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MODERN MANAGEMENT OF GERD: INTEGRATING ADVANCED DIAGNOSTICS AND INTERVENTIONAL THERAPIES
No full textGastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a widespread gastrointestinal disorder with a significant global burden. Its multifactorial etiology is influenced by unmodifiable risk factors such as sex-based differences; men, for instance, show a higher predisposition for more severe complications like esophageal adenocarcinoma. GERDs pathophysiology is heavily connected with mechanical failure of the anti-reflux barrier, a two-component system that consists of the intrinsic lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and the extrinsic crural diaphragm. Interference in the form of hiatal hernia, hypotensive LES pressure or transient LES relaxations leads to reflux. Modern approach highlights the critical role of microscopic mucosal damage, which causes visceral hypersensitivity and allows the distinction of various phenotypes like non-erosive reflux disease and reflux hipersensitivity. Diagnosis is guided by the Lyon Consensus 2.0 using endoscopy, manometry, and impedance-pH monitoring. Treatment is a multi-step process – it includes lifestyle modification, numerous pharmacological agents such as proton pump inhibitors or newer potassium-competitive acid blockers, and, for refractory cases, interventional treatment via laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication, transoral incisionless fundoplication or magnetic sphincter augmentation
THE ROLE OF THE ENDOMETRIAL MICROBIOME IN INFERTILITY AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH: CURRENT EVIDENCE AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
No full textInfertility affects 10–12% of couples and growing evidence implicates the reproductive tract microbiome in implantation success. This narrative review synthesizes human studies on the vaginal and uterine (endometrial) microbiota in relation to fertility outcomes and mechanistic markers. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus (2000–30 Oct 2025) for randomized and observational studies reporting implantation, clinical pregnancy, live birth, or relevant biomarkers (e.g., α/β-diversity, inflammatory cytokines, LIF). Data were summarized descriptively due to heterogeneity in sampling, sequencing pipelines, and outcome definitions. Across studies, the uterine cavity is no longer viewed as sterile and typically shows low-biomass, often Lactobacillus-lean communities distinct from the vagina. Dysbiosis—frequently characterized by reduced Lactobacillus dominance and increased anaerobes—has been associated with lower implantation and clinical pregnancy rates and with inflammatory profiles that may suppress LIF. Limited interventional data suggest that targeted therapies (e.g., probiotics or antibiotics followed by probiotics) can restore eubiosis in some patients and may improve implantation, but evidence remains preliminary and at risk of bias. We conclude that microbiome composition is plausibly linked to implantation and early pregnancy outcomes, yet clinical adoption is premature. Standardized sampling, rigorous contamination control, multi-omic profiling, and well-powered randomized trials are needed to define actionable thresholds and therapeutic strategies
GENITAL WARTS (CONDYLOMATA ACUMINATA): CURRENT PERSPECTIVES ON EPIDEMIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND PREVENTION. – A REVIEW
No full textHuman papillomavirus (HPV) is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection globally, responsible for a wide spectrum of epithelial lesions ranging from benign warts to invasive malignancies of the cervix, vulva, anus, and oropharynx. More than 200 genotypes have been identified, with low-risk types such as HPV-6 and HPV-11 linked to genital warts, and
high-risk types, notably HPV-16 and HPV-18, associated with oncogenic transformation. Transmission occurs primarily through direct sexual contact, although nonsexual and vertical routes have been described. The majority of infections remain asymptomatic and transient, yet persistent infection with high-risk genotypes can lead to neoplastic progression. Diagnosis
is mainly clinical, supported by histopathology and molecular HPV DNA detection when indicated. Current management focuses on lesion removal through topical agents (podophyllotoxin, imiquimod, sinecatechins) and ablative or surgical techniques, though recurrence remains frequent. Preventive strategies are central to disease control, with prophylactic HPV vaccination demonstrating remarkable efficacy in reducing infection rates and HPV-related disease burden worldwide. The bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonavalent vaccines provide durable protection for at least 10–14 years and are recommended before sexual debut. Expanding global vaccine coverage, combined with continued screening and education, remains vital to reducing HPV-related morbidity and mortality
MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA – A REVIEW OF RESEARCH
No full textMantle cell lymphoma remains a cancer with a high risk of recurrence, but advances in treatment are significantly changing the prognosis for patients. Molecularly targeted therapies, such as the combination of ibrutinib and venetoclax, as well as immunotherapy using CAR-T cells (chimeric antigen receptor T-cells), show high clinical efficacy and the potential for sustained remission. Research results indicate a significant prolongation of progression-free survival with an acceptable safety profile. Further development of therapeutic strategies should focus on personalising treatment, identifying response biomarkers and minimising adverse effects. These advances offer a real chance for long-term disease control.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of modern molecularly targeted and cellular therapies in the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma, with particular emphasis on their impact on remission duration, progression-free survival and the possibility of long-term disease control. The study aims to highlight the importance of individualising treatment, integrating different therapeutic methods and identifying biomarkers that can support a more precise clinical approach
