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Wine management and marketing 2: Responses of the industry to crises and new expectations
No full textInternational audienceWith increased competition from new wine-producing countries and substitute products, declining wine consumption, climate change, health crises and geopolitical contexts, the wine industry has been facing serious difficulties in recent years. Paradoxically, however, this recent period also offers new opportunities.Through the presentation of original research results, reading grids, illustrations and case studies, Wine Management and Marketing 2 analyzes the main challenges facing the wine industry and considers new opportunities: a renewed dynamism of technical, organizational and commercial innovations; the adaptability of actors; a greater introduction of new technologies; etc. The multi-faceted approach adopted by the authors and experts offers an enriched reflection, which provides a better understanding of the current state of the wine industry, and presents various levers for adapting to new commercial, societal and environmental expectations
Construire des passerelles entre Musiasem et le cadre comptable du métabolisme socio-économique de S. Pauliuk
No full textInternational audienceThis communication is an outcome of a Musiasem winter school led by Mario Giampietro in Grenoble, France, in December 2023.Musiasem (multi-scale integrated assessment of societal and ecosystem metabolism) is a framework developped around Mario Giampietro and Kozo Mayumi based on the work of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen. Musiasem deploys "fund-flow" models (as opposed to the stock-flow models of MFA), where funds are "used and maintained but not consumed as a stock would be when making use of it" [1]. Musiasem describes the system with different levels of detail (scales), which can be assessed in different units. The "macroscope" deals with the way the productive system is organized to satisfy final demand. The "mesoscope" deals with trade with the rest of the world. The "microscope" deals with environmental pressures generated by the system.Pauliuk et al. [2] proposed a generic accounting structure for socio-metabolic analyses and showed that the MFA, LCA and IO methods can be expressed in this structure, that is, in the form of Supply and Use Tables (SUT). The SUT distinguish products, waste, production factors (e.g. labour), natural resources, emissions.The goal of the communication is to facilitate the understanding and handling of Musiasem for the SEM community. For this, we will present an example showing how Musiasem can also be expressed in the SUT framework mentioned above. It relies on three principles: (i) for production factors and natural resources, distinguish between flows taken from stocks and funds (e.g., arable land, human work), (ii) add aggregation levels for products and industries in order to easily move from macroscope to mesoscope or microscope, (iii) use SUT layers to express the flows in different units that are suited for different purposes (e.g., food consumption expressed in proteins and energy while trade of food commodities expressed in raw mass).We hope this will help spread some key features emphasized in Musiasem case studies such as the analysis of flow/fund ratios to characterize metabolic patterns of societies, or the analysis grid in terms of viability (internal coherence) / feasibility (external coherence) / desirability (expectations of the population)
The need for social impacts analysis in smallholders' AR4D: A case study of five agricultural research projects in Madagascar
No full textInternational audienceSmallholders' sustainable development requires holistic attention to agri-food systems' interrelated environmental, economic, and social dynamics. This is especially true in developing countries where resource scarcity and vulnerability constrain farmers' challenging production realities as well as influence their well-being. Achieving sustainable development outcomes for African smallholders means agricultural research for development (AR4D) must adopt comprehensive quantitative methods that integrate relevant social factors alongside agronomic and economic analyses. However, AR4D has focused more on technical and market -oriented approaches, sometimes identifying social influences but often failing to conduct deeper, anticipatory social impacts analyses. This case study examines five smallholder -focused AR4D projects implemented over a decade in one region of Madagascar. Findings exemplify the need for social impacts analysis in practical terms, emphasizing where opportunities were lost to generate evidence for improving policy guidance. Transdisciplinary methods can help AR4D address this need so the authors propose an integrated approach to quantitative social impacts analysis, inspired by Life Cycle Thinking and the Social Life Cycle Assessment tool, to promote smallholders' sustainable development more effectively in research and policy
Construire des "écosystèmes d'adaptation" pour accompagner la viticulture française
No full textInternational audienc
Revealing governance forms: the case of French agrifood platforms
