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STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING OPERATING EXPENSES IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTERPRISES IN KAZAKHSTAN
Get PDFEffective operational cost management is a critical concern for enterprises striving to maintain competitiveness while advancing sustainable development goals. This study investigates how non-state enterprises in Kazakhstan manage operating expenses in alignment with sustainability principles, particularly emphasizing the potential of blockchain-supported multiple offsetting systems. A cross-sectional mixed-methods design combined survey responses from 43 professionals across key industries with qualitative data from 15 structured interviews. Survey results indicate that most enterprises maintain a strong cost-monitoring culture (87% agreement), yet only moderate integration of sustainability in operational decision-making (71%). Awareness of blockchain-based cost optimization remains limited (43%), although 66% of respondents expressed openness to exploring blockchain-enabled financial settlements. A multiple linear regression model was estimated to identify drivers of blockchain readiness. The analysis revealed that cost strategy sophistication (β = 0.562, p < 0.01) and sustainability orientation (β = 0.391, p < 0.05) were statistically significant predictors, together explaining 41% of the variance in blockchain adoption readiness (Adjusted R² = 0.41, p < 0.001). Qualitative findings reinforced these insights, revealing themes around decentralized cost-sharing, blockchain’s potential to improve inter-enterprise trust, and concerns over implementation complexity and regulatory uncertainty. The study concludes that while blockchain-based offsetting systems offer scalable, cost-effective solutions, successful adoption depends on technical training, policy incentives, and broader institutional support
THE IMPACT OF MARKETING INNOVATION IN ENHANCING CUSTOMER LOYALTY: A CASE STUDY OF CUSTOMERS OF THE INSTITUTION "MOBILIS" - BOUIRA AGENCY
Get PDFThis study aims at identifying the impact of marketing innovation on customer loyalty. To achieve this objective, the descriptive-analytical approach was used, by administering a questionnaire as the primary tool for data collection. The researchers selected randomly a sample of 100 customers of the Mobilis institution. Data processing and analysis were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings revealed a statistically significant relationship between marketing innovation and customer loyalty through its impact on the four dimensions of loyalty which are trust, complaint behavior, and word of mouth. The correlation coefficient for the five dimensions was similar, as was their explanatory power
THE BORDER CITY OF TÉBESSA: HISTORICAL DIMENSIONS AND CRITICAL REFLECTION
Get PDFThis research engages in a thorough reflection on the city of Tébessa, a city located at the edges of its national territory and marked by a peripheral position, both geographically and symbolically. This reflection is centered around two fundamental and interdependent spatial concepts: "the city" and "the border." The main objective of this study is to examine the historical and contemporary interactions between these two dimensions, focusing on two key aspects: Tébessa's geographical position as a border city and the organization of its road network.
The analysis highlights the impact of the historical transformation of the border on the structure and function of the city. In the past, the border had a "zonal" and shifting form, allowing the ancient Theveste to play a central role in cross-border exchanges and interactions. In this context, the city served as a strategic hub, driven by economic, cultural, and social flows. However, with the evolution of borders into a "linear" and fixed form, Tébessa gradually lost its dynamic position, becoming a marginalized city, isolated and self-contained.
This transition not only affected Tébessa's identity and development but also reshaped its role in the regional space. Nevertheless, the border should not be seen solely as a constraint; it also represents a strategic opportunity. Indeed, Tébessa's border position could be reinvested to make it a hub for development and cross-border exchanges. With proper planning, the city could reinvent itself as a "transborder metropolis," capable of leveraging its geographical location to enhance its attractiveness, competitiveness, and integration into regional dynamics.
Thus, this study emphasizes that the border is not only a line of separation but also a space of potentialities. It can be viewed as a lever to reposition Tébessa with a forward-looking perspective, fostering a synergy between its historical heritage, economic dynamism, and strategic role in cross-border exchanges
DIGITAL MEDIA AND THE ALGERIAN FAMILY: FROM INFLUENCE TO RESHAPING. A CONCEPTUAL APPROACH
Get PDFToday's world is experiencing changes that are almost revolutionizing the concepts and lifestyle of previous years. These changes are leading the media and communication to form a new mind that is cognitively, emotionally, and behaviorally different from previous generations. Indeed, today's human being is almost facing the media sweep. From here stems the problem of studying the negative role it plays. The media system in the context of performing its roles and interacting with society, through which the incoherent set of social values is strengthened It is contradictory in its trends due to the diversity of its sources and the differences in the intellectual and cultural foundations built on it, which finds clear effects in the recipients’ attraction towards it, and works to meet the unstable psychological and social needs and cultural and civilizational peculiarities that society has settled on for hundreds of years. The media is considered an essential partner in the process of change because of what it entails. It has a high ability to achieve the process of communication very quickly between the components of one society on the one hand, and between multiple societies on the other hand This is because the process of change that results in manifestations of urbanization or manifestations of backwardness depends on the degree of interaction with others, on the level of the communication and communication process, on the nature of this process, the forms and tools used in it, and the goals that lie behind it.
