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FAILURE TO THRIVE (FTT) IN INFANTS: AN EVIDENCE-BASED REVIEW OF CAUSES AND MANAGEMENT
Get PDFFailure to thrive (FTT) in infancy is a multifactorial condition characterized by inadequate physical growth due to medical, nutritional, or psychosocial factors. This review explores the underlying causes and evidence-based strategies for diagnosis and management of FTT in infants. Drawing from clinical guidelines and recent studies, the article emphasizes the need for accurate anthropometric assessment using standardized growth charts and z-scores. FTT is commonly classified as either organic, linked to identifiable medical conditions, or non-organic, often associated with environmental stressors or inadequate caregiving practices. Comprehensive clinical evaluation, including detailed history-taking, physical examination, and recognition of red-flag symptoms, is essential for early detection. Management requires individualized nutritional rehabilitation, treatment of underlying medical issues, and psychosocial support involving multidisciplinary teams. Early, targeted intervention is associated with improved outcomes in growth, cognition, and emotional development. Standardized diagnostic criteria, coordinated care plans, and caregiver support are critical for mitigating the long-term consequences of growth faltering and optimizing developmental trajectories in this vulnerable population
ILLUMINATING THE FUTURE: ADVANCES IN TARGETED GENE THERAPY AND OPTOGENETICS IN THE TREATMENT OF INHERITED RETINAL DISEASES
Get PDFIntroduction: Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are a group of disorders that lead to progressive vision loss, for which no effective treatments have previously been available. Advances in molecular biology have enabled the development of gene therapies and innovative strategies such as optogenetics, offering hope for improvement or restoration of visual function.
Aim: The aim of this work is to present the current state of knowledge regarding gene therapies used in IRDs, with particular emphasis on their mechanisms of action, possibilities for personalization, integration with other methods, and the potential of optogenetics as an alternative in advanced stages of the disease.
Methods: A literature review was performed using PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. Thirty-nine English publications relevant to inherited retinal diseases and gene therapies were selected. Studies covered mechanisms, efficacy, safety, and diagnostic advances. Irrelevant or methodologically weak papers were excluded.
Results: Therapies based on AAV vectors, CRISPR/Cas9 techniques, prime editing, and antisense oligonucleotides demonstrate effectiveness depending on the type of mutation and disease stage. Optogenetics enables the restoration of light sensitivity regardless of the mutation, even in the absence of photoreceptors. Combining gene therapy with other methods, such as stem cells or neuroprotection, enhances therapeutic potential.
Conclusions: Gene and optogenetic therapies are transforming the treatment approach for IRDs. Selecting strategies based on the molecular background and disease stage enables a personalized approach. Technical and regulatory challenges remain, but development trends indicate a real possibility of effective treatment for many forms of IRDs
FUNCTIONAL HYPOTHALAMIC AMENORRHOEA IN FEMALE ATHLETES - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, RISK FACTORS, CONSEQUENCES AND POSSIBLE TREATMENTS
Get PDFIntroduction: Functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea is a prevalent endocrine disorder among female athletes, primarily caused by low energy availability (LEA). LEA induces a cascade of endocrine and neurohormonal changes, leading to disrupted GnRH pulsatility, anovulation, and hypoestrogenism. The health consequences of FHA are extensive, affecting bone density, cardiovascular function, fertility, and neuropsychiatric health.
Purpose: The aim of this paper was to review FHA in female athletes, focusing on its pathophysiology, clinical consequences, diagnosis, and treatment, while emphasising the need for early detection and multidisciplinary care.
Methodology: A narrative literature review was conducted using Google Scholar and PubMed. Relevant original research articles, systematic reviews, clinical guidelines, and authoritative textbooks were included to ensure comprehensive coverage of the topic.
Conclusions: Untreated FHA leads to serious health consequences. Early diagnosis and timely intervention are critical. Multidisciplinary approach should be implemented. Further studies are needed particularly in the areas of early identification, pathophysiological mechanisms, and effective, evidence-based treatment strategies
MORE THAN JUST A RACING HEART: PALPITATIONS UNCOVER HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY IN ATHLETES
Get PDFHeart palpitations are a common symptom reported by athletes presenting to sports medicine clinics and cardiology departments. While often benign, palpitations in this population can indicate underlying structural heart disease, notably hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which is a leading cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes.
