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Vrai ou faux 1. Un travail du sol ponctuel en agriculture de conservation des sols est délétère pour la vie du sol
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Review: Exploring the use of Precision Livestock Farming for small ruminant welfare management
No full textInternational audienceSmall ruminant (sheep and goat) production of meat and milk is undertaken in diverse topographical and climatic environments and the systems range from extensive tointensive. This could lead to different types of welfare compromise, which need to be managed. Implementing Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) and other new or innovative technologies could help to manage or monitor animal welfare. This paper explores such opportunities, seeking to identify promising aspects of PLF that may allow improved management of welfare for small ruminants using literature search (2 reviews), workshops in 9 countries (France, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Norway, Romania, Spain, and the United Kingdom) with 254 stakeholders, and panels with 52 experts. An investigation of the main welfare challenges that may affect sheep and goats across the different management systems in Europe was undertaken, followed by a prioritisation of animal welfare issues obtained in the 9 countries. This suggested that disease and health issues, feed access and undernutrition/malnutrition, maternal behaviour/offspring losses, environmental stressors and issues with agonistic behavioural interactions were important welfare concerns. These welfare issues and their indicators (37 for sheep, 25 for goats) were categorised into four broad welfare indicator categories: weight loss or change in body state (BWC), behavioural change (BC), milk yield and quality (MY), and environmental indicators (Evt). In parallel, 24 potential PLF and innovative technologies (8 for BWC; 10 for BC; 4 for MY; 6 for Evt) that could be relevant to monitor these broad welfare indicator categories and provide novel approaches to manage and monitor welfare have been identified. Some technologies had the capacity to monitor more than one broad indicator. Out of the 24 technologies, only 12 were animal-based sensors, or that could monitor the animal individually. One alternative could be to incorporate a risk management approach to welfare, using aspects of environmental stress. This could provide an early warning system for the potential risks of animal welfare compromise and alert farmers tothe need to implement mitigation actions
Reducing the imperviousness of urban soils to enhance the quality of surface water: obstacles and levers to implementing ecological runoff management in the south of France
No full textInternational audienceUrban pavements, which help to maintain clean and secure streets, generate large amounts of runoff that aggravate flooding and degrade the quality of surface water. In the context of ecological and climatic crisis, they also contribute to the creation of heat islands in cities, as well as hindering biodiversity. So greening cities must be encouraged. Our article highlights the case of Montpellier - Mediterranean Metropolis (Montpellier 3M, Southern France), which is undergoing one of the highest rates of demographic and urban growth in France. It asks questions around the impact of increased construction on the quality of water in small and fragile coastal catchment areas by the Mediterranean. It also examines local collective action in an attempt to identify the brakes and levers on greening initiatives for the effective management of runoff water, encouraged by legislation: de -paving, setting up rain gardens and returning to permeable urban soils. We use empirical material collected during sociological research in addition to hydrological and chemical measurements. Our aim was to elucidate the perspectives of a wide range of stakeholders, since an understanding of these is crucial in adapting blue-green infrastructure to the local context so that it is both efficient and accepted as a legitimate solution. Our examination suggests ways to think democratically about the dismantling of bitumen road paving to slow down urban water flows and thus improve the habitability of Southern European cities in a context of climatic and ecological crisis
The complete chloroplast genome of Marupa (Simarouba amara Aubl., Simaroubaceae)
No full textMarupa (Simarouba amara Aublet 1775) is a tropical tree of the family Simaroubaceae. It is commonly used for its wood in the Amazonian forest, and it is an important species for restoring degraded environments. Yet, very little genetic resources are available to study this plant. In this paper, we sequenced for the first time the complete chloroplast genome of Marupa, using Oxford Nanopore long-read technology. The genome is 159,838?bp, includes 131 genes in total and presents a classic quadripartite structure. Its length and structure are similar to those of sister species of the Simaroubaceae family. A maximum likelihood phylogeny of the order Sapindale reveals that Simarouba amara is well positioned in its family. This complete plastome is a first step towards a better analysis of Marupa future evolution
