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TYPES OF MOTOR AND MENTAL TRAINING AND THEIR IMPACT ON IMPROVING SKIERS' SKILLS – A REVIEW ARTICLE
Get PDFThis review article consolidates current evidence on the role of motor and mental training in enhancing skiing performance across alpine, cross-country, and ski jumping disciplines. Analysis of 21 original research studies revealed that simulation-based and imitative motor training significantly improve interlimb coordination, postural control, and technical precision—especially during ski turns and take-off phases. In ski jumping, biomechanical refinement and repetition-based imitation enhance energy transfer and movement stability.
Mental and perceptual training components—including psychological resilience, low anxiety, and predictive cognitive strategies—are associated with improved skill acquisition, faster reaction times, and more consistent performance under competitive stress. Balance training, particularly when sport-specific, was shown to predict technical proficiency and reduce fall-related injuries by improving neuromuscular control.
Injury prevention strategies focused on understanding key trauma mechanisms such as ACL-related slip-catch and improper landings, with emphasis placed on correcting technique and adapting equipment to skill level. Furthermore, strength and endurance training support fatigue resistance and biomechanical control, with special relevance to upper-body output in cross-country skiing and load management in alpine disciplines.
Youth-specific training strategies should be guided by biological maturity rather than chronological age to support safe and effective athletic development. Collectively, the findings support a multidisciplinary, individualized, and periodized approach to skier development. This synthesis provides evidence-based guidance for training program design and identifies areas for future longitudinal research
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE BRAIN IN CONTEXT OF ITS POTENTIAL USE IN THERAPY AND DISEASE PREVENTION
Get PDFIntroduction an purpose of the research. Physical activity and exercise stimulate our brain on several levels, including improving neuroplasticity, while promoting the formation of new synaptic connections and reshaping its anatomical structures, particularly the hippocampus. The aim of the review was to determine the current state of knowledge about the impact of physical activity and exercise on brain function and their potential therapeutic use in dementia, Alzheimer's disease and depression.
Material and methods. The search process included searching PubMed and Google Scholar by keyword. The selection of articles was based on the title and abstract.
Results. Muscles, under the influence of movement, begin to produce myokines and other substances that affect the nervous system. Only some of them are able to cross the blood-brain barrier. They affect the formation of new synaptic connections and changing of the brain structure, in particular the hippocampus. A special place in muscle-brain communication is occupied by BDNF, which stimulates the process of neuroplasticity, tissue regeneration and cognitive functions, and its production is increased by the work of skeletal muscles. These changes impact the development of cognitive functions and counteract the pathomechanisms of some diseases, such as dementia or Alzheimer's disease. The positive effect of physical exercise in the treatment of depression has also been proven.
Conclusions. Processes occurring in the human body during physical exercise affect the structure and function of the brain. Some studies show promising results with incorporating exercise into the treatment of dementia, Alzheimer's disease and depression
REPAIRING GENES, RESTORING STRENGTH: THE PROMISE OF MODERN GENE THERAPY IN DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Get PDFIntroduction: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe X-linked neuromuscular disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration due to mutations in the dystrophin gene. Current treatments primarily focus on symptom management. Delandistrogene moxeparvovec is a gene therapy designed to deliver a shortened, functional version of the dystrophin gene, potentially modifying disease progression.
Aim of the study: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of delandistrogene moxeparvovec in improving skeletal muscle function and physical performance in patients with DMD based on data from completed clinical trials.
Methodology: The analysis includes four published clinical trials involving ambulatory boys aged 4–8 years with confirmed dystrophin mutations. Primary outcomes focused on changes in the North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA), while secondary endpoints included time to rise from the floor and the 10-meter walk/run test. Study designs ranged from open-label to randomized, double-blind trials. Adverse events and regulatory outcomes were also considered.