Methods: This narrative review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on studies published between 2016 and 2024. Standard textbooks in cardiology and internal medicine were also consulted to ensure comprehensive coverage of current knowledge.
Results: The analysis showed that palpitations can result from both mild and severe arrhythmias and structural heart disease. The importance of differential diagnosis and the role of imaging studies and ECGs in identifying the cause was emphasized. Special attention was paid to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy as a common genetic cause of symptoms. The need for an individualized therapeutic approach and patient education was also pointed out.
Conclusions: Palpitations in athletes should never be overlooked, as they may be the first sign of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a potentially life-threatening condition.. Special attention should be paid to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which is a common genetic cause of cardiac arrhythmias. Diagnosis should be based on careful differentiation of causes and the use of imaging studies and ECGs. Successful management requires an individualized therapeutic approach and patient education in recognizing and responding to symptoms
HUMAN RELATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE IN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT A SOCIO-HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE ON MCGREGOR’S AND OUCHI’S THEORIES
Get PDFThis paper explores the strategic dimensions of human relations and organizational culture through a socio-humanistic lens. It draws on the theoretical contributions of Douglas McGregor (Theory X and Theory Y) and William Ouchi (Theory Z) to analyze how managerial assumptions about human nature influence leadership styles and organizational dynamics. The study highlights how trust, participation, shared responsibility, and cultural sensitivity serve as essential pillars of effective strategic management. By integrating sociological and organizational insights, this paper argues for a human-centered approach to management that enhances both institutional performance and employee development. The findings emphasize the relevance of these classical theories in addressing contemporary organizational challenges shaped by complexity, cultural diversity, and digital transformation
FIGHTING THE CLOCK: A LITERATURE-BASED ANALYSIS OF MELATONIN’S THERAPEUTIC ROLE IN SHIFT WORK-RELATED SLEEP DISTURBANCES
Get PDFShift Work Sleep Disorder (SWSD) arises from misalignment between endogenous circadian rhythms and irregular work schedules, frequently resulting in poor sleep quality, increased fatigue, and heightened risk for cardiometabolic complications. Melatonin, a hormone produced in the pineal gland during darkness, is increasingly investigated for its role in addressing sleep difficulties among shift workers. This review synthesizes recent clinical evidence on the effectiveness of melatonin supplementation in improving sleep outcomes in night and rotating shift populations. The literature indicates potential benefits such as shorter sleep onset latency, increased total sleep time, and improved subjective sleep quality, alongside a strong safety record. Furthermore, melatonin’s influence on circadian rhythm regulation may provide additional metabolic and cardiovascular advantages. Nevertheless, inconsistencies in dosing, formulations, and trial designs limit the generalizability of current findings. Additional well-controlled clinical trials are needed to refine guidelines for melatonin use in occupational settings
RADIAL WRIST PAIN: A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF CONSERVATIVE AND SURGICAL TREATMENT STRATEGIES
Get PDFRadial wrist pain is a prevalent musculoskeletal complaint with a complex etiology involving soft tissue injury, degenerative changes, and fractures, particularly of the distal radius. This narrative review evaluates the efficacy, risks, and indications for conservative and surgical interventions by synthesizing data from over 12 clinical and systematic studies published between 2010 and 2024. Conservative treatment encompassing immobilization, NSAIDs, and physical therapy demonstrates substantial benefits in mild and non-displaced injuries, especially among elderly and pediatric patients. Surgical interventions, including arthroscopy, ligament reconstruction, and partial trapeziectomy, have shown improved outcomes in chronic, traumatic, or refractory cases. Specific advantages of minimally invasive techniques, such as 3A TFCC repair and percutaneous fixation, are highlighted. Treatment plans must consider age, functional demand, cost-effectiveness, and patient-specific pathology. The findings support a personalized and staged treatment approach for optimal recovery. Additionally, arthroscopic advancements have enabled more precise ligament reconstructions with less postoperative stiffness. Surgical techniques continue to evolve with the adoption of augmented reality guidance and intraoperative 3D imaging, promising even better alignment and outcomes
UNDERSTANDING GUT HEALTH IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM: NEW PERSPECTIVES AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES
Get PDFAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) encompasses a range of neurodevelopmental traits that influence perception, communication, and social interaction, often accompanied by restricted behaviors and sensory sensitivities. This overview examines the relationship between ASD and gastrointestinal (GI) issues, which frequently co-occur and significantly impact quality of life for affected individuals. Gastrointestinal problems including constipation, diarrhea, and food sensitivities are commonly observed in children with ASD. These issues likely result from multiple interacting factors such as microbiota dysbiosis, immune dysregulation, intestinal hyperpermeability, and dietary patterns. Research has identified disrupted gut microbiome profiles in children with ASD, with increased presence of pathogenic bacteria and associated immune reactivity, including anti-gliadin antibodies. Diagnosing GI disorders in individuals with ASD remains challenging due to communication barriers and atypical sensory processing, with no standardized diagnostic methods currently available. Treatment approaches focus on microbiota restoration through dietary modifications, probiotics, and emerging therapies like Microbiota Transplant Therapy (MTT). Recent studies of MTT have demonstrated sustained improvements in both GI and behavioral symptoms, suggesting promising directions for future interventions that address both the gastrointestinal and behavioral aspects of ASD. Further research is needed to develop standardized diagnostic protocols and evidence-based treatments for this population
THE EFFECT OF SMOKING ON ULCERATIVE COLITIS - A REVIEW ARTICLE
Get PDFIntroduction: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic, chronic inflammatory disorder of the colonic mucosa. It affects patients' health and quality of life, and can result in life-threatening complications, such as colon cancer. The aim of the study is to present current knowledge on the impact of cigarette smoking on the onset, course and treatment of ulcerative colitis.
Methodology: The authors conducted a comprehensive search of the PubMed electronic database using the keywords. Duplicate studies were removed, and the remaining articles were assessed based on their title and abstract. A total of 20 studies met the inclusion criteria and were subjected to critical review, assessing the methodological design, sample characteristics, and the type and duration of follow-up of the population groups. The primary research for this article was conducted in July 2025.
Conclusion: Compared with non-smokers, former smokers have a significantly higher risk of developing ulcerative colitis (UC), and this risk may be proportional to cumulative exposure to tobacco smoke. Based on the presented reports, we can conclude that any potential protective effect is small and observed only in men. The study results do not constitute a basis for justifying cigarette smoking. Combined with numerous other publications in various fields of medicine, primarily oncology and cardiovascular disease, this leads to one clear conclusion: it’s best not to start smoking at all
POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF BOVINE COLOSTRUM IN PREVENTION OF NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS: A REVIEW
Get PDFObjectives: Necrotizing enterocolitis is a critical gastrointestinal disorder predominantly affecting neonates. Bovine colostrum is a nutrient-dense first secretion from cows postpartum. Bovine colostrum is abundant in immunoglobulins, antimicrobial peptides as well as growth factors, making it a promising candidate for nutritional intervention for necrotizing enterocolitis. This review aims to critically assess the existing preclinical and clinical evidence on the efficacy of bovine colostrum supplementation in reducing the incidence and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis in neonatal populations.
Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed and Scopus databases. Relevant animal trials and human randomized controlled trials evaluating the impact of bovine colostrum on necrotizing enterocolitis incidence and severity were analysed.
Key findings: Preclinical studies in neonatal piglet models consistently demonstrate that bovine colostrum reduced the incidence and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis compared to infant formula, with mechanisms involving enhanced gut barrier integrity, microbiota modulation and reduction in inflammation. Bovine colostrum outcomes were often comparable or superior to human donor milk. However, recent randomised controlled trials in preterm human infants have not shown a statistically significant reductions in necrotizing enterocolitis incidences with bovine colostrum supplementation, possibly due to differences in product processing, dosage and open-label study designs.
Conclusions: Despite promising outcomes in zootechnical models, current clinical evidence does not confirm efficacy of bovine colostrum in necrotizing enterocolitis prevention in human neonates. Further high-quality, standardized, double-blinded clinical trials are needed to clarify its potential in infant care