No full textInternational audiencePurpose: Agrifood platforms are now part of consumption habits. They have emerged in various forms, and we need to describe this diversity to understand better how platforms manage their relationships with farmers. We aim to understand the governance forms of agrifood platforms and consider whether they comply with the principles of transaction cost economics (TCE). Design/methodology/approach: Based on a survey of 103 French platform managers, a two-step cluster analysis and ordered logit regressions were applied to test hypotheses derived from the theory. Findings: The results enable us to propose a refined typology of eight governance forms for the farmer-platform relationship. These different forms can be classified according to a continuum ranging from “market to hierarchy”, conforming to TCE principles. We define a gradient describing how the platforms manage their relations with the farmers through contractual and relational control. We show that specific assets, behavioural uncertainty, and membership in a platform network are associated with more integrated governance forms. Practical implications: The article describes the different forms of platform governance and their relevance to market conditions. This clarification is necessary for farmers to elect the more suitable platform and for platform managers to create a new business or improve its efficiency. Originality/value: This article is the first to offer a detailed typology of agrifood platform governance. It highlights these governance characteristics and their relationship with transaction attributes
Vigne, vin et changement climatique
No full textLe Jury international des Prix de l’OIV a décerné à la publication "Vigne, Vin et Changement Climatique" le Prix 2024 dans la catégorie "Viticulture durable"International audienceLe changement climatique a de nombreux effets sur la vigne, dont un développement plus précoce conduisant éventuellement à une plus grande vulnérabilité aux gelées de printemps et à une avancée certaine de la période de maturation des raisins.Par ailleurs, des évènements climatiques extrêmes de plus en plus intenses, comme les vagues de chaleur ou des pluies torrentielles, causent des dégâts importants. Les stress hydriques — plus prononcés dans le sud de la France — ont des effets marqués sur les rendements. Tous les vignobles français sont concernés. En conséquence, les caractéristiques des vins se modifient avec plus d’alcool, des baisses d’acidité et des modifications aromatiques. En parallèle, de nouveaux territoires deviennent favorables à la plantation de la vigne.Face à ces enjeux, la clé est de s’adapter plus rapidement. Mais quelles sont les voies à suivre et quelles décisions prendre, que ce soit aux échelles locales ou nationale ?Après dix ans de recherches sur l’adaptation de la filière Vigne et vin française au changement climatique, le projet Laccave, porté par INRAE, s’est achevé en 2021. Cet ouvrage en synthétise les résultats en explorant les leviers d’action possibles : nouveaux cépages, amélioration de la gestion du sol, de l’eau et des modes de conduite, réorganisation du territoire, innovations œnologiques, nouvelles réglementations... Il offre une vision systémique et stratégique qui montre comment ces actions se déclinent à travers des démarches participatives à différents niveaux, du viticulteur jusqu’à la politique climat du secteur.Cet ouvrage de référence s’adresse principalement aux professionnels de la filière, aux enseignants-chercheurs et aux étudiants
Wheat dwarfing reshapes plant and fungal development in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis
No full textThe datasets generated and analyzed in the study, and the corresponding R script are available in the Data INRAE repository: https://doi.org/10.57745/R1QHIL.International audienceThe introduction of Reduced height (Rht) dwarfing genes into elite wheat varieties has contributed to enhanced yield gain in high input agrosystems by preventing lodging. Yet, how modern selection for dwarfing has affected symbiosis remains poorly documented. In this study, we evaluated the response of both the plant and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus to plant genetic variation at a major Quantitative Trait Locus called QTL 4B2, known to harbor a Rht dwarfing gene, when forming the symbiosis. We used twelve inbred genotypes derived from a diversity base broadened durum wheat Evolutionary Pre-breeding Population and genotyped with a high-throughput Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) genotyping array. In a microcosm setup segregating roots and the extra-radical mycelium, each wheat genotype was grown with or without the presence of Rhizophagus irregularis. To characterize arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, we assessed hyphal density, root colonization, spore production, and plant biomass. Additionally, we split the variation of these variables due either to genotypes or to the Rht dwarfing genes alone. The fungus exhibited greater development in the roots of Dwarf plants compared to non-Dwarf plants, showing increases of 27%, 37% and 51% in root colonization, arbuscules, and vesicles, respectively. In addition, the biomass of the extra-radical fungal structures increased by around 31% in Dwarf plants. The biomass of plant roots decreased by about 43% in mycorrhizal Dwarf plants. Interestingly, extraradical hyphal production was found to be partly genetically determined with no significant effect of Rht, as for plant biomasses. In contrast, variations in root colonization, arbuscules and extraradical spore production were explained by Rht dwarfing genes. Finally, when mycorrhizal, Dwarf plants had significantly lower total P content, pointing towards a less beneficial symbiosis for the plant and increased profit for the fungus. These results highlight the effect of Rht dwarfing genes on both root and fungal development. This calls for further research into the molecular mechanisms governing these effects, as well as changes in plant physiology, and their implications for fostering arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in sustainable agrosystems
