HAL-CIRAD
Not a member yet
54841 research outputs found
Sort by
Seroprevalence and renal carriage of pathogenic Leptospira in livestock in Cotonou, Benin
No full textThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1002/vms3.143The data that supports the findings of this study are available in the supplementary material of this article.We assert that the sampling protocol adhered to French and European legislation on the treatment and usage of animals (Directive2010/63/EC and French Administrative Decision 118-2013/02/01). The field work was conducted in accordance with the procedure approved by VetAgroSup Ethic Committee (agreementn◦2349).International audienceBACKGROUND: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease. It is particularly prevalent in tropical countries and has major consequences for human and animal health. In Benin, the disease's epidemiology remains poorly understood, especially in livestock, for which data are lacking.OBJECTIVES: To characterise Leptospira seroprevalence and locally circulating serogroups in livestock from Cotonou and to estimate the prevalence of Leptospira renal carriage in cattle.METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in February 2020 during which livestock were sampled at an abattoir and in an impoverished city district. We analysed blood samples from 279 livestock animals (i.e. cattle, sheep, goats and pigs) using the microscopic agglutination test. Additionally, samples of renal tissue from 100 cattle underwent 16s rRNA (rrs) real-time PCR analysis.RESULTS: For the 131 cattle, 85 sheep, and 50 goats tested, seroprevalence was 18% (95% confidence interval [CI] [12%, 26%]), 9% (95% CI [4%, 17%] and 2% (95% CI [0%, 9%]), respectively, and most of the seropositive animals were associated with 1:100 titres. All 13 pigs were seronegative. Leptospira DNA was found in the renal tissue of 10% (95% CI [5%, 18%]) of the cattle tested (n=100). Leptospira borgpetersenii was the main species present (n=7), but Leptospira interrogans (n=2) and Leptospira kirschneri (n=1) were also detected. Various serogroups (Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Sejroe, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, Pyrogenes, Australis and Autumnalis) were detected using microscopic agglutination test without a clear predominance of any of them.CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that abattoir workers and people living in close contact with livestock in poor urban areas are exposed to the risk of Leptospira infection
Évaluation de critères de sélection de noyaux pour la régression Ridge à noyau dans un contexte de petits jeux de données
No full textInternational audienc
Histoire et perspectives des territoires et des organisations. Quelles innovations sociales et organisationnelles ?
No full textInternational audienc
Integrated, multi-scale and multi-objective design of batch food processing plants. Part 2: Application to a mobile fruit and vegetable processing unit
No full textInternational audienceThe design of food processing plants that are plug-and-play, reconfigurable, modular, mobile and containerised is a complex task. The "Methodology for the integrated, multi-scale and multi-objective design of systems" can be used to design such systems. This was developed and the various tasks that make it up presented in a previous article by Savoure et al. (2023) (references to be specified). The aim of this study is to assess the potential of this methodology to design a mobile fruit and vegetable processing unit. Firstly, a design support tool was developed to (i) simulate the behaviour and estimate the performances of design solutions, (ii) convert their performances into desirability indices using the decision maker's preferences and (iii) search for the design solution(s) that best satisfy the decision maker's design objectives. The results were then visualised and analysed to ensure that the resulting design solution was a satisfying, feasible and coherent trade-off. This analysis also helped to understand (i) which design variables, models and assumptions drove the design decision the most and (ii) which final products, design objectives, performance indicators and preference models influenced the optimisation process the most. In particular, it showed that one of the products (okra puree) limited the performance of the design solution. Finally, this work increased the level of understanding of the design problem and challenged the preferences of the decision maker
European LEADER Programme (2014–2022) and Local Action for Territorial Development: The Paradox of Innovation
