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LARGE LANGUAGE MODEL BASED CHATBOTS – A CHANCE FOR CLOSING THE MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT GAP OR A THREAT TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH? A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Get PDFThis narrative review examines whether Large Language Model (LLM)–based chatbots can help close the global mental health treatment gap while weighing their public-health risks. We synthesize peer-reviewed studies and relevant case reports to: (1) map the dimensions of the mental health treatment gap, (2) describe how recent LLM advances have changed chatbot capabilities, (3) explore how chatbots can address the dimensions of the gap, (4) evaluate evidence for clinical effectiveness, and (5) outline major safety, ethical, and policy concerns. Findings indicate that chatbots offer scalable, always-available, and low-cost support that can reduce barriers related to stigma, geographic and temporal access, affordability, and mental-health awareness. We found that the evidence supports chatbot interventions’ efficiency in small-to-moderate short-term reductions in depression and anxiety symptoms, while the long-term effects and use in other disorders remain largely unexplored. However, LLM chatbots also present clear risks: hallucinations and clinically inappropriate responses, amplification of stigma or bias, user dependence, and significant data-security vulnerabilities. Importantly, most widely used generalist LLMs lack rigorous clinical validation. We conclude that LLM chatbots are a persistent feature of the mental-health ecosystem whose benefits can be realized only with robust safety guardrails, transparent evaluation, integration into stepped-care pathways, and proactive regulation
HOW CAN WE IMPROVE SYMPTOM CONTROL AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN IBS PATIENTS? – INSIGHTS INTO THE ROLE OF LOW-FODMAP DIET, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND OTHER KEY LIFESTYLE DETERMINANTS
Get PDFIntroduction, purpose: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder marked by chronic abdominal pain and altered bowel habits without clear structural abnormalities. It often coexists with psychological distress and lifestyle-related challenges, significantly reducing patients’ quality of life. This paper explores dietary, physical, psychological, and environmental factors that influence IBS symptom severity and progression, with emphasis on their impact on well-being.
Key topics include the role of diet—particularly the low-FODMAP approach—and its effects on symptom relief and gut microbiota, as well as potential risks like nutrient deficiencies. The analysis also considers the benefits of regular physical activity, not only in reducing symptoms but in improving mood and quality of life. Additionally, links between poor sleep, chronic stress, and alcohol intake are addressed.
Materials and methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using the PubMed database to explore the current state of knowledge regarding IBS, with particular focus on impact of lifestyle.
Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to IBS treatment, integrating both clinical and lifestyle strategies. Personalized dietary interventions, regular physical activity, effective stress management, adequate sleep, and moderation in alcohol intake should be viewed as essential, not optional, components of care. Together, these elements offer a comprehensive strategy that not only improves symptom control but also supports long-term health and enhances patients’ overall quality of life
DUAL BIOLOGICAL THERAPY IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
Get PDFBackground: Inflammatory bowel diseases are increasingly common conditions occurring mainly in young people. The etiology of these diseases is not fully understood, so the treatment of choice is mainly conservative. The main target is to achieve and sustain clinical and endoscopic glucocorticosteroid-free remission.
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe the non-standard use of dual biological therapy in selected groups of patients who have lost secondary response to treatment.
Description: This article discusses two cases of patients suffering from ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. During standard therapy, disease exacerbations and secondary loss of response to biologic drugs were observed. The combination of two biologic drugs resulted in remission of the disease and improvement in the patient's clinical condition.
Conclusions: Dual biologic therapy may show promise in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in selected groups of patients. Combining different mechanisms of action of drugs allows for comprehensive control of inflammation, increasing the effectiveness of treatment
RECOVERY STRATEGIES IN SPORT - A REVIEW OF CURRENT RESEARCH
Get PDFIntroduction and Purpose: Effective recovery is critical for optimizing athletic performance and preventing injury. This review aims to synthesize current research on recovery strategies in sport by examining the physiological, neurological, and psychological mechanisms underlying fatigue and regeneration.
