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Look but do not touch: the occurrence of venomous species across Lepidoptera
No full textInternational audienceLepidoptera can cause several health issues in humans and domestic animals due to their setae, which are defensive adaptations that protect them from predators. The diversity of venomous Lepidoptera has been explored in several reviews starting from the first comprehensive attempt in 1984 by Kawamoto and Kumada (KK) who compiled a list of 228 species based on previous reviews; however, KK did not cite the original publications for listed species. In this review we validated and updated the KK table. The updated list of venomous Lepidoptera includes 5 superfamilies, 14 families, 208 genera, and 576 species, representing a two-fold increase for genera and 2.9-fold for species with respect to KK. The total number of species in the genera including at least one venomous species, which we argue is likely closer to the true number of venomous species, is 7 times higher (3,620). GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility) occurrences for venomous species are 1-4 orders of magnitude higher than those of confamilial non-venomous species. The presence of venomous structures is independent of the relatedness of the clades or geographic region; venom is produced by many species of Zygaenoidea, Lasiocampoidea and Bombycoidea but only by some specialized groups in Papilionoidea and Noctuoidea. There are likely to be multiple evolutionary origins of venom within Lepidoptera, but the exact number is difficult to estimate. The knowledge gap between medical and natural history fields needs to be addressed with novel approaches to study ecology and toxicology. This review offers health practitioners a tool to better understand the origin of the reactions observed and to improve the identification of the causal agents
Associer recherche d'autonomie et diversification à travers les complémentarités cultures-élevages pour l'alimentation humaine
No full textInternational audienc
Genomic signatures of climate adaptation in bank voles
No full textThe data that support the findings of this study are openly available in Dryad at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.1c59zw42p. Raw ddRAD sequencing data for all samples included in this study are available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information's Sequence Read Archive under bioproject number PRJNA1035302. Reviewer sharing link for data on dryad: https://datadryad.org/stash/share/9CmiHRCzjIvAd_Tze9FTG_uHImJb7egkI-qdLEcv5UM. Reviewer link for sequencing data on NCBI: https://dataview.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/object/PRJNA1035302?reviewer=p7efvk5uio3grfg7heackn6qf2International audienceEvidence for divergent selection and adaptive variation across the landscape can provide insight into a species' ability to adapt to different environments. However, despite recent advances in genomics, it remains difficult to detect the footprints of climate-mediated selection in natural populations. Here, we analysed ddRAD sequencing data (21,892 SNPs) in conjunction with geographic climate variation to search for signatures of adaptive differentiation in twelve populations of the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) distributed across Europe. To identify the loci subject to selection associated with climate variation, we applied multiple genotype-environment association methods, two univariate and one multivariate, and controlled for the effect of population structure. In total, we identified 213 candidate loci for adaptation, 74 of which were located within genes. In particular, we identified signatures of selection in candidate genes with functions related to lipid metabolism and the immune system. Using the results of redundancy analysis, we demonstrated that population history and climate have joint effects on the genetic variation in the pan-European metapopulation. Furthermore, by examining only candidate loci, we found that annual mean temperature is an important factor shaping adaptive genetic variation in the bank vole. By combining landscape genomic approaches, our study sheds light on genome-wide adaptive differentiation and the spatial distribution of variants underlying adaptive variation influenced by local climate in bank voles
Evolution du portail WIDDE dédié à l'exploration de la diversité génétique des populations d'animaux d'élevage
No full textEngineering schoolThis internship took place at INRAE, within the SELMET research unit. It consisted in continuing the development of the WIDDE portal dedicated to exploring the genetic diversity of farm animals, which is based on a JEE application, while implementing web security rules, in order to enable non-experts in IT to import genomic data and configure them to make them accessible to end users.The fundamental stages of this internship were to:- Develop the backend and the import interface pages- Create a new export format- Implement procedures to secure the pages- Optimising a data analysis procedure- Develop backend pages and functions to configure data accessThe challenge was to improve the efficiency of data processing while guaranteeing the security and user-friendliness of the back-office interface.Ce stage s’est déroulé dans l’entreprise INRAE, au sein de l’unité de recherche SELMET. Il a consisté à poursuivre le développement du portail WIDDE dédié à l’exploration de la diversité génétique des animaux d’élevage, qui s’appuie sur une application JEE, tout en implémentant des règles de sécurité web, afin de permettre à des personnes non-expertes en informatique d’y importer des données génomiques et de les configurer pour les rendre accessibles aux utilisateurs finaux.Les étapes fondamentales de ce stage étaient de :• Développer le backend et les pages de l’interface d’import• Créer un nouveau format d’export• Mettre en place des procédures pour sécuriser les pages• Optimiser une procédure d’analyse de données• des pages et des fonctionnalités backend pour configurer l’accès aux donnéesL’enjeu a été d’améliorer l’efficacité du traitement des données tout en garantissant la sécurité et la convivialité de l’interface du back-office
Geografías indígenas en proceso: reflexiones desde el Cono Sur de América Latina