Conclusions: Delandistrogene moxeparvovec demonstrated variable improvements in motor function, with more pronounced benefits in younger age groups. Some trials showed statistically significant results, while others failed to meet primary endpoints. Adverse events, including serious complications, were reported. The therapy received FDA approval in 2023 and 2024 for defined patient subgroups, though some decisions were made despite inconclusive efficacy data
BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN SEIZURE CONTROL AND QUALITY OF LIFE: STIRIPENTOL AND FENFLURAMINE IN DRAVET SYNDROME
Get PDFDravet syndrome is a severe, early childhood epileptic encephalopathy, most often associated with a mutation in the SCN1a gene characterized by drug resistance and high neurological burden. For many years treatment was limited to non-specific antiepileptic drugs, but recently new, targeted therapies have appeared, which have significantly improved the prognosis of patients. Stiripentol, modulating GABAergic transmission, has been approved as an adjuctive treatment in the treatment of Dravet syndrome, showing a significant reduction in the frequency of seizures in combination with clobazam and valproic acid. In turn, fenfluramine, acting on serotonin receptors, among others, has proven also effective. Both drugs have been approved by the FDA and EMA, constitiuting a breakthrough in the treatment of Dravet syndrome Their introduction has significantly improved the quality of life of patients and opened up new perspectives in the treatment of developmental epilepsies
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME: DIAGNOSIS, PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT AND BEHAVIOURAL INTERVENTIONS
Get PDFIntroduction and Objective: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder affecting women of all ages. PCOS is one of the most common causes of anovulatory infertility, affecting up to 47% of patients. This work aims to present diagnostic methods, the importance of lifestyle management, and treatment methods in women with PCOS.
Review Methods: A literature review was conducted using the PubMed database to identify relevant articles related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) using keywords: “Polycystic Ovary Syndrome”, “Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/diagnosis”, “Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/therapy”, “Phenotype”, “Infertility”, and “Life Style”.
Brief description of the state of knowledge: PCOS typically presents with hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovarian morphology, and oligoovulation. It also affects metabolism, body weight, cardiovascular and mental health. Diagnosis is based on the modified Rotterdam criteria, which require two of three conditions: oligo/amenorrhea, hyperandrogenism, or polycystic ovaries, while excluding similar disorders. Treatment should be individualized and address infertility, menstrual disturbances, or androgen-related symptoms. Lifestyle interventions, including diet, regular physical activity, and weight control, are the first-line strategy in PCOS management.
Summary: PCOS requires early diagnosis and individualized treatment tailored to the patient's symptoms and reproductive goals. Lifestyle modifications, including diet and physical activity, play a key role in improving hormonal balance, metabolic health, and fertility outcomes in affected women
THE ROLE OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE IN REDUCING INFLAMMATION IN PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS
Get PDFIntroduction and Aim: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic, progressive disease that leads to multi-organ failure. In its pathogenesis, inflammation plays a significant role, particularly due to the reduced frequency of regulatory T cells that modulate this process. The aim of this paper was to analyze the available scientific evidence to determine how physical activity influences the reduction of inflammation and its relevance in the therapy of systemic sclerosis.
Results: Systemic sclerosis is associated with a chronic inflammatory state, as indicated by elevated inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and ferritin, which correlate with disease severity and symptom progression. Physical activity demonstrates potential in modulating inflammation by lowering inflammatory markers and improving overall bodily function. Regular, supervised exercise in patients with SSc yields measurable benefits, enhancing exercise capacity, muscle strength, quality of life and respiratory function.
Materials and Methods: During the writing of this paper, data analysis was conducted based on a review of available articles published in the PubMed database. The following combination of keywords was used: „sport in systemic sclerosis", „physical exercise in systemic sclerosis", "sport in systemic sclerosis”, „inflammation in systemic sclerosis” „inflammation and exercise”. The following filters were applied: Free full text, Clinical Trial, Randomized Clinical Trial and within the last 10 years.
Conclusion: Chronic inflammation in systemic sclerosis accelerates the development of complications, while regular, moderate physical activity under supervision can improve physical capacity, microcirculation, and reduce inflammatory symptoms. However, further research is necessary to confirm the beneficial effects of exercise as a therapeutic intervention in systemic sclerosis
ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF MATCHA IN DRY EYE DISEASE PREVENTION: CAN MATCHA POLYPHENOLS IMPROVE OCULAR HYDRATION?
Get PDFDry eye disease (DED), characterized by unstable tear film and damage to the eye's surface, is becoming more common because of environmental and lifestyle factors. Conventional treatments often don’t fix the problems of oxidative stress and inflammation that cause it. This has led to interest in natural antioxidants like matcha, a type of green tea powder grown in the shade. Unlike conventional green tea, matcha contains higher concentrations of polyphenols, particularly epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). These polyphenols have strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This review explores matcha’s potential in preventing DED by analyzing its mechanisms of action, such as by removing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increasing endogenous antioxidants (e.g., superoxide dismutase). It also looks at how matcha reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6) through the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. The discussion also covers matcha’s effects on tear film stability through enhanced mucin secretion and meibomian gland function.
Studies show that green tea polyphenols can improve tear production and reduce corneal staining, though matcha-specific studies remain limited. New research shows that it has systemic benefits, including modulation of gut microbiota, which may indirectly support ocular health.