Key findings: The multifactorial nature of fatigue is discussed, including metabolic, central, and peripheral contributors, as well as individual differences related to age and sex. Cellular and systemic regenerative processes are analyzed to understand recovery dynamics. Popular recovery methods such as sports massage, cryotherapy, balneotherapy, and hydrotherapy are evaluated alongside nutritional interventions including protein, carbohydrates, creatine, BCAAs, caffeine, and vitamin D supplementation. The role of sleep and neuropsychological recovery techniques, including breathing exercises, is emphasized. Emerging trends such as active recovery protocols and the application of wearable technology—particularly heart rate variability (HRV) monitoring—are reviewed for their potential to personalize and enhance recovery.
Conclusions: A holistic, individualized approach to recovery that integrates physiological, nutritional, and technological strategies is essential for maximizing athletic outcomes. Despite advances, significant gaps remain in understanding the optimal combination and timing of recovery interventions, highlighting the need for further rigorous research
LYME DISEASE AND THE GREAT IMITATOR: DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS IN COMPLEX CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS. LITERATURE REVIEW
Get PDFIntroduction and objective: Lyme disease is a tick-borne zoonosis caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, characterized by highly variable and often nonspecific manifestations. Its ability to mimic neurological, rheumatological, cardiological, and psychiatric disorders makes it a classic”great imitator.” The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge on the differential diagnosis of Lyme disease and to highlight the risks associated with both under- and overdiagnosis.
Brief description of the state of knowledge: Despite its prevalence, the literature rarely addresses Lyme disease comprehensively as a”great imitator.” Most studies focus on selected organ-specific manifestations, and reports of atypical or misleading cases are scarce. This review integrates data on symptoms—particularly neurological, rheumatological, and cardiological—providing a framework for understanding diagnostic challenges. It emphasizes the overlap of clinical presentations with other diseases and the limitations of current diagnostic methods, highlighting the need for more integrated approaches in clinical practice and research.
Methods: A literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar with
search terms like”Lyme disease", ”Lyme carditis", ”Lyme arthritis", ”Neuroborreliosis" and related variations. Articles published within the last five years were prioritized.
Conclusions: Lyme disease should always be considered in patients with unexplained, multi-organ symptoms, but diagnosis must rely on rigorous clinical and laboratory criteria. Awareness of its ability to mimic other conditions is essential to avoid missed or misattributed diagnoses. Diagnostic vigilance and critical interpretation of results are key to optimizing patient care and preventing therapeutic errors
ASCITES IN GASTROINTESTINAL CANCERS: A REVIEW OF SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT METHODS AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS
Get PDFIntroduction: Malignant Ascites (MA) is a serious complication of gastrointestinal cancers that significantly reduces quality of life and is associated with a poor prognosis. Its pathophysiology involves several mechanisms, including increased vascular permeability, venous compression, and lymphatic vessel infiltration.
Material and methods: A literature review was conducted using the PubMed database, covering the years 2017–2025. Search phrases such as “malignant ascites” and “symptomatic treatment of ascites” were used. The review included clinical and review studies focusing on patients with MA associated with gastrointestinal cancers. Studies on ascites of other etiologies and preclinical research were excluded.
Results: The most commonly used symptomatic treatment methods include paracentesis, diuretic therapy, peritoneovenous shunts, indwelling catheters, and intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Each method has its own advantages and limitations. Modern techniques such as HIPEC, immunotherapy, and photothermal therapy show promising results in preliminary studies.
Conclusion: Malignant ascites requires an individualized therapeutic approach. It is essential to combine treatment efficacy with improvements in patients’ quality of life. Further research is needed to develop optimal strategies for symptomatic management
INTEGRATING THE STOCHASTIC VOLATILITY MODEL WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (TRANSFORMER MODEL) FOR ANALYZING AND FORECASTING THE VOLATILITY OF S&P 500 INDEX STOCK PRICES
Get PDFThis study aimed to develop a hybrid model combining the Stochastic Volatility (SV) model with Artificial Intelligence (Transformer Model) to analyze and predict stock price volatility, applied to the S&P500 index during the period from January 3, 2001 to November 30, 2024. The objective was to enhance the accuracy of financial returns predictions by integrating the conditional volatility outputs from the SV model into the Transformer model. Both models were evaluated using time-series data and performance metrics, including MSE, RMSE, and MAE, to measure prediction accuracy. The implementation was carried out in Python leveraging its relevant libraries.
