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Le Vietnam à l'aube de sa transition énergétique
No full textInternational audienceVietnam's Power Development Plan 8 (PDP8) sets a course for the country's energy transition to carbon neutralityby 2050. The plan targets significant growth in renewable energy, diversification of energy sources, and reducedreliance on imported coal. However, implementing PDP8 poses considerable challenges, including securing anestimated $13 billion annually for new power capacities and grid upgrades, expanding the power grid toaccommodate more renewables, and managing the risk of dependence on imported liquefied natural gas (LNG).The success of this plan could provide a model for other middle-income countries undergoing similar energytransitions.Le Plan de développement électrique 8 (PDP8) du Vietnam vise une transition énergétique vers la neutralité carbone d'ici 2050. Sans lancer de nouvelles centrales à charbon et avec un objectif ambitieux de croissance des énergies renouvelables, le plan fait face à des défis de taille : mobiliser 13 milliards de dollars par an pour augmenter la capacité de production électrique et améliorer le réseau, tout en gérant les risques liés à la dépendance vis-à-vis du gaz naturel liquéfié importé. La réussite de ce plan pourrait servir de modèle pour d'autres pays à revenu intermédiaire en pleine transition énergétique
Cooperativas mineras del Norte Potosí & agro-mineros
No full textInternational audienceEl objetivo de esta presentación es mostrar la complejidad de la actividad minera artesanal en los Andes bolivianos, basada principalmente en las dinámicas agromineras de las comunidades andinas como también de los impactos del cambio climático que generan nuevas prácticas de gestión de los riesgos en este vulnerable entorno andino.L'objectif de cette présentation est de montrer la complexité de l'activité minière artisanale dans les Andes boliviennes, principalement à partir des dynamiques agro-minières des communautés andines et des impacts du changement climatique qui génèrent de nouvelles pratiques de gestions des risques dans cet environnement vulnérable andin
Investing in school systems: conceptualising returns on investment across the health, education and social protection sectors
No full textInternational audiencePublic policies often aim to improve welfare, economic injustice and reduce inequality, particularly in the social protection, labour, health and education sectors. While these policies frequently operate in silos, the education sphere can operate as a cross-sectoral link. Schools represent a unique locus, with globally hundreds of millions of children attending class every day. A high-profile policy example is school feeding, with over 400 million students worldwide receiving meals in schools. The benefits of harmonising interventions across sectors with a common delivery platform include economies of scale. Moreover, economic evaluation frameworks commonly used to assess policies rarely account for impact across sectors besides their primary intent. For example, school meals are often evaluated for their impact on nutrition, but they also have educational benefits, including increasing attendance and learning and incorporating smallholder farmers into corporate value chains. To address these gaps, we propose the introduction of a comprehensive value-for-money framework for investments toward school systems that acknowledges the return to a common delivery platform—schools—and the multisectoral returns (eg, education, health and nutrition, labour, social protection) emerging from the rollout of school-based programmes. Directly building on benefit-cost analysis methods, this framework could help identify interventions that yield the highest gains in human capital per budget expenditure, with direct implications for finance ministries. Given the detrimental impact of COVID-19 on schoolchildren and human capital, it is urgent to build back stronger and more sustainable welfare systems
Stability of grain zinc concentrations across lowland rice environments favors zinc biofortification breeding
No full textInternational audienceIntroduction: One-third of the human population consumes insufficient zinc (Zn) to sustain a healthy life. Zn deficiency can be relieved by increasing the Zn concentration ([Zn]) in staple food crops through biofortification breeding. Rice is a poor source of Zn, and in countries predominantly relying on rice without sufficient dietary diversification, such as Madagascar, Zn biofortification is a priority.Methods: Multi-environmental trials were performed in Madagascar over two years, 2019 and 2020, to screen a total of 28 genotypes including local and imported germplasm. The trials were conducted in the highlands of Ankazomiriotra, Anjiro, and Behenji and in Morovoay, a location representative of the coastal ecosystem. Contributions of genotype (G), environment (E), and G by E interactions (GEIs) were investigated.Result: The grain [Zn] of local Malagasy rice varieties was similar to the internationally established grain [Zn] baseline of 18–20 μg/g for brown rice. While several imported breeding lines reached 50% of our breeding target set at +12 μg/g, only few met farmers’ appreciation criteria. Levels of grain [Zn] were stable across E. The G effects accounted for a main fraction of the variation, 76% to 83% of the variation for year 1 and year 2 trials, respectively, while GEI effects were comparatively small, contributing 23% to 9%. This contrasted with dominant E and GEI effects for grain yield. Our results indicate that local varieties tested contained insufficient Zn to alleviate Zn malnutrition, and developing new Zn-biofortified varieties should therefore be a priority. GGE analysis did not distinguish mega-environments for grain [Zn], whereas at least three mega-environments existed for grain yield, differentiated by the presence of limiting environmental conditions and responsiveness to improved soil fertility.Discussion: Our main conclusion reveals that grain [Zn] seems to be under strong genetic control in the agro-climatic conditions of Madagascar. We could identify several interesting genotypes as potential donors for the breeding program, among those BF156, with a relatively stable grain [Zn] (AMMI stability value (ASV) = 0.89) reaching our target (>26 μg/g). While selection for grain yield, general adaptation, and farmers’ appreciation would have to rely on multi-environment testing, selection for grain [Zn] could be centralized in earlier generations