Challenges include optimizing dosage and delivery methods, but matcha’s bioavailability and ability to act on many targets make it a potentially helpful additional treatment. More clinical trials are needed to prove its efficacy. However, current information suggests it could help with the many factors that cause DED by balancing redox and reducing inflammation
THE IMPACT OF CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN ELDERLY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Get PDFIntroduction: Age-related cognitive decline is a growing public health concern, affecting daily functioning and quality of life. Recent studies suggest that creatine supplementation may improve cognitive performance by supporting mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress. However, findings are mixed. This systematic review examines the effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive functions in older adults.
Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. PubMed/Medline and EMBASE databases (2003–2025) were searched using the phrase “the effect of creatine supplementation on cognitive functions in the elderly.” After screening 35 studies, four systematic reviews and meta-analyses met inclusion criteria. These studies assessed cognitive function through neuropsychological tests measuring memory, attention, executive function, and processing speed.
Results: Meta-analyses indicated favorable effects of creatine on memory and processing speed in older adults. Xu et al. reported significant improvements in memory (SMD = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.18–0.44) and processing speed (SMD = −0.51, 95% CI: −1.01 to −0.01), with no significant effect on global cognition or executive function. Prokopidis et al. found the most pronounced effects in adults aged 66–76. McMorris et al. highlighted inconsistencies across studies, while Stares et al. found no additional benefit when creatine was combined with resistance training.
Conclusions: Creatine supplementation may offer moderate cognitive benefits, particularly for memory and processing speed, in older adults—especially those with low baseline creatine or cardiovascular issues. Effects on global cognition and executive function appear limited. More high-quality, long-term randomized controlled trials are needed. Creatine’s neuroprotective properties may support its use in cognitive health strategies, especially alongside physical activity and proper nutrition
WHEN SARCOIDOSIS CHALLENGES PERFORMANCE: PULMONARY AND SPLENIC DISEASE IN A YOUNG ATHLETE
Get PDFSarcoidosis, also known as Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease, is a granulomatous disease of unknown etiology, with multisystemic manifestations that can affect performance and physical capacity in athletes. In most early-stage cases (stage I and II), the disease may resolve spontaneously without treatment. However, when sarcoidosis presents with atypical features such as splenomegaly, especially in physically active individuals or athletes, the prognosis may be more severe, potentially affecting exercise tolerance, recovery time, and return to training. A comprehensive diagnostic approach, combining clinical evaluation with radiological and histopathological confirmation, is essential. Splenomegaly has been associated with poorer outcomes in pulmonary sarcoidosis compared to favorable signs like erythema nodosum or arthritis. This article presents the case of a 22-year-old female patient, whose pulmonary sarcoidosis was complicated by splenomegaly. The case underlines the importance of early recognition in active individuals and timely intervention to improve prognosis and preserve physical performance.
Methods: The authors reviewed literature from ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Google Scholar, and UpToDate, focusing on sarcoidosis. The review emphasized the importance of combining clinical, radiological, and histopathological data for diagnosis, and noted that splenomegaly worsens prognosis in pulmonary sarcoidosis, while erythema nodosum and arthritis are linked to better outcomes.
Conclusions: In physically active patients, especially athletes, atypical manifestations such as splenomegaly in pulmonary sarcoidosis may lead to significant performance decline and delay in returning to training. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial not only for controlling disease progression but also for minimizing long-term impact on aerobic capacity, muscle strength, and recovery time. Clinicians should consider sarcoidosis in the differential diagnosis of unexplained fatigue, dyspnea, or decreased performance in young athletes
STROKES - ASSOCIATION WITH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND COVID -19. REHABILITATION AFTER STROKE SUCH AS MUSICGLOVES THERAPY
Get PDFThis article is a systematic review of strokes, their classification, diagnosis and the influence of physical activity on the incidence, taking into account training intensity.
In addition, this publication addresses the aspect of the relationship between strokes and COVID-19. Also included is information on an innovative method of upper limb rehabilitation in stroke patients - Music Glove.
Aim of study and materials: In order to describe the impact of physical activity on the risk of stroke, taking into account all the above-mentioned aspects, a review of the PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, Elsevier and ViaMedica databases was conducted. Finally, 24 review articles, meta-analyses, case reports, clinical and comparative studies were included, and WHO guidelines and other scientific literature were used as support.
Conclusion: Strokes are the second most common cause of death worldwide, as well as the most common cause of disability. One of the important, modifiable, and often overlooked risk factors for a stroke incident is a lack of or low physical activity. It is worth emphasizing that a positive effect is attributed to regular, moderate physical activity. High-performance, high-intensity sports can be dangerous in terms of the risk of stroke