Based on the above, the study seeks to monitor the role of media and communication in relation to the family and its effects in shaping new values and trends, formulating new values, or abolishing stable values that are not compatible with the cultural and civilizational specificities on which Algerian society has settled for some time by answering a set of questions. Among the most prominent:
What are the functions and roles of media and communication in the digital age?
Have media and communication in the digital age influenced the shaping of Algerian family values?
Do media and communication play a role in building new family values, undermining established values, or reproducing old values in a new way?
How are family values shaped by the diverse content disseminated by these media
COMPARISON OF THE SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS GROWTH METHODS IN SMEs ALGERIA AND EU
Get PDFThe purpose of the proposed study is to elaborate the comprehensive framework to sustain growth in the context of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) through the analysis of the prospective drivers of sustainability as identified in the realms of economics, organizational behavior, and environment. By making a comparative study of Algeria and the European Union (EU), the study outlines the major differences between the two scenarios and attempts to make lessons out of the achievements of European activities. SMEs are challenged with various challenges, such as the lack of finance and reinforced digital infrastructure, lack of institutional support, and complicated regulatory environments that are undermining their enterprising opportunities and potential suicides. Conversely, the member states within the EU have set in common systems that lead to innovations, protecting the environment and modernizing technologies. The study has an analytical framework based on the discussions of the role of the economy, organizational forces and community involvement/action in facilitating sustainable development and has been able to give a conclusive analysis of the level of Algeria as compared with the EU. It determines the primary challenges facing Algerian SMEs - especially financial and poor digital resources and suggests that by implementing aspects of the effective policies of the EU, it is possible to promote modernization and sustainability of the sector of the SMEs in Algeria
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: AN ETHICAL DILEMMA
Get PDFIntegration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into public administration has brought forth significant transformations, promising increased efficiency, data-driven decision-making, and enhanced public service delivery. However, these advancements come with profound ethical dilemmas that challenge the foundational principles of governance, including transparency, accountability, fairness, and public trust. This article explores the ethical implications of AI deployment within public sector institutions, drawing on recent scholarly literature from 2020 to 2025. Through a critical review of key sources this study identifies core ethical concerns arising from algorithmic opacity, bias in automated decision-making, erosion of human discretion, and the challenges of ensuring democratic oversight. The research demonstrates that while AI has the potential to augment administrative capacity, its application must be cautiously governed to avoid reinforcing systemic inequalities or diminishing civic participation. Moreover, the global disparity in AI governance readiness underscores the importance of context-sensitive frameworks and culturally adaptive norms. This article contributes to the ongoing debate by synthesizing theoretical insights with practical implications, thereby informing both scholars and policymakers on how to ethically integrate AI in the public sector. The findings suggest that a balance must be struck between innovation and ethical responsibility, demanding new regulatory mechanisms, stakeholder engagement models, and cross-disciplinary dialogue. In doing so, the paper advocates for a cautious yet forward-looking approach to AI in public administration, aligning technological advancement with democratic values and public interest
INFLUENCE OF RESISTANCE TRAINING ON MITIGATING TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS COMPLICATIONS: A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Get PDFObjective and methods. This narrative review synthesizes current research on the influence of RT on glycaemic control and major T1DM-related complications, including cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy.
Material and methods. PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus databases were searched for existing publications concerning influence of resistance training or anaerobic training on glycaemia and prevention of typical complications of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus among human patients and animal specimens if human based research is lacking.
Results. The evidence indicates that RT can improve glycaemic control by enhancing insulin-independent glucose uptake through increased GLUT4 expression and muscle mass. However, its effect on long-term glycaemic markers like HbA1c is inconsistent, with more significant benefits often seen when combined with aerobic training. In terms of cardiovascular health, RT may offer improvements in lipid profiles, endothelial function, and cardiac autonomic function, though findings are not uniformly positive and research is limited. RT shows promise in mitigating peripheral neuropathy by enhancing neural plasticity and muscle strength. Conversely, the direct impact of RT on autonomic neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy in T1DM patients is under-researched, with most data on nephropathy stemming from animal models and significant safety precautions advised for patients with retinopathy.
