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DIGITALIZATION AS A NEW ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE FACTOR: THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION OVERLOAD ON HUMAN NERVOUS AND IMMUNE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS
Get PDFThe increasing digitization of everyday life is associated with the increasing exposure of the population to informational, sensory, and social stimuli originating from screen devices and digital media. The digital environment is not a classically understood environmental factor; its impact on the body exhibits characteristics of a chronic stressor, affecting the functions of the neuroimmunoendocrine axis, neuroplasticity processes, and the regulation of the immune response. The aim of this study was to review current data on the impact of information overload and digital overstimulation on the human nervous and immune systems, as well as to assess the validity of considering the digital environment as a new form of environmental exposure in the context of public health. Research published between 2018 and 2025 in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was analyzed. This included: population based correlation studies between screen time and markers of stress and inflammation, fMRI studies illustrating changes in brain structure and function during digital overload, animal models examining the effects of sensory overstimulation on the HPA axis and immunity, and randomized intervention trials on reducing screen time. The review found consistent evidence of chronic activation of the HPA axis under digital stress, leading to elevated cortisol levels, impaired neurogenesis, and decreased parasympathetic activity. Brain changes are also observed that correlate with symptoms of depression, insomnia, and attention deficits. Reduced immunity and increased inflammatory markers were demonstrated. Interventions limiting digital exposure resulted in significant reductions in cortisol and CRP levels. The digital environment meets the criteria for an environmental stressor with a real impact on the nervous and immune systems. Digital hygiene should become an integral component of public health strategies, prevention, and the design of work and learning environments
INFLUENZA IMMUNIZATION DURING PREGNANCY AS A STRATEGY FOR MATERNAL AND NEONATAL PROTECTION: BENEFITS, SAFETY AND CLINICAL RECOMMENDATIONS
Get PDFInfluenza infection during gestation presents considerable hazards to both the mother and the fetus, including heightened hospitalization rates, severe respiratory problems, and negative newborn outcomes. Influenza vaccination is strongly advised as an efficacious prophylactic strategy to mitigate these hazards. This article evaluates the existing evidence regarding the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of influenza vaccines given during pregnancy. We examine the dual protective effect for both the mother and the newborn, highlighting the transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies and the resulting passive immunity during early infancy. Furthermore, we examine clinical guidelines from prominent health organizations, highlighting the significance of vaccination scheduling and methods to enhance vaccine acceptance among pregnant women. Our findings endorse influenza vaccination as an essential public health measure to safeguard the health of women and babies, and advocate for heightened awareness and implementation in prenatal care environments. Focus was directed on areas necessitating additional research and enhancements in clinical practice.
Aim of the study: The proportion of vaccinated pregnant women remains inadequate. Raising awareness of the possible health advantages of influenza vaccination for pregnant women and their developing fetuses is crucial. The significance of healthcare personnel is emphasized, and ways to improve pregnant women's awareness of the safety and benefits of vaccines during pregnancy are discussed.
Materials and methods: A review of the literature available in the PubMed and Google Scholar database was performed, using the key words: „influenza”, „vaccine”, „pregnancy”, „pregnant woman”, „maternal vaccination”, „infant”
PROPOFOL-RELATED INFUSION SYNDROME: A REVIEW OF THE CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND THE MANAGING APPROACH
Get PDFIntroduction and purpose: Propofol, widely used as an anesthetic and sedative, has seen a significant rise in its application, particularly in intensive care units, over the past decade. In recent years, numerous reports have highlighted the emergence of a propofol-related infusion syndrome (PRIS) in critically ill adults and, more commonly, children receiving continuous propofol infusion for sedation or anesthesia. Propofol-related infusion syndrome (PRI) is typically characterized by progressive metabolic acidosis, hemodynamic instability, and bradyarrhythmias that may remain unresponsive to aggressive pharmacological intervention. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature on PRIS, examining its clinical manifestations, proposed pathophysiological mechanisms, and potential strategies for managing the syndrome should it arise in clinical practice. The authors want to emphasize a remarkable role of careful evaluation of patients treating with propofol.
Materials and methods: A thorough search of electronic databases, including PubMed and Google Scholar, was conducted using relevant keywords such as „Propofol-related infusion syndrome”, „Propofol”, „Propofol infusion”, „Propofol infusion syndrome”. All retrieved papers were evaluated for relevance based on their titles, abstracts, and full-text content. We used AI tools to grammatically correct text
AI IN ONCOLOGY - DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN BENIGN MASSES AND MALIGNANT TUMORS IN THE CASE OF BREAST CANCER
Get PDFIntroduction: Cancer poses a considerable challenge to worldwide healthcare systems. Presently, researchers globally are striving to enhance diagnostics and early diagnosis of the disease, which may decrease mortality rates among cancer patients and influence life expectancy. The application of artificial intelligence in medicine, especially in cancer diagnosis, signifies a substantial development. Radiomics plays a crucial role in this field, as it is utilized to augment the effectiveness of image processing for precise early breast cancer diagnosis and to boost overall treatment outcomes.