NAD METABOLISM IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND THERAPY OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE
No full textThis paper explores the rapidly increasing incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD) and the limitations of current dopamine-based therapies, which only address symptoms rather than underlying causes. This has spurred research into novel treatment approaches rooted in the disease's pathophysiology. A key pathological hallmark of PD is mitochondrial dysfunction, particularly affecting complex I, a critical component of cellular energy metabolism. This discovery has directed investigations toward individual elements of mitochondrial pathways, including the NAD+/NADH redox balance. Studies indicate reduced NAD+ levels in the brains of individuals with PD, prompting research into the therapeutic effects of NAD+ supplementation. This review summarizes recent scientific findings on how augmenting NAD+ and its derivatives may influence Parkinson's disease. It discusses the impact of NAD+ precursor supplementation on mitochondrial function and NAD+ levels in neurons carrying the GBA mutation. The paper also covers defects in PINK1 expression, their link to PD development, and the potential role of Nicotinamide (vitamin B3) in this context. Additionally, it assesses the safety of oral NAD+ precursor supplementation and its effects on brain NAD+ levels and metabolism in PD patients. A deeper understanding of PD pathophysiology and continued research into raising NAD+ levels are vital for developing novel therapeutic strategies. Modulating NAD+ holds significant promise as a supportive or disease-modifying therapy for this neurodegenerative condition
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A COGNITIVE PROGRAM DIRECTED AT CHILDREN WITH STUTTERING FROM 6 TO 12 YEARS OF AGE
No full textIn this study, we aim to analyze the effectiveness of cognitive programs targeting children who stutter between the ages of 6 and 12 years, from a psychological and social theoretical perspective. We explore the theoretical foundations of stuttering and its psychological and social impacts, focusing on the central role of cognitive factors in the continuation of this cycle. The study examines the essential components of cognitive programs, including cognitive restructuring, emotion management, and sociocognitive adaptation, and evaluates leading treatment models such as integrated programs and acceptance and commitment programs.
The results reveal that cognitive programs significantly contribute to improving children's mental health and social integration by breaking the vicious cycle of negative thoughts and anxiety that fuel the disorder. The study also highlights the importance of family and school support as an important factor in enhancing the effectiveness of these programs. We conclude this study by emphasizing the importance of adopting an integrated and comprehensive approach to stuttering treatment, combining cognitive and behavioral interventions with environmental support
ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES AND CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH: CURRENT EVIDENCE AND POLICY IN POLAND
No full textThe increasing prevalence of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use during the past decade has generated significant concern among public health professionals. Although e-cigarettes are often marketed as safer alternatives to conventional tobacco products, emerging evidence demonstrates that aerosolized compounds produced during vaping may exert adverse effects on cardiovascular health. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of how substances released during vaping affect the cardiovascular system, with an emphasis on molecular mechanisms, clinical findings, and epidemiological data. Additionally, the paper examines the regulatory environment in Poland and compares it to broader European Union (EU) legislation. Despite the absence of combustion-related toxins, e-cigarette aerosols contain nicotine, aldehydes, volatile organic compounds, and heavy metals, all of which can induce oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. The available evidence indicates that long-term e-cigarette use is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Therefore, comprehensive regulation, public education, and ongoing research are essential to mitigate the potential health burden associated with vaping
MILITARY AVIATION AND TRAINING PREPARATION IN MONGOLIA
No full textThe Mongolian people were introduced to aircraft for the first time on May 25, 1925, when pilot A.A. Lapin arrived flying a Yu-13 cargo aircraft. The arrival of the aircraft generated great interest among the city and roadside residents, who gathered to discuss the large, noisy white object flying overhead. In present day Selenge Province, witnesses of the aircraft flying even offered samples of their milk and tea, believing that a god had descended from the sky. During the early years of the revolution, young people actively participated in the movement to acquire aircraft, engaging in propaganda and education efforts that played a crucial role in the important task of mastering new technology and training pilots and technicians.
