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Developing a culture of participation: Progress and considerations in France
No full textInternational audienceWhether at the international level (Aarhus Convention) or with regard to diverse French national regulations (on the environment, town planning, local authorities, etc.), direct involvement of citizens in the democratic process is presently a well-established procedure. Indeed, a review of the last few years shows public participation as an exponentially growing dynamic. This interview with Joana Janiw, Head of the Culture of Public Participation Unit at the General Commission for Sustainable Development at the French Ministry of Ecological Transition and Solidarity, takes stock of recent progress on the subject in the environmental sector in France
Towards the Building of a Surveillance Network for PPR-Like Diseases in Nigeria: Identifying Potential Sentinel Node in a Partially-Known Network
No full textInternational audiencePeste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious disease affecting sheep and goats and spreading through livestock movements. The FAO and WOAH have set the goal to eradicate it by 2030, with one of the key steps being the improvement of surveillance networks. In our study, we utilize an SI model to simulate the spread of PPR across three Nigerian States due to animal movements. Our objective is to identify areas that could serve as potential sentinel nodes, which are nodes that may become infected promptly at the onset of epidemics. We reconstructed the mobility network using (the partial) movement data collected through market surveys. Due to the limitations of the study, we implement plausible network modifications and generated eight distinct network configurations. For each of these configurations, we assessed the extent of the epidemics, the presence of recurrent patterns and characterize sentinel nodes. Our findings indicate that minor network modifications do not impact the final sizes of epidemics. However, removing a central market or introducing a significant number of new links can lead to noticeable shifts in epidemic propagation trajectories. Regardless of the specific configurations considered, we identified three clusters of epidemic origins, each exhibiting distinct behaviors. Nevertheless, geographical proximity among these origins does not necessarily imply similar transmission patterns. Furthermore, our study highlights that, in most configurations, attributes such as the in-H index, eigenvector and in-degree centralities emerge as the most influential factors in defining vulnerable nodes. Therefore, we recommend prioritizing data collection efforts in central markets due to their wealth of information resources
Unraveling gluten protein compositions of einkorn, emmer, and spelt grown in the Lyon region in France
No full textInternational audienceBackground and Objectives Minor species of wheat, including einkorn (Ei), emmer (Em), and spelt (Sp), are believed to have different gluten compositions compared to common wheat (CW). Given the limited research on these resources, and as a result of a collaboration with a collective of farmers, we aimed to provide insights into their gluten compositions. We focused on varieties readily accessible to farmers and bakers within the region of Lyon, France. Findings We compared gluten compositions in 31 wheat varieties, revealing significantly lower glutenin and protein aggregate contents in Ei and Em than in CW. Similar trends, though milder, were observed for Sp. Additionally, we observed intra‐species variability, especially for Em, and identified varieties within each species with noteworthy protein profiles. Conclusions Each species showed characteristic protein contents, yet with intraspecies variability. Utilizing an innovative approach to analyze the full information provided by chromatograms, we successfully identified varieties with unusual characteristics. Significance and Novelty The specific protein compositions of Ei and Em, and to a lower extent Sp, may impact their processability and digestibility. Our study also highlights that considering complete chromatographic profiles can reveal differences that remain unnoticed when using traditional analytical approaches
Quels verrouillages pour les transitions vers une économie circulaire ? Le cas des dynamiques territoriales d’intégration culture-élevage à l’île de La Réunion
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Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) field trial targeting the suppression of <i>Aedes albopictus</i> in Greece
No full textInternational audienceThe sterile insect technique (SIT) involves releasing large numbers of sterile males to outcompete wild males in mating with females, leading to a decline in pest populations. In the current study, we conducted a suppression trial in Greece against the invasive dengue vector mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse) through the weekly release of sterile males for 22 weeks from June to September 2019. Our approach included the long-distance transport of sterile mosquitoes, and their release at a density of 2,547 ± 159 sterile males per hectare per week as part of an area-wide integrated pest management strategy (AW-IPM). The repeated releases of sterile males resulted in a gradual reduction in egg density, reaching 78% from mid-June to early September. This reduction remained between 70% and 78% for four weeks after the end of the releases. Additionally, in the SIT intervention area, the ovitrap index, representing the percentage of traps containing eggs, remained lower throughout the trial than in the control area. This trial represents a significant advance in the field of mosquito control, as it explores the viability and efficacy of producing and transporting sterile males from a distant facility to the release area. Our results provide valuable insights for future SIT programmes targeting Ae. Albopictus , and the methodology we employed can serve as a starting point for developing more refined and effective release protocols, including the transportation of sterile males over long distances from production units to intervention areas.La technique de l’insecte stérile (TIS) consiste à libérer un grand nombre de mâles stériles pour supplanter les mâles sauvages lors de l’accouplement avec les femelles, entraînant ainsi un déclin des populations de nuisibles. Dans la présente