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ADHD TREATMENT: FROM MEDICATION TO BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES- A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
No full textIntroduction: Nowadays, ADHD is one of the most common diagnoses in the mental health field. It presents a wide spectrum of clinical presentations that affect patients’ everyday life. Variety of symptoms make each patients’ needs individual, and because of that, treatment of ADHD must be adjusted to each person separately to achieve the best possible outcome.
Materials and methods: This article, based on a PubMed review of available research, examines ADHD treatment
Key findings and conclusions: Options in first line medications are limited, therefore formulation technologies are one of the few methods to modify the therapy. Alternative to that, especially for patients that cannot take stimulants, are non-stimulant medications generally used in other medical fields. Additionally, psychotherapy is inherent for patients to understand their disorder, which allows them to accept it. The aim of this article is to present the basis of a complex issue, as ADHD treatment is
IMPACT OF ADHD ON ORAL HEALTH IN CHILDREN – A LITERATURE REVIEW
No full textIntroduction and Aim: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurobehavioral disorders and has been suggested to be associated with poorer oral health in children. Difficulties with concentration and a tendency to become easily bored may contribute to inadequate oral hygiene practices and malocclusion. Additionally, hyperactivity and impulsivity often lead to frequent snacking on sweets, which further increases the risk of dental problems in this population. This study aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the relationship between ADHD and oral health, particularly focusing on the prevalence of dental caries, gingival bleeding, and malocclusion. Previous research indicates that children with ADHD are at an elevated risk of developing dental caries and may require more frequent dental visits compared to their peers without ADHD. However, further studies are needed to better understand these correlations and to establish evidence-based preventive and therapeutic strategies.
Results: ADHD may negatively affect the development of dental caries, gingival bleeding, and malocclusion in children. Children with this condition tend to have higher plaque (PI) and DMFT/dmft indices and are more likely to exhibit parafunctional habits. Diet and parental awareness also play a crucial role, as parents need to actively support and guide their children in maintaining proper oral hygiene.
Materials and methods: reviewing recent literature research up to 5 years ago based PubMED, Google scholar reaserch based on following key words: Attention deficit heperactivity disorder, oral health, gingival bleeding, bruxism
SEMAGLUTIDE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME: CURRENT EVIDENCE AND REPRODUCTIVE BENEFITS
No full textIntroduction: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder affecting 6–20% of women of reproductive age [1,2]. Characterized by hyperandrogenism, oligo- or anovulation, and polycystic ovarian morphology. PCOS presents heterogeneous clinical manifestations, including obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and reproductive irregularities. New therapies, particularly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) such as semaglutide, show promise in addressing these challenges.
Methodology: This review analyzed articles published from 2019 to 2025 in the PubMed database using the keywords: semaglutide, PCOS, pregnancy and treatment. Studies were selected to evaluate the effects of semaglutide on body weight, metabolic parameters, reproductive outcomes, and safety profiles in women with PCOS.
Results: Semaglutide was associated with significant weight reduction, improvements in BMI, insulin resistance, fasting glucose, and lipid profile, as well as reduced androgen levels and improved menstrual regularity [11–13]. Low-dose semaglutide was effective even in patients unresponsive to lifestyle interventions, although long-term weight maintenance after discontinuation remains challenging [12]. While weight loss may enhance fertility, semaglutide is contraindicated during pregnancy due to limited safety data and potential risks [5,9,17,18].
Conclusion: Semaglutide represents a promising therapy for obese women with PCOS, offering metabolic and reproductive benefits. Careful consideration of reproductive planning, dosing strategies, and long-term safety is essential. Further research is needed to optimize treatment protocols and assess efficacy and safety outcomes
ULTRASOUND-GUIDED HYDRODILATATION VS INTRA-ARTICULAR CORTICOSTEROID INJECTION FOR PRIMARY ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS: A RAPID REVIEW OF CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS AND IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS
No full textBackground: Primary adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) causes pain and restricted range of motion (ROM). Two common injection strategies are hydrodilatation (HD) and intra-articular corticosteroid injection (IACI), yet their comparative effectiveness remains uncertain.
Objective: To rapidly synthesize randomized evidence and recent reviews comparing HD versus IACI in adults with primary adhesive capsulitis, focusing on pain, ROM (especially external rotation), patient-reported outcomes (PRO), and safety.
Methods: We conducted a rapid review (2018–2025) of PubMed, PubMed Central, Europe PMC, and Google Scholar. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews/meta-analyses (SR/MA) directly comparing HD with IACI. Primary outcomes were pain (VAS/NRS) and ROM; secondary outcomes were PRO (SPADI/ASES/DASH) and adverse events. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2 (RCTs) and a condensed AMSTAR-2 (SR/MA). We performed a narrative synthesis and reproduced pooled estimates reported in SR/MA.
