ongoing to increase the range of methods offered, including uterine transposition, in vitro maturation, in vitro gametogenesis, uterine transplantation, and artificial ovaries. For male patients, options include ejaculate freezing, testicular tissue freezing, or hypothalamic-pituitary axis suppression. For patients before puberty, the only option for preserving fertility is to freeze fragments of the gonads.
Conclusion: The number of cancer diagnoses is increasing. Patients should be informed about all possible options for preserving fertility. Further research is needed to increase the options for having children for patients after cancer treatment
RED LIGHT PROTOBIOMODULATION – THE WAY TO STAY YOUNG AND CURE DISEASE – A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
No full textRed light and infrared light are key in application of Low level laser therapy and Photodynamic therapy. Their use ranges from wound healing and acne therapy to skin rejuvenation and treatment of androgenic alopecia. Many clinical studies have proven its effectiveness and compatibility with other treatment forms.
Background: Visible red light (RL, 620-700 nm) and the near-infrared (NIR, 700-1440 nm) are key in process called photobiomodulation (PBM) in which absorbed light causes physiologicaleffects in the skin at cellular level. Light of this wavelength penetrates into the dermis and interacts with melanocytes, as well as fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells residing within the dermal layer. Changes in biological processes resulting from this include: increased RNA and protein synthesis, and increases in oxygen consumption, membrane potential, and NADH and ATP synthesis. Observed physiological effects range from enhancement in cell signaling and growth factor synthesis to reduction of oxidative stress and decrease in IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α levels.
Aim: The aim of this article is to present different ways red light therapy has been utilized in medical fields and the results accomplished with it
SWEETENERS IN THE AGE OF CIVILIZATION DISEASES – A REVIEW OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE, CONSUMER TRENDS AND THE ROLE OF THE FITNESS INDUSTRY
No full textIntroduction: The global rise in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases has intensified the search for dietary strategies to reduce added sugar intake. Low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) have emerged as widely used sugar substitutes, promoted as healthier alternatives. Despite their growing popularity, the long-term health impacts and role of LCS in disease prevention and metabolic regulation remain controversial.
Aim of the study: This review aims to critically analyze the relationship between the increased consumption of LCS and the prevalence of metabolic diseases. Additionally, it explores the influence of the fitness market on the promotion and acceptance of sweeteners and examines global consumption trends and market forecasts.
Materials and methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, analyzing recent clinical trials, preclinical studies and researches. The selected studies focus on the metabolic effects of LCS, public health implications, consumer behavior, and market data regarding global sweetener consumption. Attention was given to both synthetic and natural LCS.
Conclusions: Low-calorie sweeteners have become a central component in dietary interventions targeting metabolic health. While some studies support their use as a tool for reducing caloric intake and managing blood glucose levels, others suggest possible adverse metabolic effects. Their widespread adoption, amplified by fitness culture and industry marketing continues to drive global market expansion. Further longitudinal research is essential to assess their safety, efficacy, and role in chronic disease prevention
THE IMPACT OF SPORTS AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PREGNANCY AND THE POSTPARTUM PERIOD CONSIDERING THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH IN TERMS OF POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
No full textBackground: Regular physical activity and exercise during pregnancy, in the absence of contraindications, is recommended and recognized as safe and beneficial for both the mother and the developing fetus. However, contact sports, where the risk of injury is significantly higher, should be avoided. The peripartum period is considered a significant risk factor for the development of mental health issues, particularly postpartum depression (PPD).
Aim: This review first presents aspects of the changes in physiology in the mother and fetus. Then the risks and contraindications are discussed, and the various forms of activity are briefly described about their safety, including pelvic-floor muscle exercises and their impact on the course of labor as well as recovery afterwards.
Material and methods: Studies, clinical trials, meta-analyses and systematic reviews with quantifiable or qualitative sports and physical activity during pregnancy data.
Results: There is now plenty of evidence for the beneficial effects of moderate exercise during pregnancy, even in previously inactive women.
Conclusions: Exercise can help reduce the risk of gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia and cesarean section, while preventing excessive weight gain especially in obese patients. A reduced incidence of postpartum depression has been associated with returning to physical exercise and sports after pregnancy
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME (PMS) – A REVIEW OF PHARMACOLOGICAL AND NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT APPROACHES
No full textPremenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and its severe form, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), are prevalent cyclical disorders affecting the emotional, behavioral, and physical well-being of women of reproductive age. This review aims to present an overview of the current understanding of PMS/PMDD and critically examine both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment methods. Based on recent clinical trials and systematic reviews, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), hormonal therapies, and emerging drugs like sepranolone and ulipristal acetate demonstrate efficacy in symptom reduction (Bäckström et al., 2021; Comasco et al., 2020; Maranho et al., 2023). Simultaneously, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness-based interventions, nutritional supplements, herbal medicine, and even open-label placebos are gaining attention as effective non-pharmacological alternatives (Frey Nascimento et al., 2025; Reilly et al., 2023; Shojiasi et al., 2024; Sultana et al., 2022). Despite promising findings, further high-quality research is needed to tailor personalized and integrative treatment strategies
THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON BOWEL PERISTALSIS
No full textPurpose: The aim of this article is to analyze the available scientific evidence regarding the impact of physical activity on intestinal peristalsis, with a particular focus on the physiological mechanisms underlying this process. The article seeks to assess the role of regular physical exercise in improving bowel motility, reducing constipation, and promoting overall gastrointestinal health, as well as understanding the potential mechanisms linking physical activity to enhanced intestinal peristalsis."