No full textInternational audienceIn this chapter, the LEADER approach is analysed from the perspective of the different forms of local public action in support of territorial innovation. Instead of focusing on economic competitiveness, the LEADER approach seeks to promote innovation through the dissemination of new techniques or new production and service processes (technological innovation). Innovation also takes the form of new ways of organization and functioning of the economy (social innovation), and new ways of using or consuming a product or service (innovation in use). These three forms of innovation form the frame of reference for the LEADER approach, a frame of reference established by public policy with the intention of creating added value in public action in support of territorial development. In general, the LEADER approach is intended as a source and stimulator of multiple experiments and innovative solutions for the rural environment, in terms of both method and action.As part of a detailed analysis of the coordination of local action in support of territorial innovation, in this research we carried out a case study based on the evaluation of projects financed by the LEADER programme in two LAGs (Local Action Groups): the Pays Pyrénées Méditerranée, located in Roussillon, and the Pays Cœur d'Hérault, in the hinterland of Montpellier. The study focused on identifying the innovation processes at work in a total of 251 projects using a common assessment grid for both LAGs, the creation of a database with the characteristics of each project, and statistical and cartographic processing
Climate anomalies and neighbourhood crowding interact in shaping tree growth in old‐growth and selectively logged tropical forests
No full textInternational audienceClimate extremes and biotic interactions at the neighbourhood scale affect tropical forest dynamics with long‐term consequences for biodiversity, global carbon cycling and climate change mitigation. However, forest disturbance may change crowding intensity, and thus the relative contribution of climate extremes and neighbourhood interactions on tree growth, thereby influencing tropical forest resistance and resilience to climate change. Here, we aim to evaluate the separate and interactive effects of climate and neighbours on tree growth in old‐growth and disturbed tropical forests. We used 30 years of growth measurements for over 300 tropical tree species from 15 forest plots in French Guiana to investigate the separate and interactive effects of climate anomalies (in solar radiation, maximum temperature, vapour pressure deficit and climatic water deficit) and neighbourhood crowding on individual tree growth. Contrasting old‐growth and selectively logged forests, we also examined how disturbance history affects tree growth sensitivity to climate and neighbours. Finally, for the most abundant 100 species, we evaluated the role of 12 functional traits pertaining to water relations, light and carbon use in mediating tree growth sensitivity to climate anomalies, neighbourhood crowding and their interactions. Climate anomalies tied to heat and drought stress and neighbourhood crowding independently reduced tree growth, and showed positive interactive effects which attenuated their separate effects on tree growth. Their separate and interactive effects were stronger in disturbed than undisturbed forests. Fast‐growing species (i.e. higher intrinsic growth rates) were more abundant in disturbed forests and more sensitive to climate anomalies and neighbourhood crowding. Traits related to water relations, light and carbon use captured species sensitivities to different climate anomalies and neighbourhood crowding levels but were weak predictors of their interactions. Synthesis : Our results demonstrate that climate anomalies and neighbourhood crowding can interact to shape tropical tree growth, suggesting that considering the biotic context may improve predictions of tropical forest dynamics facing altered climate regimes. Furthermore, species traits can capture tree growth sensitivity to the separate effects of climate and neighbours, suggesting that better representing leading functional dimensions in tropical tree strategies offers a promising way towards a better understanding of the underlying ecological mechanisms that govern tropical forest dynamics.Les extrêmes climatiques ainsi que les interactions biotiques à l'échelle du voisinage, affectent la dynamique des forêts tropicales, avec des conséquences à long terme pour la biodiversité, le cycle global du carbone et l'atténuation du changement climatique. Cependant, les perturbations forestières peuvent faire varier localement les voisinages, et ainsi modifier la contribution relative des extrêmes climatiques et des interactions de voisinage sur la croissance des arbres, ce qui peut impacter la résistance et la résilience des forêts tropicales au changement climatique. Nos travaux visent à évaluer les effets individuels et interactifs du climat et des voisins sur la croissance des arbres dans les forêts tropicales non‐pertubées et perturbées. Nous avons utilisé 30 ans de mesures de croissance pour plus de 300 espèces d'arbres tropicaux provenant de 15 parcelles forestières en Guyane française pour étudier les effets individuels et interactifs des anomalies climatiques (en termes de rayonnement solaire, de température maximale, de déficit de pression de vapeur, et de déficit hydrique climatique) et des interactions de voisinage sur la croissance individuelle des arbres. En comparant les forêts exploitées sélectivement aux forêtsnon‐pertubées, nous avons également examiné comment l'historique des perturbations peut influencer la sensibilité de la croissance des arbres au climat et aux