Results: Searches identified 72 records; 60 remained after deduplication; 6 full-texts were assessed and 6 studies were included (3 SR/MA; 3 RCTs). SR/MA suggested short-term advantages of HD—particularly for disability and external rotation—whereas head-to-head RCTs reported no added benefit of HD over IACI and, in one trial, better early outcomes with IACI alone. Longer-term differences (≥6 months) were not consistent. Adverse events were infrequent and mild. SR/MA credibility was moderate; RCTs were at some concerns or high risk of bias.
Conclusions: Evidence is inconsistent; durable superiority of either HD or IACI is unproven. Practically, IACI plus structured rehabilitation is a reasonable first-line choice; image-guided HD may be reserved for selected patients with predominant stiffness or inadequate response. Standardized, well-powered RCTs with harmonized HD parameters and core outcomes are needed
INTEGRATING HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND SPORT: THE IMPACT OF SARS-COV-2 INFECTION AND COVID-19 VACCINATION ON BREASTFEEDING, NEONATAL IMMUNITY, AND EARLY PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
No full textThe COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the critical role of public health education in promoting maternal and neonatal well-being. This systematic review examines the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination on breastfeeding practices, with a focus on viral transmission, the transfer of antibodies, and the broader implications for health education and early physical development. A comprehensive literature search covering studies from 2020 to 2024 was conducted. The review analyzed research on the presence of
SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk, antibody responses following natural infection and vaccination, and the subsequent effects on newborn health.
The results indicate that active transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via breast milk is extremely rare, with detected viral RNA not corresponding to infectious virus particles. Importantly, breast milk from both infected and vaccinated mothers contains significant levels of IgA and IgG antibodies, which confer passive immunity to newborns. Beyond immediate nutritional and immunological benefits, breastfeeding plays a pivotal role in fostering early physical development—a foundation that may influence later engagement in sports and active lifestyles. Moreover, the excellent safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines for breastfeeding women reinforces the integration of vaccination into public health education strategies aimed at promoting comprehensive maternal and child health.
These findings support the continued promotion of breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic, not only for its direct health benefits but also for its broader educational and developmental impacts. The study advocates for interdisciplinary public health initiatives that integrate health education, vaccination campaigns, and the encouragement of early physical activity as essential elements in optimizing long-term health outcomes.
Objective: The aim of this study is to provide an in-depth analysis of the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination on breastfeeding, with a focus on the potential transmission of the virus and the transfer of antibodies through breast milk to newborns.
Materials and Methods: A systematic review of current scientific literature from 2020 to 2024 was conducted, focusing on studies examining the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk, levels of anti SARS-CoV-2 antibodies after infection and vaccination, and the clinical implications for newborn health. The search utilized a combination of keywords and logical operators such as "SARS-CoV-2, "“COVID-19, "“coronavirus, "“breastfeeding, "“lactation, "“human milk, " “transmission, "“antibodies, "“vaccination, " and”immunization." Electronic databases searched included PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase. The review encompassed publications released from January 2020 to September 2024.
Conclusions: The analysis of available data indicates that the transmission of active virus through breast milk is extremely rare and does not pose a significant risk to the newborn. Detection of viral RNA in breast milk does not equate to the presence of replication-competent virus. Additionally, studies have shown that breast milk from both SARS-CoV-2-infected and COVID-19-vaccinated mothers contains specific antibodies, predominantly IgA and IgG. These antibodies may provide passive immunity to the newborn, potentially protecting against infection or mitigating disease severity. COVID-19 vaccination in breastfeeding women has been proven safe, with no significant adverse effects observed in mothers or their infants. The findings suggest that the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the potential risks of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Breastfeeding is recommended both during maternal infection and after COVID-19 vaccination. The available scientific evidence supports policies promoting breastfeeding as a safe and beneficial practice in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic
AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION, PHATOPHYSIOLOGY, CURRENT TREATMENT AND THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVES
No full textAge-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease leading to severe central vision loss and blindness in people over 60 years. [1] The pathogenesis of this disease is multifactorial and complex interactions of metabolic, functional genetic, and environmental factors - it is not fully known. [2] For the above reasons, the effectiveness of the therapies used is limited. Although the disease involves changes in the anatomical and functional complex, including photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), Bruch's membrane, and choriocapillaris layer, the essence of the disorder and its earliest stage is the progressive degeneration and atrophv of the RPE cells. leadina conseauentiv to irreversible damaae to photoreceptors.
Four processes occurring within the mentioned complex contribute to the development of AMD: lipofuscinogenesis, drusogenesis, inflammation, and neovascularization. [3
THE USE OF ANAESTHETIC METHODS IN ATHLETES' ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE IMPACT ON REHABILITATION AND QUALITY OF CARE
No full textBackground: Athletes aim for rapid, pain-free return to activity after injury, but many of them require surgery. As the choice of anesthesia for surgery affects postoperative recovery and patient satisfaction it is crucial to analyze which type of anesthesia is adequate.
