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Mobilités et changement structurel en Afrique subsaharienne : analyse institutionnelle à partir des trajectoires d'insertion des jeunes au Sénégal et au Mozambique
No full textInternational audienc
Action publique éducative et socialisations politiques en tensions : la construction des rapports au politique des publics de l’ouverture sociale
No full textInternational audienc
PSDR4 -In search of Mid Tier Food Systems (MTFS)
No full textThis issue brings together texts from projects carried out as part of the research programme : For Regional Development’4, under the aegis of INRAE and 10 French Regions.International audienceTowards a better understanding and developing of French mid-tier food supply chainsThe objective of this article is to underline the diversity of our case studies, and to show how they reflect the innovation processes grouped under the term MTFS. Our article is structured into three parts. First, we explain how we selected our case studies and the criteria used to choose them. Then we explain the specificity of these innovative food systems: their uncertainties in terms of stabilization and their need; the importance of intermediary actors; the processes of qualification and fair remuneration; the importance of shared governance. Finally, we highlight the different barriers and levers linked to these systems. In conclusion, we focus on the tools available on the PSDR4 site and show how the project, by naming littleknown and innovative systems, is now promoting their development and a transition towards sustainability.</p
Full-length transcriptome sequencing of pepper fruit during development and construction of a transcript variation database
No full textAll the data generated in this study have been implemented in the Pepper Full-length Transcriptome Variation Database (http://pepper-database.cn). Raw transcriptome data are submitted to NCBI SRA: PRJNA1046572 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/?term=PRJNA1046572). Supplementary tables are available at https://figshare.com/account/home#/projects/187023.International audienceChili pepper is an important spice and a model plant for fruit development studies. Large-scale omics information on chili pepper plant development continues to be gathered for understanding development as well as capsaicin biosynthesis. In this study, a full-spectrum transcriptome data of eight chili pepper tissues at five growth stages using the Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing approach was generated. Of the 485 351 transcripts, 35 336 were recorded as reference transcripts (genes), while 450 015 were novel including coding, lnc, and other non-coding RNAs. These novel transcripts belonged to unknown/intergenic (347703), those retained introns (26336), and had multi-exons with at least one junction match (20333). In terms of alternative splicing, retained intron had the highest proportion (14795). The number of tissue-specific expressed transcripts ranged from 22 925 (stem) to 40 289 (flower). The expression changes during fruit and placenta development are discussed in detail. Integration of gene expression and capsaicin content quantification throughout the placental development clarifies that capsaicin biosynthesis in pepper is mainly derived from valine, leucin, and isoleucine degradation as well as citrate cycle and/or pyrimidine metabolism pathways. Most importantly, a user-friendly Pepper Full-Length Transcriptome Variation Database (PFTVD 1.0) (http://pepper-database.cn/) has been developed. PFTVD 1.0 provides transcriptomics and genomics information and allows users to analyse the data using various tools implemented. This work highlights the potential of long-read sequencing to discover novel genes and transcripts and their diversity in plant developmental biology
Soil macrofauna communities in Brazilian land-use systems
No full textInternational audienceBackgroundSoil animal communities include more than 40 higher-order taxa, representing over 23% of all described species. These animals have a wide range of feeding sources and contribute to several important soil functions and ecosystem services. Although many studies have assessed macroinvertebrate communities in Brazil, few of them have been published in journals and even fewer have made the data openly available for consultation and further use. As part of ongoing efforts to synthesise the global soil macrofauna communities and to increase the amount of openly-accessible data in GBIF and other repositories related to soil biodiversity, the present paper provides links to 29 soil macroinvertebrate datasets covering 42 soil fauna taxa, collected in various land-use systems in Brazil. A total of 83,085 georeferenced occurrences of these taxa are presented, based on quantitative estimates performed using a standardised sampling method commonly adopted worldwide to collect soil macrofauna populations, i.e. the TSBF (Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Programme) protocol. This consists of digging soil monoliths