Réutilisation des eaux usées en irrigation
No full textInternational audiencePartout sur le pourtour méditerranéen, mais aussi en Europe continentale, les besoins en eau évoluent sous les effets du changement climatique : les baisses des précipitations et les hausses des températures imposent de repenser les modes de gestion de l’eau, tant en quantité qu’en qualité, pour l’ensemble des activités humaines (agriculture, eau potable, industrie) et non- humaines (débit et qualité des cours d’eau). Les eaux usées par les activités humaines sont aujourd’hui considérées comme des ressources souvent sous-exploitées ou mal-exploitées, que ce soit sous l’angle quantitatif (réutiliser mieux l’eau) aussi bien que qualitatif (réutiliser davantage les éléments fertilisants contenus dans celle-ci et limiter les rejets directs dans les milieux). L’objectif de la présentation est de présenter les enjeux positifs ou négatifs de la réutilisation des enjeux et les avancés de nos recherches à la plateforme de recherche Murviel-Lès-Montpelli
Palaeogene climate deterioration increased South American mammal turnover near the Eocene-Oligocene Transition
No full textInternational audienceAround 34 million years ago (Ma), the Eocene-Oligocene Transition (EOT) marked the most dramatic global climatic change episode in the last 66 million years. Palaeontological evidence suggests that this transition was associated with a major faunal remodelling among European mammal communities. In South America, concomitant biotic turnovers have been postulated at the local scale, mostly from high-latitude sites. However, to our knowledge, no integrative framework has studied the effect of the EOT on South American mammal faunas at the landmass scale. In particular, little is known about the magnitude of these possible biotic changes in the Tropics, the latter often believed as being stable regarding extinction. Here, using an unprecedented fossil dataset and fossil-based Bayesian methods of diversification inference, we explore South American mammal diversification dynamics between 56 and 23.03 Ma. We distinguish diversification histories between phylogenetic orders, based on Tropical/Extra-Tropical affinities and between the main trophic classes. We then investigate the influence of abiotic (e.g. Temperature, Andes Elevation) and biotic (diversity-dependence effects) factors in the inferred patterns. We find that (1) around 38 Ma, South American mammal lineages exhibit an overall increased turnover, coinciding with (2) Late Eocene climate deterioration prior the EOT. We highlight a prominent role of temperature in shaping this diversification pattern. (3) Tropical lineages appear significantly less affected by this climate transition than Extra-tropical lineages. (4) Ecologies were unevenly affected by this climate transition, with insectivorous lineages showing a sharp decline while herbivorous lineages exhibit a high turnover, which can be related to a transition from closed to more open habitats. Our results provide insights into how South American mammals responded to a drastic climate crisis, which can be of interest in the ongoing context of climate change
Using a serious game to engage a multi-stakeholder commitment at the large scale of a whole value-chain. Results from an experiment in Lao PDR
No full textNowadays, it is increasingly recognized that development is characterized by multilevel and dynamic processes, involving diverse stakeholders and multiple local and extra-local relations (Clark et al. 2019). Such changes, however, are only likely to succeed in cases where it is endorsed locally and cultivated through endogenous processes. This means that the local—or territorial—level should be regarded as the appropriate place for pursuing sustainable human development (Biggeri and Ferrannini 2014). It also means that development must be conceived of, and facili¬tated through, genuinely participatory processes. Within this perspective, setting the conditions of endogenous processes has to be the priority goal of participatory approaches. These conditions cover required abilities from the stakeholders who have to be active in these endogenous processes, but also a context enough open to let these stakeholders develop their capacities and actions. The key issue is then about how a participatory process can make a whole environment moving. This paper presents how a framework of innovation context (Agriculture Innovation System concept) and a specific participatory approach that is built upon a serious game and focus on endogenous processes have been combined to make a whole institutional and socioeconomic environment move in a way that allow endogenous processes to be achieved at a whole value-chain scale
The Role of Small-Scale Hydraulic Infrastructure in Transforming Hydrosocial Territories in a Catchment in Ceará, Brazil
No full textInternational audienceThis paper analyses the central role of water infrastructure in the transformation of hydrosocial territories through a case study in the Forquilha catchment in Brazil’s Nordeste. Decentralised state-led infrastructural development reinforced the resilience of communities to drought, leading to more sustainable water access by many families; this was further magnified through individual and collective initiatives. However, this entailed the overdevelopment of small-scale hydraulic infrastructure and the formation of small community-based hydrosocial territories, which changed water flows and social relations at different scales. We show how this has led to the loss of hydraulic connectivity and the fragmentation of the catchment and how it has weakened collective action vis-à-vis the state. The state staged a remarkable interventionist comeback in the catchment by connecting medium-sized reservoirs in the upstream part of the catchment to urban water supply networks. In the absence of negotiated water reallocation, this may lead to the loss of water and livelihoods by vulnerable groups
