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SKIN-TO-SKIN CONTACT AFTER BIRTH- THE IMPACT ON PROMOTING MATERNAL AND NEONATAL HEALTH AND CREATING MOTHER-INFANT RELATIONSHIP - REVIEW OF CURRENT LITERATURE
No full textIntroduction and Purpose: Skin-to-skin contact after birth is a low-cost procedure which can bring numerous benefits for the mother-infant dyad. This unique moment can lead to improvement of infant's health outcomes and enhance mother's well-being, as well as to creating a strong, irreplaceable parent-child bond. The aim of this review is to emphasize the importance of physical contact between mother and child after delivery in medical practice and highlight the necessity for creating a safe envinroment for women to have an uninterrupted skin to skin contact with their newborns.
Current Knowledge: It has been demonstrated that skin-to-skin contact has an impact on newborn's health. Most importantly, it has been proven to lower mortality rates in resource-limited environment. Furthermore, skin-to-skin contact improves the development of the infant’s adaptive mechanisms, positively influences the establishment of their microbiota, and reduces stress while modulating the infant’s reactivity towards the parent. Mothers also receive multiple benefits from this procedure, including a reduced risk of perinatal hemorrhage, enhanced mood, and notably, increased success in breastfeeding, which itself brings major advantages for both mother and child. Beyond its significant health implications, skin-to-skin contact strengthens the maternal-infant bond, bringing long-lasting positive effects on their relationship.
Conclusion: Skin-to-skin contact is a safe procedure which undeniably has an impact on a newborn's and mother's health. It has been proven to bring numerous health benefits while requiring minimal resources. It is crucial to spread knowledge about this practice and raise awareness among both: medical staff and parents to facilitate the implementation of SSC as a routine procedure. Furthermore, there is a need to conduct more research on this matter, especially focusing on very premature infants
DERMATOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN TRANSGENDER PATIENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
No full textBackground: Transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) individuals face unique dermatological challenges, strongly influenced by gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT), surgical practices, and psychosocial determinants of health. Acne, androgenetic alopecia, hidradenitis suppurativa, infectious dermatoses, and the need for hair removal procedures represent the most prevalent conditions. Beyond clinical impact, these conditions affect social functioning, stigma, and access to equitable healthcare.
Aim: To systematically review dermatological conditions in transgender patients, integrating clinical specificity with social science perspectives.
Methods: A PRISMA-guided systematic review was conducted using PubMed through 2025. Inclusion criteria: studies reporting dermatologic conditions in transgender individuals. Exclusion: non-dermatology-focused papers. Eighteen studies (PMIDs 38086516–32115126) were included. Data on incidence, pathophysiology, treatment, and social determinants of care were extracted.
Results: Testosterone therapy induced acne in 25–88% of transgender men, peaking within 6–12 months, with nodulocystic acne in up to 20%. Alopecia occurred after >2 years GAHT, mediated by dihydrotestosterone. Hidradenitis suppurativa was exacerbated by androgen exposure, with adalimumab effective in severe cases. Hair removal (laser, electrolysis) is essential pre-vaginoplasty but associated with folliculitis, scarring, and inequitable access. Transgender women demonstrated high prevalence of HPV/HIV-related dermatoses, with HIV prevalence up to 40% in some cohorts. Melanoma cases under estrogen therapy were reported, though causality remains uncertain. Psychodermatologic burden was severe, with depression affecting 40–50% of patients with visible skin disease.
Conclusion: Dermatologic care in TGD patients is medically complex and socially contextual. Interventions must integrate pathophysiologic understanding with stigma reduction, insurance coverage, and equity-focused health policy
ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS AND BODY WEIGHT: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF CURRENT EVIDENCE
No full textArtificial sweeteners (AS), or non-nutritive sweeteners, are widely promoted as sugar substitutes for weight management. Their use is based on the assumption that they lower caloric intake and improve metabolic outcomes, yet the evidence remains conflicting. This review synthesizes findings from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), preclinical models, observational studies, and mechanistic research.
Meta-analyses of RCTs demonstrate modest benefits, with mean reductions of −0.8 kg in body weight and −0.24 kg/m² in BMI. These effects are most evident in short-term interventions, while long-term trials generally report no sustained advantage over sugar or placebo. Preclinical data are heterogeneous: chronic AS exposure in obesity-prone rodents often promotes weight gain and metabolic dysregulation, whereas benefits are observed when AS replace sucrose in energy-restricted conditions.
Epidemiological studies associate AS intake with increased risks of obesity (OR ≈ 1.5), type 2 diabetes (OR ≈ 3.7), and hypertension (OR ≈ 1.5). Although residual confounding and reverse causality cannot be excluded, these findings raise concerns about adverse long-term outcomes. Mechanistic studies suggest that AS may alter gut microbiota, impair satiety signaling, and promote compensatory feeding, with additional effects on insulin sensitivity and reward pathways.