This paper traces the historical development of military aviation and personnel training in Mongolia from 1925 to the present. The introduction of aircraft to Mongolia in 1925 by Soviet pilot A.A. Lapin marked a significant milestone in the nation’s military and technological progress. The study explores the establishment and evolution of Mongolia’s Aviation Force through different historical phases. During the early revolutionary period, youth organizations raised funds to acquire aircraft, with symbolic names like “Revolutionary Party,” “Revolutionary Mongolia,” and “Revolutionary Youth.” The government employed a three-pronged approach to personnel training, utilizing Soviet instructors, establishing aviation schools, and sending students to the Soviet Union.
The 1930s saw the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Army’s Aviation Force grow into a combat-ready unit under key military leaders. The force expanded its fleet and established air routes across Mongolia. Combat experiences in the 1936 battles provided tactical insights. The force played crucial roles in conflicts against Japanese aggression and Xinjiang insurgents, highlighting its strategic importance.
In the modern era, specialized squadrons were formed, including the military communications flight squadron, fighter aircraft squadron, and combat helicopter fire support squadron. The Military Communications Flight Squadron undertook diverse missions, including peacekeeping operations. The study also addresses challenges faced, such as political repressions in the late 1930s. Primary historical sources, including anniversary histories and official records, provide a comprehensive overview of Mongolia's aviation development. The dual nature of military and civil aviation development showcases aviation's multifaceted contributions to Mongolia's modernization
THE IMPACT OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES (TELE-REHABILITATION AND MOBILE HEALTH) ON ACCESSIBILITY AND QUALITY OF PHYSIOTHERAPY CARE: A LITERATURE REVIEW WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF PUBLIC HEALTH
No full textThis systematic synthesis evaluates the impact of digital physiotherapy (Tele-rehabilitation/mHealth) on the accessibility and quality of care, utilizing a focused literature search on the PubMed database (2015–2024). Methodology involved adherence to PRISMA-ScR, dual independent screening, and quality appraisal using the PEDro and AMSTAR 2 scales. Key findings establish that TR is clinically non-inferior to face-to-face (F2F) delivery for major conditions, including musculoskeletal and post-arthroplasty rehabilitation, maintaining high patient satisfaction through continuous professional feedback. Strategically, TR is cost-saving and critical for bridging geographical disparities, fulfilling an imperative for decentralized public health. We conclude that while TR represents a proven, high-quality, and economically advantageous alternative, its equitable expansion is severely limited by systemic barriers: the digital divide (poor infrastructure, low literacy) and strong provider resistance. Future research must prioritize long-term randomized trials and the development of optimized hybrid care models to ensure sustainable and equitable integration
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION: POTENTIAL CLINICAL IMPLICATION
No full textIntroduction: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) constitutes a significant health concern. AMD is associated with vision impairment. A timely diagnosis and personalized therapeutic strategies are key determinants of a favorable disease course. Diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression are mainly based on imaging modalities. Currently, the interpretation of imaging results is performed by clinicians, which is time-consuming, expensive and often limited due to disparities in access to healthcare. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) for image analysis seems to be an innovative approach. This approach will facilitate the clinical management of patients with AMD, who require frequent follow-up visits to monitor disease progression, evaluate therapeutic efficacy, and determine the necessity of therapeutic escalation.
Materials and Methods: This study is a literature review based on recent literature including clinical trials, meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials. The methodology involved a literature search from 2020-2025 across electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar, The keywords search terms like “Artificial intelligence and age-related macular degeneration”, “Artificial intelligence and optical coherence tomography”.
Results: AI models present high diagnostic accuracy in AMD, achieving sensitivity and specificity above 90%. AI model results are often comparable or better than clinical assessment. AI effectively detects disease and predicts progression, supporting treatment planning, including anti-VEGF scheduling. Performance may decline across devices and heterogeneous cohorts. Recent innovation, specially multimodal systems including various imaging tests, indicate high diagnostic maturity and clear clinical usefulness