Improving the triphenylphosphine/triphenylphosphine oxide (TPP/TPPO)‐based method for the absolute and accurate quantification by FTIR‐ATR of hydroperoxides in oils or lipid extracts
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Research on natural sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for both food and nutraceutical prospects has significantly grown in recent years. Some plant oils and lipid extracts contain carotenoids, xanthophylls, sterols, and/or phenolic compounds that can provoke a lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs) overestimation when quantifying them using nonselective colorimetric assays. Herein, we have optimized a mid‐infrared method using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) to quantify LOOHs in oils or lipid extracts. This method is based on the conversion of triphenylphosphine (TPP) to triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) in the presence of hydroperoxides, with a direct assessment of TPPO levels following the formation of an oil film on the ATR crystal's surface, allowing for a low detection limit of 0.5 mmol of LOOH kg −1 . The concentration of oil and TPP, as well as the reaction time, were optimized. It was demonstrated that the presence of pigments, unsaponifiable compounds, phenolics, and/or PUFAs on oils, do not disrupt the analysis. Furthermore, the stoichiometry of the TPP/LOOH reaction was examined, confirming the reliability of the method in detecting various forms of hydroperoxides. An accelerated oxidation study was carried out and the hydroperoxide contents measured using TPP/TPPO were found to be comparable to those obtained using the ferric thiocyanate method. Our method offers a fast, simple, robust, and sensitive approach to accurately quantify hydroperoxides, regardless of the chemical composition of oil or lipid extracts. Practical Application : The hydroperoxide assay method outlined in this study allows for the rapid and straightforward detection of hydroperoxides in pure oil matrices. The method's elevated sensitivity facilitates the early identification of oxidation indicators in oils, especially those with significant carotenoid or xanthophyll contents since these compounds may affect the results when using methods based on colorimetric quantification of hydroperoxides. This accurate, precise, and reproducible approach requires only small quantities of test samples and chemical products, making it well suited to routine application in laboratories and industrial environments
Grille d’analyse des facteurs de performance des organisations de développement local : conception et test dans les oasis du Todgha au Maroc
No full textInternational audienceفي واحات جنوب شرق المغرب، تحتل تنظيمات التنمية المحلية غالباً مكانة مركزية في التنمية. وقد شهدت هذه التنظيمات زيادة ملحوظة خلال العقدين الأخيرين بالرغم من التحديات التي تواجهها: مثل نقص الاستقلال المالي وضعف الدعم التقني والاستراتيجي. وبهدف فهم أهمية المكون الجماعي في هذه الديناميكية، يهدف مقالنا إلى تحليل عوامل نجاح منظمات التنمية المحلية من خلال قياس أداء العمل الجماعي باستخدام شبكة تحليل تم بناؤها بالتعاون مع الفاعلين الميدانيين. تعتمد هذه الشبكة على عوامل ومؤشرات لقياس أداء العمل الجماعي تم تحديدها بشكل تشاركي مع مختلف المتدخلين في هذا الميدان على مستوى واحات تودغى. ترتبط هذه العوامل بشكل التنظيمات، ونوعية حوكمتها، وكذا طبيعة أنشطتها. ووفق منهج دوري وتراكمي، تمت مناقشة وتطوير هذه الشبكة أولاً مع ثلاث منظمات تنمية محلية، ثم تمت المصادقة عليها من قبل 9 باحثين وفاعلين في الميدان (خبراء، فلاحين، أعضاء في منظمات تنمية محلية، مؤسسات). في المرحلة الثانية، تم تطبيق الشبكة على منظمتين للتنمية المحلية في واحات تودغى. أظهرت النتائج المتحصل عليها أن أداء التنظيمات يعتمد على عوامل داخلية مثل خصائص أعضاء وقادة هذه التنظيمات (مثل النزاهة، الإصرار، الثقة…)، وعوامل خارجية مثل القدرة على استغلال فرص التمويل والشراكات والتعاون. انطلاقا من استخدام هذه الشبكة في سياق واحات تودغى، فإنه يمكن كذلك اعتمادها وتكييفها في سياقات أخرى لتقييم أداء التنظيمات.In the oasis of south-eastern Morocco, local development organizations have often played a central role in rural development. Over the past two decades, their number has grown remarkably despite the challenges they face, such as lack of financial autonomy and weak technical and strategic support. Based on our curiosity as to the importance of the collective aspect in this dynamic, our article aims to analyze the success factors of local development organizations by measuring the performance of collective action, using an analysis grid co-constructed with actors in the field. To this end, during a development site work in the Todgha oasis, we identified factors and indicators for measuring the performance of collective action. Linked to the origin of the organizations, their governance and the nature of their activities, these factors were brought together in a grid. Following an iterative and evolutionary process, this grid was first discussed and elaborated with three local development organizations, then validated with 9 researchers and actors (experts, farmers, members of local development organizations, institutions). The grid was then applied to two local development organizations in the Todgha oasis. The results show that organizational performance depends on internal factors such as the characteristics of members and leaders (kindness, perseverance, trust…), and external factors such as the ability to seize funding, partnership and cooperation opportunities. Applied to an oasis context, this grid could be used and adapted to other contexts to assess organizational performance.Dans les oasis du Sud-Est du Maroc, les organisations de développement local ont souvent occupé une place centrale dans le développement rural. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, leur nombre a connu un accroissement remarquable malgré les défis auxquels elles sont confrontées tels que le manque d’autonomie financière et le faible accompagnement technique et stratégique. Partant de la curiosité sur l’importance du collectif dans la dynamique de constitution de ces organisations, notre article a pour but d’analyser les facteurs de réussite des organisations de développement local à travers la mesure de performance de l’action collective à l’aide d’une grille d’analyse co-construite avec les acteurs du terrain. Pour ce faire, nous avons identifié, lors d’un stage de développement réalisé dans les oasis de Todgha, des facteurs et indicateurs de mesure de la performance de l’action collective. Liés à l’origine des organisations, à leur gouvernance et à la nature de leurs activités, ces facteurs ont été regroupés dans une grille. Suivant un processus itératif et évolutif, cette grille a été d’abord élaborée et discutée avec trois organisations de développement local, puis validée avec 9 chercheurs ainsi que des acteurs du terrain (experts, agriculteurs, membres d’organisations de développement local, institutionnels). Dans un deuxième temps, la grille a été appliquée à deux organisations de développement local dans les oasis de Todgha. Les résultats montrent que la performance des organisations dépend de facteurs internes tels que les caractéristiques des membres et des leaders de ces organisations (bonté, persévérance, confiance…), et des facteurs externes comme leur capacité à saisir les opportunités de financements, de partenariat et de coopération. Appliquée à un contexte oasien, cette grille pourrait être utilisée et adaptée à d’autres contextes pour évaluer la performance des organisations
Anticipation under the human right to science and under other social and cultural rights
No full textInternational audienc
Epidaure Market–Effectiveness and transferability of a school-based intervention to improve healthy and sustainable food choices by schoolchildren: protocol of a randomized controlled trial and qualitative study
No full textInternational audienceContext:At least 40% of cancers are linked to environmental or behavioral factors, and dietary behavior appears to be a major lever. Epidaure Market is a prevention initiative developed using a method for co-constructing health promotion initiatives and prevention programs that stratifies evidence from the scientific literature and combines it with experiential knowledge (DEVA, TPB, BCT). It promotes a sustainable diet (i.e., healthy, ecological and ethical nutrition) among 5th and 4th grade students during the crucial period of adolescence, when these behaviors are often far from the recommendations. Method:The protocol implemented was carried out in 72 middle school classes in the Montpellier and Dijon academies. The intervention included teaching sessions and a virtual supermarket game, integrated into the school curriculum and delivered by science teachers. Effectiveness is tested in a cluster randomized controlled trial with 3 evaluation times (pre- and post-intervention and 1 follow-up). The study also includes an implementation assessment, with process analysis and implementation elements, as well as a transferability assessment based on key functions (FIC model and Astaire grid). Expected outcomes:The study is still underway within the school. The primary expected outcome is a positive influence on the motives underlying food choices to move towards a sustainable diet. Secondary expectations involve changes in variables such as self-efficacy and perceived social norms, as well as an increase in knowledge about healthy eating. We also expect the qualitative approaches to provide information on the deployment process in the new territories. Discussion:The study aims not only to demonstrate the effectiveness of Epidaure Market, but also to identify the optimal conditions for its nationwide implementation in France’s middle schools. Ultimately, the initiative aims to help reduce the incidence of cancer by promoting healthier eating habits among teenagers
Le groupement artisanal de l’Antiquité tardive de Las Cravieros à Fanjeaux (Aude) : lieu de production de poteries, de matériaux de construction et du travail du fer – deuxième rapport de la 2e triennale (2022-2024), 2023
No full textMessages et enseignements du projet Explore2
No full textCe document résume les principales conclusions sur l'évolution de variables climatiques et hydrologiques (surface et souterrain) et des aléas hydroclimatiques, obtenues à l'issue du projet Explore2. Il s'achève par des messages et enseignements du projet Explore2 sur le volet scientifique et le volet accompagnement des acteurs