of 25 x 25 cm area, with handsorting of the macroinvertebrates visible to the naked eye from the surface litter and from within the soil, typically in the upper 0-20 cm layer (but sometimes shallower, i.e. top 0-10 cm or deeper to 0-40 cm, depending on the site). The land-use systems included anthropogenic sites managed with agricultural systems (e.g. pastures, annual and perennial crops, agroforestry), as well as planted forests and native vegetation located mostly in the southern Brazilian State of Paraná (96 sites), with a few additional sites in the neighbouring states of São Paulo (21 sites) and Santa Catarina (five sites). Important metadata on soil properties, particularly soil chemical parameters (mainly pH, C, P, Ca, K, Mg, Al contents, exchangeable acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, Base Saturation and, New informationQuantitative estimates are provided for 42 soil animal taxa, for two biodiversity hotspots: the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes. Data are provided at the individual monolith level, representing sampling events ranging from February 2001 up to September 2016 in 122 sampling sites and over 1800 samples, for a total of 83,085 ocurrences.</div
The development of the piercing mouth during the last molt of the diseases-transmitting aphids and mosquitoes as revealed by synchrotron X-ray microtomography
No full textInternational audiencePiercing-sucking insects are extremely efficient vectors of animal and plant pathogens. This group is polyphyletic with the piercing organ highly heterogenous in its structure and morphogenesis, adapted to a specific host and feeding mechanism. For instance, hemimetabolous aphids feed on plant sap from nymphs to adults and they renew their stylets at each molt, thanks to specialized secreting glands. Distinctly, holometabolous mosquitoes have two feeding modes: larvae feed in water by filtering and scraping surfaces with their mouths, while female adults can acquire blood from vertebrate hosts. The pupal metamorphosis allows switching from one feeding habit to another. Here, we present a deep characterization of the biogenesis of the adult mouthparts in parthenogenetic females of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris 1776) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and in females of the mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1895) (Diptera: Culicidae), investigated using non-invasive X-ray synchrotron-based microtomography. Comparing datasets collected from aphid juvenile and adult stages and from preimaginal and adult stages of the mosquito, we were able to track the morphological changes of secreting glands and the synthesis of the adult stylet in aphid heads and to follow the de novo formation of mosquito mouthparts in pupae. Our study provides a baseline for investigating the evolution and the development of piercing-sucking mouthparts and to better understand how morphogenesis works in insects
Une approche territoriale et anticipatrice pour une transhumance apaisée à la frontière entre le Togo et le Burkina Faso. synthèse.
No full textLes crises affectant le pastoralisme dans la région subsaharienne depuis quelques années s’inscrivent dans des conflits territoriaux. La branche Productions animales et ressources génétiques (NSAG) de la FAO informe le dialogue public sur l’élevage et le pastoralisme par des résultats scientifiques sur l’économie, l’environnement et les contextes sociaux des systèmes pastoraux, pour favoriser leur soutien politique dans un contexte où nouvelles urgences, inégalités et compétitions accrues sur les ressources mettent en question les habitats et les conditions de vie des pasteurs. Ainsi, la convention de recherche signée par la FAO et le Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), dont est issu ce document, visait à compléter et enrichir les initiatives locales pour une transhumance transfrontalière apaisée et, au-delà, les réponses régionales aux défis de la mobilité des animaux et des éleveurs. Le travail présenté ici en synthèse a rempli deux objectifs principaux. La méthode innovante de l’approche anticipatrice et territoriale a offert des espaces de concertation originaux et inédits à des «experts» locaux représentatifs de plusieurs facettes de la population du territoire transfrontalier, qui sont désormais formés à utiliser cet outil. La démarche complète (analyse des données existantes, enquête auprès de plus de 500 ménages, entretiens et trois ateliers en groupe pérenne) a abouti à des recommandations collectives pour un développement territorial - donc multisectoriel - renforçant les places et rôles de la transhumance et favorisant sa coexistence apaisée avec les autres secteurs d’activité dans les territoires
Penser l'avenir du pastoralisme en Afrique sub saharienne à travers le rapport social d'activité