Conclusions. Overall, while RT presents a valuable intervention for managing T1DM, the current body of evidence is marked by inconsistencies and a notable lack of long-term human studies, underscoring the need for further rigorous investigation
TRANSNATIONAL FRONT OF THE CAUCASUS POLITICAL EMIGRATION, WESTERN VALUES (1952–1955)
Get PDFThe years 1952–1955 are one of the most important stages in the history of Caucasian political emigration. It was during this period, on the basis of high-level conferences held in Paris, that an anti-Soviet transnational political front was formed, based on democratic values, national self-determination, and cooperation based on regional equality. The movement aimed not only to fight against the Soviet regime, but also to create a new political architecture for the Caucasus region based on a federal or confederal model. The article draws on archival documents and American strategic materials from the Cold War period and provides an interdisciplinary analysis of both documentary sources and the ideological content of the discourse.
The main focus is on the "Union Council" and "Working Committee" created by the Paris conferences, which prepared the institutional form of Caucasian unity. The text also reflects on the relations with Western institutions (ACEN, Crusade for Freedom) with the aim of bringing the Caucasian anti-Bolshevik movement into the framework of the global democratic discourse.Special emphasis is placed on the fact that political emigration actors did not identify with aggressive nationalism, but rather supported multi-ethnic coexistence, a legal framework, and Western civilized values. The study shows that the formation of the anti-Bolshevik front in the Caucasus was one of the first transnational attempts to achieve regional security, sovereignty, and democratic institutionalization
KIDNEY HEALTH IN SPORT: INVESTIGATING THE INFLUENCE OF CREATINE, CITRULLINE, L-ARGININE, BETA-ALANINE AND BRANCHED CHAIN AMINO ACIDS (BCAA) ON RENAL FUNCTION
Get PDFAims: The purpose of this review was to examine how five commonly used supplements, including creatine, citrulline, L-arginine, beta-alanine, and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), affect physical performance and kidney health. These compounds are widely consumed in the context of athletic training, yet their long-term safety with respect to renal function remains insufficiently defined.
Methodology: Relevant literature published between 1990 and 2024 was identified using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The selection included studies describing the physiological effects and potential renal impact of each supplement.
State of Knowledge: Analysis of the available research suggests that creatine does not impair kidney function in healthy individuals. Citrulline is considered metabolically safe and may support renal health in specific contexts, although elevated concentrations in patients with reduced kidney function could indicate metabolic imbalance. L-arginine may be beneficial in acute clinical settings but shows potentially harmful effects when used long term, especially in older or chronically ill individuals. Beta-alanine has demonstrated safety and antioxidant properties that could protect kidney cells. In contrast, high or prolonged intake of BCAAs may contribute to insulin resistance and worsen renal outcomes in people with diabetes or hereditary kidney disorders.
Conclusions: When used appropriately by healthy individuals, these supplements are generally safe for kidney function. However, individual health status, dosage, and duration of use can significantly affect renal outcomes. BCAA supplementation, in particular, should be approached with caution in at-risk populations. More long-term studies are needed to fully assess the renal safety of these compounds in both athletic and clinical settings
UNDERSTANDING PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME: FROM MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS TO THERAPEUTIC INNOVATIONS
Get PDFPrader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare, multisystem genetic disorder with an epigenetic basis, caused by a lack of paternal gene expression in the region of chromosome 15q11-q13. Key clinical manifestations include severe hypotonia early in life, hyperphagia leading to obesity, short stature, hypogonadism, cognitive impairment, and multiple endocrine disorders such as growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism, and central adrenal insufficiency. Hypothalamic dysfunction plays a central role in the pathogenesis of PWS, responsible for many somatic and behavioral symptoms, including disorders of satiety, temperature regulation, sleep, and emotion. Obesity and its complications - including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease - are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in this group of patients. Molecular diagnosis is mainly based on DNA methylation analysis, which allows detection of all types of genetic alterations in PWS. Currently, there is no causal treatment for the syndrome, and effective management requires a multidisciplinary approach including hormonal treatment, strict dietary control, behavioral interventions, rehabilitation, and possibly pharmacotherapy and new therapeutic options such as GLP-1 agonists, topiramate, oxytocin, naltrexone-bupropion, and matfromin