voisins. Enfin, pour les 100 espèces les plus abondantes, nous avons évalué le rôle de 12 traits fonctionnels reflétant les relations hydriques, l'utilisation de la lumière et du carbone sur la réponse de la croissance des arbres aux anomalies climatiques, aux interactions de voisinage et à leurs interactions. Les anomalies climatiques liées aux stress thermique et hydrique, ainsi que les interactions de voisinage, réduisent la croissance des arbres. De plus, elles peuvent interagir positivement, ce qui atténue leurs effets individuels sur la croissance des arbres. Leurs effets individuels et interactifs sont plus forts dans les forêts perturbées que dans les forêts non‐perturbées. Les espèces à croissance rapide (c'est‐à‐dire à taux de croissance intrinsèque plus élevé) sont plus abondantes dans les forêts perturbées, et aussi plus sensibles aux anomalies climatiques et aux interactions de voisinage. Les traits liées aux relations hydriques, à la lumière et à l'utilisation du carbone captent la sensibilité des espèces aux différentes anomalies climatiques et aux différents niveaux d'interactions de voisinage, mais ne prédisent pas leurs interactions. Synthèse : Nos résultats montrent que les anomalies climatiques et les interactions de voisinage peuvent interagir pour façonner la croissance des arbres tropicaux, ce qui suggère que prendre en compte le contexte biotique peut améliorer les prévisions de la dynamique des forêts tropicales face aux changements climatiques. En outre, les traits des espèces peuvent capter la sensibilité de la croissance des arbres aux effets individuels du climat et des voisins, ce qui suggère que mieux représenter les principales dimensions des stratégies fonctionnelles des arbres tropicaux ouvre sur une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes écologiques qui régissent la dynamique des forêts tropicales
Pourquoi certaines fleurs sentent bon et d’autres non ?
No full textThe ConservationLe règne végétal est constitué d’environ 350 000 espèces de plantes à fleurs, chacune possédant des caractéristiques distinctes afin d’assurer sa survie. Elles adaptent certaines caractéristiques en fonction de leur environnement et de leurs besoins spécifiques pour ce faire. Parmi ces caractéristiques, l’odeur est celle qui nous est la plus accessible
Agriculture numérique : Une promesse au service d’un nouvel esprit du productivisme
No full textInternational audienceSince the end of the 2010s, digital agriculture has experienced significant development, characterized by the creation of new businesses and research projects, as well as its add on the public policy agenda. We propose here to understand digital agriculture as a techno-scientific promise that renews the spirit of agricultural productivism. In the first part, we identify the discursive patterns and the singularity of this promise, which is characterized by two tensions. The first opposes the announcement of a technological break to the necessity of a credibility that requires an adhesion to existing structures. The second tension is between the rhetorical construction of a unique digital agriculture and the diversity of innovations and agricultural and food models that it integrates. In the second part, we analyze the answer that this promise provides to the critics of a productivism. This answer renews the spirit of agricultural productivism trough three main arguments: i. disintermediation and participation of farmers and consumers; ii. consideration of sustainable development; and iii. accommodation of a diversity of agricultural and food models.Depuis la fin des années 2010, l'agriculture numérique connait un essor important caractérisé par la création d'entreprises, de dispositifs de recherche mais également la mise à l'agenda des politiques publiques. Nous proposons ici de comprendre l'agriculture numérique comme une promesse techno-scientifique qui renouvelle l'esprit du productivisme agricole. Dans une première partie, nous identifions les régularités discursives et la singularité d'une promesse traversée par deux tensions. La première oppose l'annonce d'une rupture technologique à l'impératif d'une légitimité qui passe par un ancrage aux structures existantes. La seconde confronte la construction rhétorique d'une agriculture numérique au singulier à la diversité des innovations et des modèles agricoles et alimentaires qu'elle intègre. Dans une seconde partie, nous analysons les réponses que cette promesse fournit aux critiques d'un productivisme en crise renouvelant ainsi l'esprit du productivisme agricole
Étudier les « déchets du BTP » à l'heure de l'Anthropocène : une narration par les circulations im/matérielles pour défendre une lecture par la political ecology
No full textInternational audienceThis paper presents the reflexive genealogy that formed the narrative used to write the thesis manuscript. It is based on an iterative process involving a reading of the available literature on 'construction waste' and contemporary ecological issues ('anthropocene', 'ecological transition') and multiple field observations (policy of transition to the circular economy 'in the making' in Occitanie and the inert materials supply chain)