No full textInternational audienceCet article explore une piste d’analyse des changements structurels dans les systèmes de production et de reproduction des économies pastorales à partir du cadre théorique de la Théorie de la Régulation (TR) (Boyer 1986) adapté au contexte de l’Afrique subsaharienne, et de connaissances empiriques qualitatives. Nous reformulons les questions récurrentes sur « l’avenir du pastoralisme », en interrogeant les conditions de déstabilisation et de renouvellement des compromis institutionnalisés (André 2002) sur lesquels se basent les systèmes pastoraux de production et de vie . Notre hypothèse est que de nouveaux compromis institutionnalisés (en particulier autour du foncier et des mobilités) recomposent le pastoralisme et reconfigurent son inscription dans les territoires et dans les débats de l’action publique : collectivités locales, autorités coutumières, organisations professionnelles (OP), acteurs de l’aide et services publics nationaux
Stray cattle in Corsica. Study of an awkward notion and awkward animals
No full textInternational audience"Corsica is a paradise for stray cattle" (RENUCCI, 1970). In this territory, animals enjoy a freedom that is well-known in popular culture but not always well understood. Indeed, Corsican husbandry is characterised by ancestral pastoral practices that are far removed from the idea of a form of indolence on the part of the shepherds (RAVIS-GIORDANI, 1975) that can convey the Epinal image relating to the place of livestock on the island. Formerly confined to rural and mountain areas, and always under surveillance and control, animals now move freely on roads, beaches, in the heart of villages and now in the island's main towns, Bastia and Ajaccio. The phenomenon is sufficiently important to be the subject of regular media coverage, denouncing the material and human damage they cause on the roads and even in the urban centres. The physical accidents they cause, as well as the health status of these animals that could be vectors of bovine tuberculosis, are deemed to constitute a public health and safety problem. These animals - whose numbers are difficult to quantify but are thought to number several thousand or even ten thousand - are then referred to as "strays". However, if such a category of administrative and police origin (divagant in French) seems appropriate for qualifying and managing accidental situations of livestock escaping from a corral, it is much less so when it comes to dealing with stray cattle in Corsica, particularly in urban areas.The presence of cattle in towns produces a particularly original magnifying effect for examining town/countryside relations through the prism of animal mobility. Indeed, it is not exactly the category of "wild" that is used to apprehend these "farm" animals apparently free to roam wherever they please. Nor is it exactly the category of "domestic" as it is usually understood in urban spaces populated by pets (mainly dogs and cats) that is mobilised. Thus, the straying of livestock generates an uncomfortable blurring of the usual categories of understanding and treatment of issues relating to the 'rightful place' (MAUZ, 2002) of animals in anthropised spaces such as cities, where certain objects, certain humans and certain animals (GULLO et al., 1998; DAVIS, 2000; JEROLMACK, 2008; PEARSON, 2021) are synonymous with disorder (DOUGLAS, 1966) and are the object of long-standing and constant efforts to exclude them (PHILO, 1995). Indeed, there seems to be a consensus that livestock in cities are "out of place". However, despite this unanimous observation, the embarrassment of humans and public authorities in proposing solutions and coordinating to act reflects the difficulties in agreeing on the legitimacy and place of these animals.This article analyses the way in which the qualification of so-called "stray animals" and the problematisation of their presence and mobility recharacterise urban and rural spaces and the activities of those who are supposed to look after them. By questioning the spaces travelled and the boundaries crossed by animals, we understand the way in which nature/culture and urban/rural boundaries are designed and transgressed, and how certain actors act to maintain or limit these transgressions. To do this, we rely on a survey conducted between December 2021 and December 2022, during which twenty-six interviews were conducted with farmers, residents and elected officials of urban and rural municipalities, representatives of nature management organisations, the hunting federation, animal protection NGO, victims' associations, and representatives of public order (municipal police). We also relied on a review of the press, mainly regional but also including some national media, on the issue of animal "straying" in Corsica. The thematic analysis of the interviews and the media treatment of the problem made it possible to analyse the way in which are co-constructed and collectively negotiated, on the one hand, the qualification of stray animals at the interface between wild and domestic, and on the other, the qualification of spaces at the interface between town and countryside. We then show that these animals gravitate in the grey zones of modernity and circulate in territories where they have no place anywhere