In summary, AS confer limited short-term benefits and uncertain long-term efficacy in weight control. Concerns raised by observational and mechanistic data support the World Health Organization’s recommendation against their routine use. Future research should clarify sweetener-specific effects, interindividual variability, and long-term outcomes to inform dietary guidelines and public health strategies
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF GLP-1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS: A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH
No full textIntroduction and Aim: Glucagon‑like peptide‑1 (GLP‑1) receptor agonists have recently witnessed a substantial rise in popularity. Originally developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), their therapeutic indications have now broadened considerably. Their beneficial impact has been documented not only on the quality of life in patients with T2DM, but also in those with chronic kidney disease (CKD), cardiovascular disease, and obesity. These are not the only current indications for GLP‑1 analogs, and it remains to be seen what additional conditions may benefit from these agents in the future. Given their well‑documented mechanisms of action and widespread clinical use, it is im-portant to scrutinize these medications more closely. The objective of this review is to analyze the ad-verse effects associated with GLP‑1 analog therapy.
Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, focusing on novel publications from the past five years.
Conclusions: Current evidence regarding adverse events remains inconclusive, underscoring the need for further investigation. For instance, while some studies suggest an elevated risk of thyroid cancer, other meta‑analyses draw entirely opposite conclusions. This unequivocally indicates a strong need for further analysis
THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS ON INSULIN RESISTANCE IN WOMEN WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS): A LITERATURE REVIEW
No full textBackground: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders, affecting up to 20% of women of reproductive age worldwide. A central feature of PCOS is insulin resistance (IR), which contributes to hyperandrogenism and worsens reproductive and metabolic symptoms. Given the growing prevalence of PCOS and the widespread use of artificial sweeteners (AS) as sugar substitutes, their potential influence on metabolic health in this population warrants closer examination.
Aim: This review aims to assess the current literature on the effects of artificial sweeteners on insulin resistance in women with PCOS, to determine whether their use may exacerbate or mitigate metabolic dysfunctions associated with the syndrome.
Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using the most recent and relevant publications. The review focuses on the biochemical and physiological mechanisms of AS, including their effect on cephalic phase insulin secretion, pancreatic beta-cell response, gut microbiota composition, and hormonal signalling related to glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity.
Results: The impact of AS on metabolic health appears to be heterogeneous and dose-dependent. Some sweeteners, such as saccharin and sucralose, may influence insulin secretion and gut microbiota in ways that contribute to glucose intolerance and IR. However, evidence is inconsistent and varies by sweetener type and study model. In PCOS patients, where IR is a core pathological feature, the use of certain artificial sweeteners may potentially worsen metabolic outcomes.
Conclusion: Artificial sweeteners are not metabolically inert and may affect insulin resistance in women with PCOS. Further research is needed to evaluate individual AS compounds and their long-term metabolic effects in this population, in order to inform dietary recommendations and optimize treatment outcomes
TRANSFORMATIONS OF MEDIA PRACTICE IN ALGERIA WITHIN THE ELECTRONIC ENVIRONMENT AND EXECUTIVE DECREE NO. 20/332: A FIELD STUDY ON A SAMPLE OF ALGERIAN JOURNALISTS
No full textThe objective of this study is to examine the reality of media practice in Algeria in light of Executive Decree No. 20/332, which regulates online media activity and the right of reply and correction, The issuance of this new decree comes at a time when the Algerian media landscape is witnessing intense debate over the increasing blocking of electronic news websites in recent months under various pretexts, while the government maintains that its intention is merely to regulate the sector rather than restrict freedoms.
Based on this premise, the study adopts the descriptive survey method to explore the state of media practice under the decree from the perspective of a sample of Algerian journalists. The participants were selected using a simple random sampling technique to respond to a questionnaire specifically designed to achieve the study’s objectives
SCAFFOLDING IN SECOND LANGUAGE TEACHING: EFFECTIVENESS, STRATEGIES, AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
No full textIn this article, a mixed-methods approach was employed to assess the effectiveness of scaffolding as a technique in second language teaching. The study involved both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. A thorough review of existing literature on scaffolding in second language education was conducted. The review focused on understanding the theoretical foundations, key strategies, and challenges associated with scaffolding.
Classroom observations were conducted in language learning environments where scaffolding techniques were implemented. Observations focused on teacher-student interactions, the use of scaffolding methods, and the overall classroom atmosphere.
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with language teachers who implemented scaffolding techniques in their lessons. The interviews aimed to gather insights into teachers’ experiences, the challenges they faced, and their perceptions of scaffolding’s effectiveness.
Surveys were distributed to students who participated in scaffolding-based lessons. The surveys assessed their perceptions of the learning process, including engagement, comprehension, and language skill improvement.
Student surveys indicated a high level of engagement and motivation in classrooms where scaffolding was used. Students reported that the interactive nature of scaffolding made the learning process more enjoyable and effective.
Classroom observations revealed that scaffolding techniques facilitated more frequent and meaningful teacher-student interactions. Teachers were able to provide targeted support based on individual students’ needs, which contributed to a more personalized learning experience.