Aim: This literature review was created to analyze the latest information on general versus regional anaesthesia on postoperative rehabilitation, pain management, length of hospital stay, and perceived quality of care in the context of orthopedic procedures in physically active patients.
Materials and methods: The review analyzed current literature from Pubmed and other medical databases published between 2000 and 2025.
Conclusion: A large number of factors must be taken into account when choosing what type of anaesthesia must be used. Patient collaboration, a holistic approach to the patient and understanding his needs influences the rehabilitation process and thus a faster return to health and physical activity
THE ROLE OF FAECAL MICROBIOTA TRANSPLANTATION (FMT) IN THE TREATMENT OF OBESITY — A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW INCLUDING THE LATEST RESEARCH FROM 2020–2025
No full textFMT is a very promising, though still experimental, method of influencing the composition and functioning of the gut microbiota. In recent years, more and more research teams have been focusing on its potential in the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and lipid metabolism disorders. Publications show that FMT can lead to permanent changes in the recipient's microbiome, including increased species diversity, an increase in the number of bacteria producing short-chain fatty acids, and modification of metabolic pathways related to glucose and lipid metabolism. The relationships between the gut microbiota and the functioning of the immune and nervous systems are also becoming better understood, opening up new therapeutic possibilities. The collection and critical analysis of clinical and experimental research results not only allows us to determine the safety and tolerance of this method, but also to indicate the directions in which future projects should be developed in order to fully assess its effectiveness in the long term.
The aim of the study was to collect and organise the results of clinical trials on the use of faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in people with obesity or metabolic syndrome, to assess the impact of this method on metabolic parameters, and to analyse the current state of knowledge on the impact of FMT on weight loss, metabolic parameters and gut microbiome composition in individuals with obesity, in light of studies from 2020–2025, and to identify the mechanisms of action of faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and determine its therapeutic potential in the treatment of obesity based on the results of the above-mentioned studies.
Ten randomised controlled trials comparing FMT with placebo or standard treatment were included in the analysis. It was found that faecal microbiota transplantation may have a beneficial effect on metabolic parameters such as insulin sensitivity and lipid profile, but its efficacy and durability require confirmation in longer, better-designed clinical trials
ASSOCIATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS WITH REACTION TIME, COGNITIVE FUNCTION AND PHYSICAL FITNESS
No full textBackground: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with systemic complications that may impair cognitive and motor functions. Simple reaction time (SRT) is a measure of sensory-motor performance and an important indicator of central nervous system processing speed.
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of diabetes mellitus on simple reaction time and cognitive abilities decline comparing results between individuals with diabetes and healthy controls.
Methods: A review paper based on studies found on PubMed and Google Scholar. The majority of metanalyses and studies involve two groups: a diabetic group (patients diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes) and a non-diabetic control group. Participants performed a standardized computer-based simple reaction time test. Reaction times were measured and statistically analyzed to assess differences between the groups.
Results: The results indicated that individuals with diabetes had significantly longer simple reaction times compared to the control group. The findings suggest that diabetes mellitus negatively affects sensory-motor integration and neural processing speed.
Conclusion: The study concludes that diabetes mellitus can impair cognitive-motor function as reflected in prolonged simple reaction times. This highlights the need for cognitive assessment and monitoring in diabetic patients as part of their routine clinical care
THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ORAL MICROBIOME AND RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: EXPLORING MUTUAL INFLUENCES AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
No full textIntroduction and objective: Periodontitis (PD) is caused by dysbiosis of the oral microbiome (OMB). The prevalence of PD is increased in RA patients. Both conditions have the ability to activate common inflammatory pathways. The OMB shift contributes to more severe course of PD and RA. This paper aims to summarize the impact of OMB on chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of PD and RA.
Description of the state of knowledge: The OMB can influence chronic inflammation and protein citrullination. The presence of antibodies against citrullinated peptides (ACPA) correlates with an increased incidence and severity of periodontitis. While numerous studies have reported a relationship between the OMB, PD and RA, the role of specific bacteria in RA remains unclear.
Methodology: A literature review was conducted using two databases - PubMed and Google Scholar - with search terms such as "oral microbiome”, “rheumatoid arthritis", "periodontal health”, “oral microbiota”, “periodontal disease”. Articles published within the last eight years were prioritized.
Conclusions: PD is more prevalent and severe particularly in ACPA-positive RA patients. Alterations in OMB are associated with systemic inflammation, contributing to RA progression. and worsening periodontal conditions. Periodontal treatment shows a potential to reduce RA activity, emphasizing the importance of dental care in RA. Anti-inflammatory treatments may restore oral homeostasis. Targeting the OMB offers a potential for managing RA and PD. Further research is needed to establish guidelines for personalized therapies and prophylaxis