Aim of the study: The main aim of this work is to clarify the essential ideas related to artificial intelligence, such as machine learning, deep learning, and radiomics, in a comprehensible way. Another aspect was to illustrate the great potential of employing this technology in cancer diagnostics, especially for breast cancer.
Materials and methods: A review of the literature available in the PubMed database was performed, using the key words: „artificial intelligence", „machine learning" ; „deep learning”, „radiomics”, „breast cancer”, „cancer”, „oncology”.
Conclusion: Artificial intelligence is prevalent in various domains, particularly in medicine, with a focus on oncological diagnosis. Its application can facilitate early disease detection and prompt treatment. Artificial intelligence possesses several limits, presenting a significant challenge for researchers in this domain. Further research on the advancement and enhancement of artificial intelligence methodologies is essential
TESTOSTERONE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: A REVIEW OF HORMONAL VARIABILITY IN SEDENTARY AND ACTIVE MEN
Get PDFIntroduction and Purpose: Testosterone (T) is the main androgenic-anabolic hormone in men, playing a vital role in reproductive function, muscle and bone maintenance, mood regulation, and metabolic health. Its levels are dynamic and modulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, notably physical activity. While sedentary behaviour is associated with age-related hormonal decline, various forms of exercise may induce either beneficial or adverse endocrine adaptations. The purpose of this review is to analyze how different types of physical activity—and inactivity—affect T levels in adult men, and to explore the physiological and behavioural modulators of these responses.
Materials and Methods: A thorough review of the literature available on PubMed and Google Scholar databases was conducted using the following keywords: “testosterone”, “testosterone levels”, “physical activity”, “sedentary”, “resistance training”, “endurance training”, “testosterone in athletes”, “overtraining syndrome”, and “exercise-hypogonadal male condition”. Peer-reviewed studies published between 1987 and 2025 were included, with a focus on both clinical and physiological investigations examining acute and chronic T responses to various forms of physical activity in adult males. Special attention was given to studies addressing modulating factors such as age, energy availability, circadian rhythms, stress, and sleep quality.
Summary and Conclusions: Resistance training tends to acutely elevate and chronically sustain T concentrations. In contrast, prolonged endurance training may lead to suppressed baseline testosterone – EHMC. Factors like low energy availability, stress, and aging further influence hormonal patterns. Recognizing these variations is essential for clinicians, coaches, and researchers to properly interpret T data and avoid unnecessary medical interventions
CLINICAL IDENTIFICATION AND THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TO PARADOXICAL ADIPOSE HYPERPLASIA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF POST-CRYOLIPOLYSIS COMPLICATIONS
Get PDFBackground: Cryolipolysis has emerged as a popular non-invasive body contouring procedure for localized fat reduction. While generally considered safe, paradoxical adipose hyperplasia (PAH) represents a rare but significant adverse effect characterized by paradoxical growth of adipose tissue in treated areas.
Purpose: This review aims to systematically evaluate the current literature regarding the clinical identification, incidence, pathophysiology, risk factors, and therapeutic management approaches for PAH following cryolipolysis procedures.
Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search of electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, and Embase was conducted for articles published between January 2010 and December 2023. Keywords included “cryolipolysis,” “paradoxical adipose hyperplasia,” “CoolSculpting complications,” and “post-cryolipolysis adverse effects.”
Results: Nineteen studies met inclusion criteria, comprising documented cases of PAH. The estimated incidence ranges from 0.0051% to 0.72%, with higher rates observed in studies employing active surveillance methods. Clinical identification features include delayed-onset, sharply demarcated, firm enlargement of the treated area. Male sex and treatment of abdominal areas were identified as potential risk factors. Management approaches include observation, massage therapy, energy-based treatments, and surgical intervention, with liposuction demonstrating the highest efficacy rates.
Conclusions: PAH remains an uncommon but distressing complication of cryolipolysis with potentially significant psychosocial impact on affected patients. This review establishes clinical identification criteria and provides evidence-based management recommendations for practitioners
CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT OF GASTRIC BEZOARS - LITERATURE REVIEW
Get PDFGastric bezoars are defined as hard masses of undigested material located in the stomach lumen. Classifications mainly distinguish four types: phytobezoars, trichobezoars, pharmacobezoars, and lactobezoars. This article discusses conservative treatment methods that allow for the dissolution of masses or their reduction for easement of subsequent endoscopic treatment. A literature review was conducted using the PubMed database from the years 2015-2025.
