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A new threat to Sardina pilchardus in the northwestern Mediterranean: Genetic validation of the presence of lethal parasites in pelagic eggs and ovaries
No full textInternational audienceOver the past few decades, the fishing industry and species conservationists have grown increasingly concerned about the decrease in catches and poor health of European sardines (Sardina pilchardus), particularly in the northwestern Mediterranean region. The species is threatened by a number of factors, including parasite illnesses, rising seawater temperatures, and overfishing. Increasing seawater temperatures due to climate change might lead to the proliferation of protistan parasites, such as Ichthyodinium chabelardi. This parasite has been documented in the literature to cause 100% larval mortality in sardines, which may have detrimental effects on fish populations and the fishing industry. We confirmed the existence of I. chabelardi in pelagic eggs and the ovaries of European sardines from the Catalan coast (northwestern Mediterranean) by means of stereomicroscopic analysis and a genetic methodology for parasite identification. The incidence of this infection was 22.5% in ovarian tissue and 11.5% in eggs. In this study, we present new data on the vertical transmission of I. chabelardi from one generation to another in sardines captured in the Mediterranean region. Interpreting outbreaks of I. chabelardi, especially in sardine populations, requires further research into the transmission of infection and improving our understanding of protozoan parasites
Sequential trait evolution did not drive deep-time diversification in sharks
No full textInternational audienceEstimating how traits evolved and impacted diversification across the tree of life represents a critical topic in ecology and evolution. Although there has been considerable research in comparative biology, large parts of the tree of life remain underexplored. Sharks are an iconic clade of marine vertebrates, and key components of marine ecosystems since the early Mesozoic. However, few studies have addressed how traits evolved or whether they impacted their extant diversity patterns. Our study aimed to fill this gap by reconstructing the largest time-calibrated species-level phylogeny of sharks and compiling an exhaustive database for ecological (diet, habitat) and biological (reproduction, maximum body length) traits. Using state-of-the-art models of evolution and diversification, we outlined the major character shifts and modes of trait evolution across shark species. We found support for sequential models of trait evolution and estimated a small to medium-sized lecithotrophic and coastal-dwelling most recent common ancestor for extant sharks. However, our exhaustive hidden traits analyses do not support trait-dependent diversification for any examined traits, challenging previous works. This suggests that the role of traits in shaping sharks’ diversification dynamics might have been previously overestimated and should motivate future macroevolutionary studies to investigate other drivers of diversification in this clade
Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi genospecies in Ixodes ricinus ticks: models for surveillance and prevention based on the French citizen science program CiTIOUE Vector-borne diseases
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AgroforesTreeAdvice
No full texta Decision Support System to help choose tree species/varieties/rootstocks for agroforestry system
Calibrated Engagement: Chronicles of Local Politics in the Heartland of Myanmar
No full textInternational audienceFor decades, the heartland of Myanmar has been configured as a pacified space under military surveillance. A closer look reveals how politics is enacted at distance with the state. Calibrated Engagement weaves together ethnography and history to chronicle the transformation of rural politics in Anya, the dry lands of central Myanmar. The book presents situations as varied as local elections, inheritance transmissions, land conflicts and ceremonies, to show that politics is about how people calibrate the way they engage with each other
How do publicly procured school meals programmes in sub-Saharan Africa improve nutritional outcomes for children and adolescents: a mixed-methods systematic review
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Objective: This review aimed to (i) synthesise evidence of the impact of publicly procured school meals programmes on nutritional outcomes of children/adolescents (5–18 years) in sub-Saharan Africa and (ii) identify challenges and facilitators to implementing effective school meals programmes. Design: Mixed-methods systematic review ( n 7 databases). Nutritional outcomes assessed were anthropometrics (underweight, stunting, wasting, overweight/obesity), micronutrient deficiencies, food consumed and food environment. Qualitative findings were coded using a nine-step school food system framework: production of food, wholesale and trading, transportation and storage, processing and distribution, food preparation, distribution to students, student stakeholders, community involvement and infrastructure support . Setting: Sub-Saharan Africa. Participants: Children/adolescents (5–18 years), parents, school personnel and government officials. Results: Thirty-three studies (twenty-six qualitative, seven quantitative) from nine sub-Saharan African countries were included. Six studies found a positive impact of publicly procured school meals programmes on nutritional outcomes (wasting ( n 1), stunting ( n 3), underweight ( n 1), vitamin A intake ( n 1) and dietary diversity ( n 1)). Fifty-three implementation challenges were identified, particularly during food preparation (e.g. training, payment), distribution to students (e.g. meal quantity/quality/diversity, utensils) and infrastructure support (e.g. funding, monitoring, coordination). Implementation facilitators were identified ( n 37) across processing and distribution (e.g. programme coordination), student stakeholders (e.g. food preferences, reduced stigma) and community involvement (e.g. engagement, positive perceptions). Included policy recommendations targeted wholesale and trading , food preparation , student stakeholders and infrastructure support in nine, fifteen and twenty-five studies, respectively. Conclusions: As many challenges remain, strengthening implementation (and therefore the nutritional impact) of school meals programmes in sub-Saharan Africa requires bold commitment and improved coordination at multiple levels of governance
The state of soils in Europe
No full textInternational audienceThis report delves into the intricate interplay between drivers, pressures and impacts on soil in the 32 Member States of the European Environment Agency (EEA), along with six cooperating countries from the West Balkans, Ukraine and UK, shedding light on the multifaceted challenges facing soil conservation efforts. Our analysis shows the complex interactions among various factors, both anthropogenic and natural, shaping soil degradation processes and their subsequent consequences. We highlight key findings, including the significant impacts of soil degradation on agriculture, ecosystem resilience, water quality, biodiversity, and human health, underscoring the urgent need for comprehensive soil management strategies. Moreover, our examination of citizen science initiatives underlines the importance of engaging the public in soil monitoring and conservation efforts. This work emphasises the policy relevance of promoting sustainable soil governance frameworks, supported by research, innovation, and robust soil monitoring schemes, to safeguard soil health and ensure the long-term resilience of ecosystems