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Quels usages des données des observatoires de la zone critique (IR OZCAR) pour répondre aux enjeux des territoires ?
No full textInternational audienceLes observatoires de l’Infrastructure de Recherche OZCAR (Observatoires de la Zone Critique Applications et Recherche, https://www.ozcar-ri.org/) ont été initialement mis en place pour répondre à une question scientifique qui était d’intérêt pour la société. Pour répondre à ces enjeux, un ensemble de variables documentant les conditions météorologiques, l’hydrogéochimie en surface ou dans les aquifères, les flux de surface, les sols, mais aussi l’usage des terres ou les pratiques sont collectées parfois depuis de longues années. Dans le cadre de la science ouverte, ces données sont partagées selon les principes FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable).Mais une question récurrente est l’utilité de la mise à disposition de ces données et l’usage qui peut en être fait par les acteurs des territoires ou les citoyens. On peut mentionner un premier usage des données dans la formation universitaire ou initiale. L’implication de long terme dans les territoires étudiés a aussi permis de nouer des relations durables avec les acteurs de ces territoires : syndicats de bassins, collectivités territoriales, agences de l’eau, ONF, Parcs Naturels Régionaux, associations, agriculteurs, citoyens permettant souvent, mais pas systématiquement, un usage direct des données produites dans l’IR OZCAR par ces acteurs. Les données qualifiées de plusieurs sites de l’IR OZCAR sont ainsi utilisées pour la gestion de l’alimentation en eau potable de plusieurs villes ou communes, des systèmes d’alerte de crues (dans ce cas en temps quasi-réel ou l’analyse a posteriori d’épisodes problématiques, la quantification de la ressource en eau (quantité, qualité), connaitre la qualité des sols, ou suivre des restaurations de zones humides.Néanmoins, soumis à des pressions et à des perturbations dont l’amplitude et la fréquence augmentent, les acteurs des territoires sollicitent de plus en plus les observatoires de la Zone Critique pour obtenir des données, des tendances, des projections qui les accompagneront dans la rédaction de documents réglementaires ou l’aide à la décision, et sont aussi demandeurs de médiation scientifique. Au-delà des données, les décideurs, les élus, lescitoyens souhaitent que les scientifiques leur fournissent des synthèses ou des indicateurs plus directement utilisables que les données brutes. Ainsi, ce sont de nouvelles missions et de nouveaux métiers qui émergent : faire des observatoires des lieus de rencontres entre acteurs des territoires et scientifiques, des lieux de co-construction des savoirs et des questions de recherches, d’implication des citoyens dans la métrologie (sciences participatives) pour mieux aider les territoires à répondre aux enjeux d’habitabilité de la Terre
Making a case for power-sensitive water modelling: a literature review
No full textInternational audienceModels are widely used to research hydrological change and risk. However, the power embedded in the modelling process and outcomes is often concealed by claiming their neutrality. Our review shows that in the scientific literature relatively little attention is given to the influence of models on development processes and outcomes in water governance. At the same time, an emerging body of work offering critical insights into the political implications of hydrological models and a nuanced understanding of their application in context has begun to flourish. Drawing on this work, we call for power-sensitive modelling which includes the following considerations: take a holistic approach to modelling beyond programming and coding; foster accountability; work towards just and equitable water distributions; be transparent about the expectations and choices made; and democratise modelling by giving space to and being mindful of representations of multiple bodies of knowledge and multiple stakeholders and by incorporating marginalised people and nature into the modelling process. Our call should not be understood as a suggestion to do away with modelling altogether, but rather as an invitation to interrogate how quantitative models may help to foster transformative pathways towards more just and equitable water distributions
DigitAF Deliverable 2.5: Plan for improvement of existing tools/models for tree and crop productivity
No full textThe DigitAF research project (July 2022 - June 2026), funded by the European Commission, aims at a high quality implementation of agroforestry to foster climate change mitigation and adaptation in agriculture and to ensure sustainable management of natural resources. Our goal is to provide stakeholders with tools answering their needs, in particular digital tools. This report presents our plans for improving existing tools and models used to predict tree and/or crop productivity (and potentially other performance indicators) in different conditions of soil, climate (including climate change), type of system, management, etc. . The envisioned improvements fall into 2 categories:-Improving the reliability of the models and tools to fulfil adequately the practitioner’s needs identified in the surveys performed in the Living Labs. This requires including new formalisms to represent e.g. management options that the practitioners wish to compare, or adapting or testing models/tools to new conditions.-Improving the FAIRness score of models and tools, according to the FAIRness criteria developed in WP4. Particular focus has been put on interoperability, because the models were developed somewhat independently, often several years ago and did not have a web 2.0/3.0 concept in mind. Therefore, there are limited data sharing standards to describe AFS and allow interoperability between the different models and tools. This results in duplicate data entries, difficulties for using outputs of one model as inputs for another one, and the impossibility to reuse modules of one model in new models. Another important aspect that we’ll focus on is improving the usability of tools, based on feedback from the stakeholders in the Living Labs. Tools adapted/developed during the project will serve as demonstration vectors for engagement towards the FAIR principles to boost their usage and applicability between peers (other researchers, students, etc.) and downstream marketable applied tools
Premier signalement de Spanagonicus albofasciatus sur l’île de La Réunion (Hemiptera, Miridae, Phylinae, Nasocorini)