Methodology: A systematic review of RCTs and meta-analyses from PubMed (since 2015) was conducted. Studies on various PA interventions, combined diet/exercise effects, and specific populations (IBS, older adults) were included.
Findings: Meta-analyses show PA (moderate/high, aerobic) significantly reduces constipation risk (RR 1.97, 0.69) and improves symptoms. PA enhances colonic motility, reduces transit time, and modulates gut microbiota. Synergistic with diet. Benefits IBS.
Conclusions: Physical activity, especially moderate aerobic exercise, consistently benefits bowel peristalsis and alleviates constipation by improving motility, transit time, and gut microbiota. It's a valuable non-pharmacological intervention
THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: BENEFITS, SCIENTIFIC PROOFS, SAFETY, AND GUIDELINES FOR EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION
No full textChronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a significant global health issue characterized by progressive loss of kidney function, impacting quality of life and increasing the risk of morbidity and mortality. This paper explores the multifaceted role of physical activity in managing CKD, focusing on its benefits, safety considerations, and best practices for exercise prescription, based on systematic reviews of literature sourced from PubMed and Google Scholar. While physical activity has been shown to offer substantial benefits, such as improved cardiovascular outcomes, enhanced physical function, and reduced inflammation, safety concerns are paramount. These include potential risks associated with exercise intensity and its effects on kidney function and overall health. The paper also evaluates best practices for integrating exercise into CKD management, based on recent evidence and expert recommendations. Our findings suggest that regular physical activity is a crucial component of CKD management, with significant potential to improve patient outcomes. However, tailored exercise programs that account for individual patient conditions and disease stages are essential to maximize benefits and minimize risks. This review underscores the need for ongoing research and refined guidelines to optimize exercise interventions for CKD patients, ensuring safe and effective integration into standard care practices
NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS, PHYSICAL EXERCISE AND GINGER SUPPLEMENTATION AS ACCESSIBLE THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEA: A LITERATURE REVIEW
No full textBackground: Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) constitutes the most prevalent gynecological disorder among women of reproductive age and is associated with a substantial reduction in quality of life and social functioning. While nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) remain the first-line treatment due to their proven analgesic efficacy, their use may be limited by the risk of adverse effects. Consequently, increasing scientific attention has been directed toward non-pharmacological alternatives, including physical activity and ginger supplementation, which demonstrate a more favorable safety profile.
Aim: The objective of this review is to systematize and evaluate the effectiveness of physical activity, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and ginger supplementation in the management of primary dysmenorrhea.
Material and Methods: A comprehensive literature search in PubMed was conducted. The review covered RCTs, observational studies and meta-analyses on the effects of NSAIDs, exercise and ginger on menstrual pain intensity and duration in women with primary dysmenorrhea.
Results: The analysis of current literature indicates that NSAIDs, physical activity and ginger extract each contribute to alleviating pain associated with primary dysmenorrhea. Among the interventions examined, NSAIDs demonstrated the highest short-term analgesic efficacy. Physical exercise provided comparable reductions in pain intensity and duration, with the added benefit of improved psychological well-being. Ginger significantly reduced pain symptoms and showed efficacy comparable to NSAIDs.
Conclusions: According to current guidelines, NSAIDs remain the first-line pharmacological treatment for primary dysmenorrhea due to their proven efficacy. However, regular physical activity and ginger supplementation represent safe and effective alternatives, particularly for women who experience adverse effects from NSAID use
L-CITRULLINE AS A NATURAL ERGOGENIC SUPPLEMENT: A COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW OF ITS EFFECTS IN NITROGEN METABOLISM AND HUMAN PERFORMANCE
No full textPurpose: This study aims to provide a comprehensive examination of the role of L-citrulline in human physiology, with a particular focus on nitrogen metabolism and its potential applications in sports and exercise science. L-citrulline, a non-essential amino acid synthesized endogenously, participates in the urea cycle where it contributes to the detoxification of ammonia, a byproduct of protein catabolism. In addition, it plays an important role in the nitric oxide (NO) pathway, thereby influencing vascular tone and blood flow regulation. These biochemical functions have attracted considerable scientific attention, as they may translate into practical benefits for physical performance and recovery. Specifically, L-citrulline supplementation has been investigated for its ability to enhance exercise capacity, support training adaptation, reduce muscle soreness, and improve post-exercise recovery. Furthermore, there is growing interest in its potential to delay fatigue by improving oxygen delivery and nutrient utilization during strenuous activity. Beyond performance outcomes, the safety profile of L-citrulline has also been evaluated, with current evidence suggesting that it is well tolerated when consumed at doses commonly used in clinical and sports settings. Taken together, these factors highlight the multifaceted relevance of L-citrulline as both a physiological substrate and a promising ergogenic aid.
Methodology: A systematic review of scientific articles was conducted, focusing on studies related to the ergogenic effects of L-citrulline. The review mainly includes clinical trials, meta-analyses, and research on various populations.
Findings: Regular L-citrulline supplementation appears to enhance NO production, improve vasodilation, and facilitate ammonia clearance, which collectively support endurance and strength performance. The review suggests that L-citrulline also reducing muscle soreness, improving recovery, delaying fatigue, although effects vary by dose, training status, sex, and the long-term safety of regular use. Synergistic effects have been noted when L-citrulline is combined with other supplements like malate or BPFG.
Conclusions: Current evidence supports the potential of regular L-citrulline supplementation as an metabolic enhancer. However, further research is warranted to elucidate its precise role in broader aspects of metabolic health and to determine optimal dosing strategies. These remain important areas for future investigation