Caractérisation macro-institutionnelle des verrous et leviers à la réduction d'usages des pesticides au Cameroun
No full textCrop protection through the use of chemical pesticides plays an important role for decision-makers in Cameroon, with a view to securing yields, income and food security and reducing post-harvest losses for farmers. Despite the importance of these pesticides, they are a source of many negative externalities for humans and the environment. Faced with the positive and negative externalities of pesticides, a compromise has to be found between, on the one hand, "productive efficiency", i.e. the competitiveness of pesticide-consuming agriculture, and on the other hand, the well-being of a population that is increasingly well-informed and concerned about : (i) the quality of their environment, which requires a reduction in the use of pesticides, and (ii) the technological sovereignty of Cameroonian agriculture. Based on a review of the grey and empirical literature, qualitative surveys (55 interviews), and the organisation of a focus group (10 retailers from the pesticide and agri-food sectors), we characterise the pluralism of lock-in situations and levers linked to the reduction of pesticide use in the agricultural socio-technical system in Cameroon by mobilising the socio-technical lock-in analysis framework. This characterisation is classified into three scales: (i) microeconomic,(ii) mesoeconomic and (iii) macroeconomic. We found that dependence on pesticides in the agrifood system in Cameroon is not just a technological problem, but also an economic one (farmers' yields and incomes; pesticide taxes and subsidies; organisation of the phytosanitary and agricultural sectors), historical (farmers' routines), agronomic (speed of plant disease/phytosanitary problems) and political (regulations). To this end, alternatives to pesticides are identified in the Cameroonian context at the technical level (biopesticides), the economic level (innovative financing mechanisms for the agroecological transition; market creation), the political level (introduction of legislation relating to organic farming and agroecology; instruments for implementing integrated pest management), research, training and extension.La protection phytosanitaire à travers l'usage des pesticides chimiques occupe une place importante pour les décideurs camerounais en vue de sécuriser les rendements, les revenus, la sécurité alimentaire et de réduire les pertes post-récolte des agriculteurs. Malgré l'importance de ces pesticides, ils sont sources de nombreuses externalités négatives sur l'homme et l'environnement. Face aux externalités positives et négatives des pesticides, un compromis doit être trouvé entre, d'une part, " l'efficacité productive ", c'est-à-dire la compétitivité d'une agriculture consommatrice de pesticides, et d'autre part, le bien-être d'une population de mieux en mieux informée et de plus en plus soucieuse de : (i) la qualité de son environnement qui nécessite de réduire l'utilisation de pesticides, (ii) la souveraineté technologique de l'agriculture camerounaise. A partir d'une revue de la littérature grise et empirique, d'enquêtes qualitatives (55 entretiens), d'organisation d'un focus groupe (10 détaillants des filières pesticides et agroalimentaires), nous caractérisons le pluralisme des situations de verrouillage et des leviers en lien avec la réduction de l'usage des pesticides dans le système sociotechnique agricole au Cameroun en mobilisant le cadre d'analyse des verrouillages sociotechniques. Cette caractérisation est classée en trois échelles : (i) microéconomique, (ii) mésoéconomique, (iii) macroéconomique. Nous constatons que la dépendance aux pesticides dans le système agroalimentaire au Cameroun n'est pas seulement un problème technologique, mais aussi économique (rendements et revenus des agriculteurs ; taxes et subventions des pesticides ; organisation des filières phytosanitaires et agricoles), historique (routine des agriculteurs), agronomique (célérité de la maladie des plantes / des problèmes phytosanitaires), politique (réglementation). Pour cela, des alternatives aux pesticides sont identifiées dans le contexte du Cameroun sur le plan technique (biopesticides), économique (mécanismes de financement innovant de la transition agroécologique ; création des marchés), politique (mise en place des textes en lien avec l'agriculture biologique, l'agroécologie ; instruments de mise en oeuvre de la lutte intégrée), la recherche, la formation et la vulgarisation
Multimodality for improved CNN photometric redshifts
No full textInternational audiencePhotometric redshift estimation plays a crucial role in modern cosmological surveys for studying the universe’s large-scale structures and the evolution of galaxies. Deep learning has emerged as a powerful method to produce accurate photometric redshift estimates from multiband images of galaxies. Here, we introduce a multimodal approach consisting of the parallel processing of several subsets of prior image bands, the outputs of which are then merged for further processing through a convolutional neural network (CNN). We evaluate the performance of our method using three surveys: the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey (CFHTLS), and the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC). By improving the model’s ability to capture information embedded in the correlation between different bands, our technique surpasses state-of-the-art photometric redshift precision. We find that the positive gain does not depend on the specific architecture of the CNN and that it increases with the number of photometric filters available