No full textInternational audienceAs part of a study of functional biodiversity in sugarcane agrosystems aimed at developing management strategies for sugarcane pests, an arthropod trapping system was set up over a two-year period. As a result of these collections, Spanagonicus albofasciatus (Reuter, 1907), a species of bug of American origin, was reported for the first time in La Réunion. Thirty-two individuals of this species were caught in and around sugarcane plots, most of them above 500 m altitude. The biology of the species is presented below. Although its introduction does not appear to be deliberate, this bug already seems to be well established.Spanagonicus albofasciatus (Reuter, 1907), une espèce de punaise d’origine américaine, est signalée pour la première fois à La Réunion. Dans le cadre d’une étude de la biodiversité fonctionnelle en agrosystèmes canniers visant à développer des stratégies de gestion des ravageurs de la canne à sucre, un dispositif de piégeages des arthropodes a été mis en place sur deux ans. Suite aux collectes effectuées, 32 individus de cette espèce ont été capturés dans et à proximité des parcelles de canne à sucre situées majoritairement au-dessus de 500 m d’altitude. Les éléments de biologie connus sont présentés. Si son introduction ne semble pas être volontaire, cette punaise semble déjà bien installée
TechCare: Technologies to manage the welfare of sheep and goats – from pilots to large-scale studies
No full textSession 42. Digital technologies for managementInternational audienceAn animal communicates its welfare state through changes in behaviour and physiology. TechCare explores potential technologies to manage the welfare of sheep and goats along the value chain. After stakeholders prioritised welfare issues in the nine project countries, technologies were identified, selected and tested in sheep and goat pilot farms in various environments. Thirteen technologies were evaluated in 5 countries (France, Israel, Italy, Norway, UK). Welfare assessments were also carried out. Five technologies were subsequently retained for further evaluation on commercial farms in 5 countries: indoor/outdoor weather stations and EID tags/readers (France, Greece, Ireland, Romania, Spain); automatic weight crates (Ireland, Spain); milk tank weighers and milk meters (France, Greece, Romania, Spain). Between 10 and 15 farms in each large scale country have been recruited, and welfare assessments are being undertaken, alongside data recorded by the technologies. This will guide the selection of optimal technologies for managing welfare on small ruminant farms
The impacts of combining incentives on carpooling for commuting in the Paris region
No full textInternational audienceCarpooling is one solution to help reduce the negative externalities of solo driving. The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of incentives on solo drivers’ intention to carpool. A questionnaire survey was carried out among 1,329 participants, including 590 (38.39%) residents of the Paris metropolitan area who use a car to get to work. Modal choice estimates were modeled using multinomial logit and binomial logit econometric models for car drivers only. First, we analyzed the effect of non-financial incentives, such as nudges and trust in others during the carpooling trip. Second, we analyzed the effect of the combination of nudges with employer subsidies for sustainable mobility on the intention to carpool as a driver or passenger for the home-to-work (or home-to-school) commute. The results show that people aged 18–49, employees, and those with higher levels of education are more receptive to behavioral interventions such as nudges. Applying nudges in isolation is more effective at encouraging carpooling for commuting than combining nudges with employers’ subsidies for sustainable mobility
An Eltonian proxy for restoring a lost browser-tree interaction
No full textInternational audienceMany South American dry woodlands lack good historical or paleoecological baseline data to inform restoration and conservation. However, functionalist approaches such as those popularized by rewilding suggest that functional interactions producing target ecosystem processes are valid even without data confirming compositionalist values such as a long coevolutionary histories or known historical range overlaps of target species. In central Chile, the guanaco (Lama guanicoe) has been extirpated but is known to browse trees in other regions of South America, and the tree Vachellia [Acacia] caven shows adaptations to browsing but has no extant browsers within its Chilean range. Both species are native to Chile but there are no data to assess their historical levels of interaction. Here we test the hypothesis that they can act as mutual “Eltonian proxy” species: interacting species for which we lack sufficient data (the Eltonian shortfall) to prove they are not proxies. Specifically we predict that they have complementary adaptations such that guanacos will browse Vachellia [Acacia] caven and the latter will show adaptive responses to their browsing. We introduced five guanacos into an enclosure of Vachellia [Acacia] caven “espinal” woodland, and over two years measured the growth responses of individual branches, compared to branches of trees in an area without browsing. We predicted that Vachellia [Acacia] caven would show compensatory growth in response to guanaco browsing resulting in an increase in branching. Guanacos browsed throughout the two years. In the presence of guanaco browsing, Vachellia [Acacia] caven branches grew longer, grew more sub-branches, and showed more densely streamlined branch architectures. These results indicate that guanacos could be used to substitute anthropogenic pruning as a restoration and management technique in Vachellia [Acacia] caven “espinal” woodlands. However, other extinct megaherbivores or extirpated deer may also be key components of a past herbivore community to which Vachellia [Acacia] caven was adapted. Further attention to a network of multiple interacting browsers, and their indirect and nontrophic effects, is an area for further research
Recent advances in the study of serpentine plants and ecosystems: Perspectives from the 10th International Conference on Serpentine Ecology, France
No full textInternational audienceThe 10th International Conference on Serpentine Ecology was held in Nancy, France on 12–16 June, 2023. As a major international scientific forum in the field of serpentine (ultramafic) ecology, this conference brings together botanists, zoologists, microbiologists, physiologists, geneticists, geologists, soil scientists, and other applied specialists studying the ecology of ultramafic rocks and soil. A notable aspect of these meetings is the multidisciplinary nature of research on ultramafic biota, including diversity, ecology, evolution, physiology, and applied research in phytotechnologies and conservation. The main goals of the conference were to create a platform for the exchange of ideas and experiences and to promote scientific dialogue among scientists from numerous fields who share expertise in the study of ultramafic habitats worldwide. In this Special Issue we present the major topics and provide some highlights of the contributions to the 10th International Conference on Serpentine Ecology