While scaffolding proved effective, some challenges were noted. Teachers reported difficulties in maintaining the appropriate level of support for each student without overwhelming them. Additionally, limited class time and large class sizes made it challenging to provide individualized scaffolding to all students.
The research highlighted that scaffolding allows for differentiated learning, where instruction can be tailored to meet the varying needs of students. This was especially beneficial in mixed-ability classrooms, where students could progress at their own pace.
The findings confirm that scaffolding is an effective technique for enhancing second language learning. It promotes active engagement, improves comprehension, and helps students achieve greater language proficiency.
The research demonstrates that scaffolding can be successfully implemented in a variety of classroom settings. Teachers can use different scaffolding strategies, such as providing prompts, using visuals, and offering feedback, to support students at different stages of their learning.
Future studies could explore the long-term effects of scaffolding on second language acquisition, especially in different cultural or educational contexts. Additionally, examining the impact of digital tools and technology on scaffolding in language learning could provide valuable insights.
Based on the findings, it is recommended that language teachers incorporate scaffolding techniques into their lessons to foster a more interactive and supportive learning environment. Teachers should also be mindful of the challenges involved and seek ways to balance the level of support provided to each student
GASTRIC MALT LYMPHOMA – CURRENT DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES
No full textGastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a distinct subtype of extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma strongly associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. This review presents an overview of current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, highlighting recent developments in molecular diagnostics and evidence-based management. The diagnosis relies on histopathological evaluation supported by immunohistochemistry and molecular testing for characteristic translocations, particularly t(11;18)(q21;q21). First-line therapy remains H. pylori eradication, which induces complete and durable remission in most patients, including some who are H. pylori-negative. For those unresponsive to antibiotics, radiotherapy or rituximab-based immunotherapy achieves excellent local control and survival rates. Prognosis is generally favourable, with five-year overall survival exceeding 90%. However, complications such as gastrointestinal bleeding, perforation, and histologic transformation into diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) may occur. Early detection, accurate staging, and an individualized, risk-adapted therapeutic approach remain key factors influencing long-term outcomes. Advances in endoscopic imaging, molecular characterization, and targeted therapies continue to refine the management of gastric MALT lymphoma, supporting the trend toward more personalized treatment strategies and improved patient prognosis
UNDERSTANDING CHINESE STRATEGY
No full textThis paper delves into the roots of Chinese strategic culture and how it influences China's current military and foreign policy decision-making. It examines China's unique geographical position as a “fenced island” bordered by twenty countries, historical experiences of containment by major powers, and deep-rooted cultural traditions to show how these factors shape China's strategic behavior. The study explores two main paradigms in Chinese strategic culture: the Confucian-Mencius focus on defensive warfare and moral justification, and the Parabellum paradigm advocating proactive use of force.
By analyzing China's “four rings” security framework, the Island Chain Strategy, and historical military interventions, the paper argues that Chinese strategic culture is a blend of defensive and opportunistic elements. It highlights how China's strategy is influenced by its concerns about territorial integrity, regional influence, and global order restructuring. Understanding this complex strategic culture is crucial for interpreting China's military modernization, regional assertiveness, and long-term geopolitical goals.
The paper concludes that China's strategic behavior demonstrates strategic flexibility is maintaining a defensive stance while seizing opportunities to advance its interests when circumstances permit
SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHM DISTURBANCES IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES: MECHANISMS, CLINICAL CONSEQUENCES, AND PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES
No full textSleep and circadian rhythms play crucial roles in maintaining neural homeostasis, synaptic plasticity, and metabolic clearance within the brain. Increasing evidence indicates that chronic sleep deprivation and circadian misalignment are not merely symptoms of neurodegeneration but active drivers of its onset and progression. This review synthesizes current findings linking disrupted sleep and circadian regulation to neurodegenerative diseases, with emphasis on molecular mechanisms, clinical implications, and therapeutic opportunities. Mechanistically, sleep loss impairs glymphatic and meningeal lymphatic clearance of neurotoxic proteins, compromises blood-brain barrier integrity, and promotes oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and clock gene dysregulation. These interconnected processes accelerate the aggregation of amyloid-β, tau, α-synuclein, and TDP-43, thereby amplifying neuronal injury. Clinically, sleep and circadian disturbances predict cognitive decline, neuropsychiatric symptoms, biomarker progression, and earlier disease onset across Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and related disorders. Preventive and therapeutic strategies, including cognitive-behavioural interventions, light therapy, melatonin supplementation, orexin antagonism, and structured circadian routines, show promising neuroprotective potential. Restoration of sleep architecture enhances glymphatic clearance, reduces neuroinflammation, and stabilizes cognitive function. Recognizing sleep as a modifiable determinant of neurodegeneration reframes it from a passive state into an active therapeutic target, underscoring its pivotal role in preserving brain integrity and delaying neurodegenerative trajectories