No full textEsta Sección Temática tiene su origen en un panel realizado en 2017 en el marco del congreso anual de la Sociedad Chilena de Ciencias Geográficas (SOCHIGEO), cuyo objetivo era entender el interés de la geografía para los pueblos indígenas y sus realidades espaciales en Chile, tanto como las razones sociales, políticas y académicas de las diferencias de este interés entre Chile y Argentina. Se propuso abordar este tema a través de la expresión “geografías indígenas”, para conectar las discusiones del panel con aquellas que se han desarrollado en la literatura de lengua inglesa desde la década del 2000 con la etiqueta de Indigenous geographies. Identificamos que estas geografías remiten al estudio de la relación entre pueblos indígenas y sus espacios, mientras que en otros contextos se orientan además hacia un campo de reflexión y estudio que busca descolonizar los saberes y las prácticas de investigación en contextos indígenas. Las cuatro intervenciones aquí presentadas van precedidas de una Introducción que pone los debates del panel sobre los aportes y límites de las geografías indígenas tanto en la perspectiva de las particularidades locales en Chile y Argentina, o regionales en el Cono Sur, como de los debates internacionales al respecto
The untapped health and climate potential of cycling in France: a national assessment from individual travel data
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Promoting active modes of transportation such as cycling may generate important public health, economic, and climate mitigation benefits. We aim to assess the mortality and morbidity impacts of cycling in a country with relatively low levels of cycling, France, along with associated monetary benefits. We further assess the potential additional benefits of shifting a portion of short trips from cars to bikes, including projected greenhouse gas emissions savings.Methods: Using individual data from a nationally representative mobility survey, we described the French 2019 cycling levels by age and sex. We conducted a burden of disease analysis to assess the incidence of five chronic diseases (breast cancer, colon cancer, cardiovascular diseases, dementia, and type-2 diabetes) and the number of deaths prevented by cycling, based on national incidence and mortality data and dose–response relationships from meta-analyses. We assessed the corresponding direct medical cost savings and the intangible costs prevented based on the value of a statistical life year. Lastly, based on individual simulations, we assessed the likely additional benefits of shifting 25% of short (<5 km) car trips to cycling.Findings: The French adult (20–89 years) population was estimated to cycle on average 1 min 17 sec pers−1 day−1 in 2019, with important heterogeneity across sex and age. This yielded benefits of 1,919 (uncertainty interval, UI: 1,101–2,736) premature deaths and 5,963 (UI: 3,178–8,749) chronic disease cases prevented, with males reaping nearly 75% of these benefits. Direct medical costs prevented were estimated at €191 million (UI: 98–285) annually, while the corresponding intangible costs were nearly 25 times higher (€4.8 billion, UI: 3.0–6.5). We estimated that on average, €1.02 (UI: 0.59–1.62) of intangible costs were prevented for every km cycled. Shifting 25% of short car trips to cycling would yield approximatively a 2-fold increase in deaths prevented, while also generating important CO2 emissions reductions (0.257 MtCO2e, UI: 0.231–0.288).Interpretation: In a country with a low- to moderate-cycling culture, cycling already generates important public health and health-related economic benefits. Further development of active transportation would increase these benefits while also contributing to climate change mitigation targets
Prospects for evolution in European tree breeding
No full textInternational audienceGenetically improved forest reproductive materials are now widely accessible in many European countries due to decades of continuous breeding efforts. Tree breeding does not only contribute to higher-value end products but allows an increase in the rate of carbon capture and sequestration, helping to mitigate the effects of climate change. The usefulness of breeding programmes depends on (i) the relevance of the set of selected traits and their relative weights (growth, drought tolerance, phenology, etc.); (ii) the explicit management of targeted and “neutral” diversity; (iii) the genetic gain achieved; and (iv) the efficiency of transferring diversity and gain to the plantation. Several biological factors limit both operational breeding and mass reproduction. To fully realise the potential of tree breeding, the introduction of new technologies and concepts is pivotal for overcoming these constraints. We reviewed several European breeding programmes, examining their current status and factors that are likely to influence tree breeding in the coming decades. The synthesis was based on case studies developed for the European Union-funded B4EST project, which focused on eight economically important tree species with breeding histories and intensities ranging from low-input breeding (stone pine, Douglas-fir and ash) to more complex programmes (eucalyptus, maritime pine, Norway spruce, poplar, and Scots pine). Tree breeding for these species is managed in a variety of ways due to differences in species’ biology, breeding objectives, and economic value. Most programmes are managed by governmental institutes with full or partial public support because of the relatively late return on investment. Eucalyptus is the only tree species whose breeding is entirely sponsored and managed by a private company. Several new technologies have emerged for both phenotyping and genotyping. They have the potential to speed up breeding processes and make genetic evaluations more accurate, thereby reducing costs and increasing genetic gains per unit of time. In addition, genotyping has allowed the explicit control of genetic diversity in selected populations with great precision. The continuing advances in tree genomics are expected to revolutionise tree breeding by moving it towards genomic-based selection, a perspective that requires new types of skills that are not always available in the institutions hosting the programmes. We therefore recognise the importance of promoting coordination and collaboration between the many groups involved in breeding. Climate change is expected to bring in