The symptoms of the disease are nonspecific and include abdominal pain and early satiety. If untreated, they can cause serious complications, including gastrointestinal bleeding, intestinal obstruction and intestinal necrosis. Diagnostic methods mainly include endoscopy, considered the gold standard in the diagnosis of bezoars. Conservative methods include enzymatic substances such as cellulase, papain, and N-acetylcysteine, or chemical substances such as Coca-Cola or bicarbonate. The presented forms of conservative treatment allow for the implementation of effective treatment without invasive procedures, thereby reducing the number of complications associated with the treatment.
This article summarizes methods of conservative treatment for bezoars and serves as a tool for clinicians dealing with the therapy of this condition. As stated before, there are several forms of conservative treatment; however, their differentiation is mainly related to the etiology and origin of the lesion diagnosed in imaging studies. The manner in which the lesion develops determines the selection of the appropriate conservative treatment technique; however, an analysis of the available literature clearly shows that conservative treatment is an effective form of therapy for a selection of patients
BEYOND AREDS2: NEXT-GENERATION NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS FOR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Get PDFBackground: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remains the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in older adults worldwide. While the AREDS2 formula has represented the standard of care for nutritional supplementation in intermediate AMD, emerging evidence suggests that newer compounds may offer enhanced protection against disease progression.
Methods: This systematic review evaluates literature identified in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to July 2024. The analysis concentrates on clinical trials, observational research, and mechanistic studies concerning next-generation supplements for AMD, such as astaxanthin, resveratrol, flavonoids, and apocarotenoids.
Results: We identified 42 relevant studies demonstrating that novel compounds address limitations of the current AREDS2 formulation through superior antioxidant properties (astaxanthin exhibits 10-100 times greater potency than lutein), enhanced anti-inflammatory effects (resveratrol reduces mtROS by 50%), and improved mitochondrial protection. Apocarotenoids like crocetin and norbixin show enhanced bioavailability and retinal protection compared to traditional carotenoids. Combination approaches targeting multiple AMD pathways simultaneously appear most promising.
Conclusion: Current evidence indicates that these novel compounds, particularly when combined with specific carotenoids, may represent a significant advancement beyond the current AREDS2 formulation. Further clinical validation is necessary to establish optimal dosing protocols and long-term safety profiles, but the emerging evidence supports a shift toward personalized, mechanism-based supplementation strategies for AMD management
LUNG ULTRASOUND IN PNEUMONIA INCLUDING COVID-19
Get PDFIntroduction: Lung ultrasound is a non-invasive diagnostic method whose popularity has increased significantly with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Before the pandemic, it was used by a small group of specialists, primarily in intensive care and emergency medicine. Currently, it is an increasingly common tool in many fields of medicine.
Methods: The aim of this study was to collect and analyze data on the effectiveness of ultrasound in the diagnosis of infectious pneumonia, comparing it with literature data.
Results: The obtained analysis revealed an average sensitivity of ultrasound in the diagnosis of pneumonia of 92% and a specificity of 87%.
Conclusions: This high sensitivity allows for extremely effective use of this technique in monitoring both analyzed diseases, and in the case of pneumonia with an etiology other than COVID-19, also for diagnostic purposes. Ultrasonography is a tool with significant clinical and research potential, which could become a fundamental tool in the future for physicians
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATION IN COLONOSCOPY SCREENING: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Get PDFBackground: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer globally and remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Despite the effectiveness of colonoscopy in reducing CRC incidence and mortality through adenoma removal, some polyps are frequently missed. Artificial intelligence (AI) has recently appeared as a promising tool to enhance detection rates during colonoscopy.
Aim of the study: This study aims to compare AI-assisted colonoscopy with standard colonoscopy in terms of adenoma detection rate and polyp detection rate. The goal is to evaluate whether one approach is superior to the other.
Material and methods: A systematic literature search of the PubMed database was performed for studies published between 2015 and 2025. Search terms included “artificial intelligence”, “machine learning”, “colonoscopy”, and “mass screening”. Only English-language studies directly comparing adenoma and polyp detection rates between AI and standard colonoscopy procedures were included. A total of 18 studies involving 12,000 patients met the inclusion criteria.
Results: The AI group consistently demonstrated higher adenoma detection rates compared to the standard colonoscopy group, with 36.06% vs. 28.85%, respectively. Similarly, AI showcased greater polyp detection rates, detecting polyps in 41.05% of patients compared to 34.17% in the standard colonoscopy group. Advanced AI techniques reported the highest detection rates. AI showed enhanced performance in identifying diminutive lesions and polyps located in challenging regions. Importantly, AI did not significantly prolong withdrawal times.
Conclusions: AI integration into colonoscopy improves adenoma and polyp detection rates across diverse patient populations and clinical settings. Even among experienced endoscopists, AI provides added diagnostic value. The findings highlight AI’s potential to enhance CRC screening, though further studies are needed to standardize AI tools, validate their efficacy in real-world settings, and assess long-term clinical outcomes