Shade tree functional traits drive critical ecosystem services in cocoa agroforestry systems
No full textInternational audienceThe inclusion of shade trees into cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) systems can generate livelihood opportunities for smallholder farmers. Yet, there is the need to examine the ecological context within which shade trees, and their functional traits, have a positive impact on ecosystem services in cocoa systems. Here, we used a network of farms of similar aged hybrid cocoa, in a nested design consisting of agroforestry or monoculture management, on three initial soil quality levels (poor, moderate or good) in two agroecological zones (humid or sub-humid) to investigate whether shade tree functional traits are linked with soil-based and cocoa-based ecosystem services. Initial soil quality level was the main driver of differences in soil organic matter, soil N, soil C:N, soil total C, soil permanganate-oxidizable C, while agroecological zone largely explained differences in cocoa yield and aboveground C. The inclusion of shade trees increased soil macrofauna abundance and mass but decreased cocoa aboveground C compared to cocoa monoculture plots. Importantly, within agroforestry systems, shade tree leaf traits expressed as community weighted means of SLA, leaf N, and leaf dry matter content explained differences in soil-based and cocoa-based ecosystem services. These results show that agroforestry systems have the potential to enhance soil-based ecosystem services without notably decreasing cocoa yield. And a trait-based approach to describe shade tree diversity can advance our understanding and management of shade tree-ecosystem service relationships in cocoa agroforestry systems
Moving towards One Health surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in France - A mixed approach to evaluate cross-sectoral collaboration and associated drivers and barriers
No full textInternational audienc
Use of SSR markers and FTIR chemometrics to assess the nobility of kava cultivars from the Pacific
No full textInternational audienceHighlights: • Use of 13 SSR markers allowed 66 allele detection and easy scoring. • 163 leaf samples collected throughout the Pacific corresponded to 36 distinct genotypes. • Multivariate analysis of SSR data differentiate five groups. • FTIR spectra analysis of 138 root samples differentiate Nobles from non-Nobles kavas. • FTIR spectra PLS-DA model prediction accuracy allows differentiation over 96.9%.Abstract: According to the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius regional standards for kava (Piper methysticum Forst. f.), only Noble cultivars shall be used as raw material. Other P. methysticum cultivars and wild forms (P. m. var. wichmannii C.DC.) are excluded from trade. There is a need for accurate identification tools as morpho-agronomic descriptors are influenced by growing conditions and once kava roots have been harvested, it is visually impossible to differentiate Noble cultivars from others. In the present study, 163 leaf samples originating from Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Tahiti, Hawaii and Pohnpei were analyzed using 13 microsatellite (Single Sequence Repeat, SSR) markers. Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA) and Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) clearly differentiated five groups: Nobles from Polynesia, Nobles from Vanuatu, Two-day cultivars from Vanuatu, var. wichmannii from Vanuatu and P. methysticum cultivars for Papua New Guinea. Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) was used to assess its potential as a high throughput analytical tool to detect nobility. FTIR spectra (1800-800 cm−1) from 138 root powder samples were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Nobles from Vanuatu and from Polynesia were not differentiated from each other but were differentiated from poor quality P. methysticum cultivars and from var. wichmannii. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) improved the differentiation of Nobles from others. Samples were then classified in two groups: Nobles (Vanuatu + Polynesia) and non-Nobles. A learning and a test sets were composed at random. PLS-DA (Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis) allowed the differentiation of Nobles with a prediction accuracy over 96.9%. FTIR has potential for kava quality control. The method described here is simple, fast, eco-friendly, and requires less than 0.5 g of root powder. Its routine application could greatly contribute to guarantee kava quality and protect the international markets