étude, nous avons mené un essai de suppression en Grèce contre le moustique vecteur invasif de la dengue, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), par le biais de la libération hebdomadaire de mâles stériles pendant 22 semaines de juin à septembre 2019. Notre approche comprenait le transport sur de longues distances de moustiques stériles, et leur lâcher à une densité de 2 547 ± 159 mâles stériles par hectare et par semaine dans le cadre d’une stratégie de lutte intégrée contre les nuisibles à l’échelle de la zone (AW-IPM). Les lâchers répétés de mâles stériles ont entraîné une réduction progressive de la densité des œufs, atteignant 78 % de la mi-juin au début septembre. Cette réduction est restée entre 70 % et 78 % pendant quatre semaines après la fin des lâchers. De plus, dans la zone d’intervention de la TIS, l’indice d’oviposition, représentant le pourcentage de pièges contenant des œufs, est resté plus faible que dans la zone témoin tout au long de l’essai. Cet essai représente une avancée significative dans le domaine de la lutte contre les moustiques, car il explore la viabilité et l’efficacité de la production et du transport de mâles stériles depuis une installation éloignée vers la zone de lâcher. Nos résultats fournissent des informations précieuses pour les futurs programmes de TIS ciblant Ae. albopictus et la méthodologie que nous avons utilisée pourra servir de point de départ pour développer des protocoles de libération plus raffinés et plus efficaces, y compris le transport de mâles stériles sur de longues distances depuis les unités de production jusqu’aux zones d’intervention
Métabolisme de territoires ruraux des Hautes Terres de Madagascar: Le cas de deux territoires ruraux du Vakinankaratra
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Hétérogénéité des bilans de nutriments entre les gisements de MAFORs et les besoins des cultures des différentes communes de l’île dela Réunion
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Taking the ecological transition seriously: the need for changes in law and institutions
No full textInternational audienceTo address the ecological crisis, law, like other disciplines, is undergoing radical changes and reinventing itself. Given that ecological issues transcend all boundaries, international relations, international law and its institutions, as well as national legal systems, need to be thoroughly rethought to ensure that the protection of the planet and the challenges of social and ecological transition are adequately addressed. This chapter argues that law can take advantage of this crisis to initiate a process of renewal. In particular, by highlighting the adaptations and mutations of a number of classical legal categories, four non-exhaustive proposals are examined with a view to triggering the much-needed shift in the legal paradigm. This chapter serves as a sort of "compass of possibilities", examining the desirable transformations of state sovereignty, the necessary reinterpretation of individual and collective rights and freedoms in the context of an ecological emergency - and especially the right to property, the inevitable and gradual accountability of systematic actors, and finally the need to reconcile nature with effective normative frameworks
A set of ecosystem service indicators for European grasslands based on botanical surveys
No full textInternational audienceGrasslands provide a wide range of ecosystem services (ESs). However, there is currently no method for easily diagnosing the level of ESs produced. Our aim was to develop ES indicators based on botanical surveys, which are readily available data and integrative of grassland spatiotemporal variability. Methods Based on academic knowledge and expertise, we identified several simple vegetation criteria that we aggregated using a multicriteria analysis tool to construct indicators of the level of ESs provided by grasslands. In this study, the indicators were calculated from over 2000 botanical surveys spread over a wide biogeographical gradient. Results Analyses of correlation between the various indicators show that “forage supply” and “diversity conservation” were not correlated. “Forage availability” and “nitrogen availability for the vegetation” were positively linked together and negatively linked to the robustness of the plant community to extreme events. A temporal approach highlights that the “biodiversity conservation” score decreased from 1970 to 2010 and that “nitrogen availability for the vegetation” was lower in 1970 and 1980 than in 2000 and 2010. Conclusions These results show that our aggregation method based on a large data set of botanical surveys could be appropriate for studying temporal dynamics of ESs
Premier signalement de la fourmi d'Argentine, Linepithema humile (Mayr, 1868) (Hymenoptera : Formicidae), pour la région Malgache
No full textInternational audienceThe Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr, 1868), is a highly invasive species with serious detrimental consequences to native fauna and flora in invaded territories. Native to South-Central South America, it was first reported from continental Africa in 1893 but, to date, had never been recorded from the Malagasy region (encompassing Madagascar, Comoros, Seychelles, and Mascarene archipelago). Here, we report the first record of this invasive species on the island of La Réunion, a French overseas territory part of the Mascarene archipelago. The species was identified using both morphological and molecular analysis. We discuss potential ecological consequences of the presence of this ant on the insular ecosystems of La Réunion.La fourmi d’Argentine, Linepithema humile (Mayr, 1868), est une espèce hautement invasive générant des conséquences considérables sur la faune et la flore des territoires envahis. Originaire du Centre-Sud de l’Amérique du Sud, cette espèce a été découverte en Afrique continentale dès 1893 mais n’avait, jusqu’à présent, pas été signalée de la région Malgache (comprenant Madagascar, les Comores, Seychelles et l’archipel des Mascareignes). Nous rapportons ici la première découverte de cette espèce invasive sur l’ile de La Réunion, territoire français d’outre-mer faisant partie des Mascareignes. L’identité de l’espèce a été confirmée grâce à des analyses moléculaires et morphologiques. Nous discutons ensuite des conséquences écologiques potentielles de la présence de cette espèce sur les écosystèmes insulaires de La Réunion