new pests and diseases and increase the frequency of extreme weather events such as late frosts and prolonged droughts. Such stresses will cause slow growth and mortality, reducing forest productivity and resilience. Most of these threats are difficult to predict, and the time-consuming nature of conventional breeding does not allow for an adequate and timely reaction. We anticipate that most breeding programmes will need to revise their selection criteria and objectives to place greater emphasis on adaptive performance, tolerance to multiple environmental stresses, stability in different environments, and conservation of genetic diversity. Testing breeding materials in a variety of environments, including potentially contrasting climates, will become increasingly important. Climate change may also force the incorporation of new genetic resources that provide new useful adaptations, which may involve the use of new, previously unexplored gene pools or hybridisation, with the enormous challenge of incorporating useful alleles without adding along an unfavourable genetic background. Decision-support tools to help landowners and foresters select the best-performing forest reproductive material in each specific environment could also help reduce the impact of climate change
Ce que les modèles du corps sain nous disent des sociétés
No full textInternational audienceHealth policies are never exclusively sanitary or economic, but are anchoredin systems of representations and in a way of thinking about the autonomy of theperson. These models are followed by physical and dietary practices which may contradictthe principles of health on a biomedical level or what is expected in terms of biologicaleffects. Hygienist’s discourses correspond, in fact, to social and cultural norms.However, although designed for the good of all, do these hygienic policies not becomea source of discrimination? Are they not also contested by the groups and individualsconcerned? Independently of knowing what a healthy body is, what do this governmentof bodies and healthy body models tell us about societies?Les politiques de santé ne sont jamais exclusivement sanitaires ou économiques, mais s’ancrent dans des systèmes de représentations et dans une manière de penser l’autonomie de la personne. Ces modèles s’accompagnent de pratiques physiques et alimentaires qui peuvent entrer en contradiction avec les principes de santé sur un plan biomédical ou de ce qui est attendu en termes d’effets sur le biologique. Les discours hygiénistes correspondent, dans les faits, à des normes sociales et culturelles. Cependant, et bien que conçues pour le bien de tous, ces politiques hygiénistes ne deviennent-elles pas une ligne de discrimination ? Ne sont-elles pas également contestées par les groupes et individus auxquels elles s’adressent ? Indépendamment de savoir ce qu’est un corps sain ou en bonne santé, qu’est-ce que ce gouvernement des corps et les modèles du corps sain nous disent des sociétés
Population genetics of Glossina palpalis gambiensis in the sleeping sickness focus of Boffa (Guinea) before and after eight years of vector control : no effect of control despite a significant decrease of human exposure to the disease
No full textHuman African trypanosomosis (HAT), also known as sleeping sickness, is still a major concern in endemic countries. Its cyclical vector are biting insects of the genus Glossina or tsetse flies. In Guinea, the mangrove ecosystem contains the main HAT foci of Western Africa. There, the cyclical vector is Glossina palpalis gambiensis. A still ongoing vector control campaign (VCC) started in 2011 in the focus of Boffa, using tiny targets, with a 79% tsetse density reduction in 2016 and significant impact on the prevalence of the disease (from 0.3% in 2011 to 0.11% in 2013, 0.0352% in 2016 and 0.0097% in 2019). To assess the sustainability of these results, we have studied the impact of this VCC on the population biology of G. p. gambiensis in Boffa. We used the genotyping at 11 microsatellite markers and population genetic tools of tsetse flies from different sites and at different dates before and after the beginning of the VCC. In variance with a significant impact of VCC on the apparent densities of flies captured in the traps deployed, the global population of G. p. gambiensis displayed no variation of the sex-ratio, no genetic signature of control, and behaved as a very large population occupying the entire zone. This implies that targets deployment efficiently protected the human populations locally, but did not impact tsetse flies where targets cannot be deployed and where the main tsetse population exploits available resources. We thus recommend the pursuit of vector control measures with the same strategy, through the joint effect of VCC and medical surveys and treatments, in order to protect human populations from HAT infections until the disease can be considered as entirely eradicated from the focus
The bii4africa dataset of faunal and floral population intactness estimates across Africa’s major land uses
No full textInternational audienceSub-Saharan Africa is under-represented in global biodiversity datasets, particularly regarding the impact of land use on species' population abundances. Drawing on recent advances in expert elicitation to ensure data consistency, 200 experts were convened using a modified-Delphi process to estimate 'intactness scores': the remaining proportion of an 'intact' reference population of a species group in a particular land use, on a scale from 0 (no remaining individuals) to 1 (same abundance as the reference) and, in rare cases, to 2 (populations that thrive in human-modified landscapes). The resulting bii4africa dataset contains intactness scores representing terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods: ±5,400 amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) and vascular plants (±45,000 forbs, graminoids, trees, shrubs) in sub-Saharan Africa across the region's major land uses (urban, cropland, rangeland, plantation, protected, etc.) and intensities (e.g., large-scale vs smallholder cropland). This dataset was co-produced as part of the Biodiversity Intactness Index for Africa Project. Additional uses include assessing ecosystem condition; rectifying geographic/ taxonomic biases in global biodiversity indicators and maps; and informing the Red List of Ecosystems