The results demonstrated that the hybrid model outperformed the simple Transformer model, as performance metrics values showed a significant decrease. This indicates that incorporating SV outputs as an additional source of information improved the Transformer model's ability to capture temporal patterns, thereby reducing significant predictions errors
THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN MUSCLE PERFORMANCE AND INJURY PREVENTION IN ATHLETES
Get PDFVitamin D, a fat-soluble secosteroid, is traditionally associated with the regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism; however, its role also extends to muscle function and immunity. The active form of this vitamin, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, acts through receptors in muscle tissue (VDR), stimulating protein synthesis and regulating intracellular calcium balance. In this way, it supports proper muscle strength and structure. Vitamin D deficiency disrupts these mechanisms—leading to atrophy of type II muscle fibers, impaired mitochondrial function, and reduced muscle strength and bone density. The result is an increased susceptibility to injury, slower regeneration, and a prolonged recovery period, particularly in athletes. Studies confirm that vitamin D deficiency is common even among physically active individuals, especially those who train indoors or have limited sun exposure. Regular vitamin D supplementation effectively raises serum 25(OH)D levels, reduces the risk of stress fractures (by more than 75% in some groups), and improves functional outcomes, especially when combined with appropriate training. However, in individuals with adequate vitamin D levels, additional supplementation does not provide further performance benefits. Regular monitoring of 25(OH)D concentration and an individualized approach to supplementation—taking into account risk factors such as skin type, geographic latitude, and training environment—are essential. While some methodological limitations are present in the scientific literature, the available evidence suggests that maintaining adequate vitamin D levels plays a key role in preventing injuries and supporting both bone and muscle health among physically active individuals
CHRONIC STRESS AND CORTISOL – MECHANISM OF ACTION AND IMPACT ON THE HUMAN BODY. A REVIEW ARTICLE
Get PDFIntroduction and objective: In recent years, the negative impact of chronic stress on health and proper functioning of the human body has been increasingly discussed. This phenomenon is a growing problem that affects an increasingly larger part of society. The body's response to stress is the release of cortisol – a glucocorticoid hormone produced in the adrenal cortex, commonly referred to as the "stress hormone." The aim of this article is to analyze the impact of elevated cortisol levels on human organs and systems, as well as to discuss possible preventive measures aimed at reducing chronic stress levels, based on current literature data.
State of knowledge: Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, which plays a crucial role in various physiological processes of the body. Its release is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a neuroendocrine system responsible for the body's response to stress and maintaining homeostasis. Chronic stress leads to disruptions in the proper regulation of cortisol secretion, which is associated with negative health consequences, such as metabolic disorders, obesity, progression of neurodegenerative diseases, increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, and weakened immune response. Research also indicates a link between elevated cortisol levels and the occurrence of mood disorders, including anxiety and depression.
Materials and methodology: Materials and methodology: The review is based on a thorough analysis of materials obtained from scientific databases "PubMed" and "Google Scholar," which serve as verified sources of information.
Conclusion: In order to reduce excessive cortisol secretion and its negative effects on the body, it is important to effectively counteract chronic stress. Achieving this goal requires implementing effective coping strategies and lifestyle modifications that can help reduce the frequency of stress in daily functioning
A REVIEW ON EXISTING METHODS OF FRAUD DETECTION IN MESSENGERS
Get PDFThe increasing number of messenger fraud cases requires early and precise threat detection at unprecedented levels. The research examines modern NLP-based approaches which detect deceptive messages in messaging applications. The research examines various NLP approaches which analyze text data from different messaging platforms through text classification and tonality analysis and anomaly detection and thematic modeling techniques. The paper examines model learning data types together with text pre-processing methods and essential text features and evaluates traditional methods (e.g., Bag of Words, TF-IDF) and modern neural networks. The researchers encounter multiple obstacles while working which include the complex nature of processing informal language and the presence of noisy data and the need to frequently update models to detect new fraudulent schemes.
The research focuses on messenger platform fraud detection because it addresses the unique challenges of real-time message streams and informal language and multimodal communication. The review evaluates technical and contextual aspects by presenting suitable models and architectures for dynamic short-form content and identifying technologies that deliver low-latency responses.
The research aims to assess existing methods while identifying optimal approaches and proposing new directions to boost the accuracy and reliability of messenger fraud detection systems