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Divergence in evolutionary potential of life history traits among wild populations is predicted by differences in climatic conditions
No full textInternational audienceShort-term adaptive evolution represents one of the primary mechanisms allowing species to persist in the face of global change. Predicting the adaptive response at the species level requires reliable estimates of the evolutionary potential of traits involved in adaptive responses, as well as understanding how evolutionary potential varies across a species’ range. Theory suggests that spatial variation in the fitness landscape due to environmental variation will directly impact the evolutionary potential of traits. However, empirical evidence on the link between environmental variation and evolutionary potential across a species range in the wild is lacking. In this study, we estimate multivariate evolutionary potential (via the genetic variance–covariance matrix, or G-matrix) for six morphological and life history traits in 10 wild populations of great tits (Parus major) distributed across Europe. The G-matrix significantly varies in size, shape, and orientation across populations for both types of traits. For life history traits, the differences in G-matrix are larger when populations are more distant in their climatic niche. This suggests that local climates contribute to shaping the evolutionary potential of phenotypic traits that are strongly related to fitness. However, we found no difference in the overall evolutionary potential (i.e., G-matrix size) between populations closer to the core or the edge of the distribution area. This large-scale comparison of G-matrices across wild populations emphasizes that integrating variation in multivariate evolutionary potential is important to understand and predict species’ adaptive responses to new selective pressures
Dog blood parasite infection in upland and lowland communities of northern Thailand: The role of environment and care of dog owners
No full textInternational audienceDogs play an important role as hosts and reservoirs for many zoonotic diseases. Ehrlichiosis, babesiosis and hepatozoonosis are a group of canine vector-borne diseases that can be transmitted via ectoparasites from dog to dog and also from dog to humans. This study focused on three main blood parasites of dog (i.e., Babesia spp., Ehrlichia spp. and Hepatozoon spp.) among two different landscape types of eight villages of Santhong Sub-district, Nan Province, Thailand. In this study, 149 dogs were surveyed and blood samples were collected. Blood parasite infections in dogs were assessed using molecular detection approach. Babesia canis vogeli, Babesia gibsoni, Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis were detected with prevalence of infection at 10.7%, 8.1%, 3.4% and 0.7%, respectively. In terms of landscape type, prevalence of overall blood parasites, particularly Babesia spp. infections were higher in dogs living in upland forested areas (28.3%) compared to dogs from lowland agricultural areas (12.3%). Data obtained from the questionnaires on perceptions of dog owners showed that dogs raised all the time outside owner's house, and those dogs whose owners have never bathed and cleaned were more likely to be exposed to blood parasites. As infected dogs could play an important role as reservoirs of the blood parasites, attitude of dog owners may affect public health in terms of zoonotic disease transmission. Effective control measures and surveillance program of arthropod vectors and blood parasite infection in dogs still need to be advocated to minimize zoonotic disease transmission
The context of citizen participation in water management in France
No full textInternational audienceEver more land and water managers are implementing participatory approaches in the scope of their projects, plans and programmes. This chapter provides elements for understanding the context surrounding citizen participatory processes in France. It is based on the testimonies of three actors, each of whom sheds light on the subject from her own perspective, altogether encompassing the local level, the regional Rhône-Mediterranean-Corsica watershed level as well as the national level
Understanding nitrogen dynamics in the Brazilian beef industry: A comprehensive decadal analysis
No full textInternational audienceBrazil stands as a prominent beef producer and exporter, witnessing major transformations and expansions in its production chain over the past 20 years. These changes have prompted concerns regarding waste generation and environmental pressure. This study employs material flow analysis (MFA) to quantify nitrogen flows throughout the cattle slaughter process and subsequent beef consumption in Brazil, spanning from 2011 to 2021. The analysis encompasses co-production streams like leather, tallow, viscera, and blood. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and the nitrogen cascade indicator (NCI) were used to evaluate efficiency and nitrogen accumulation in the production chain. Nitrogen inputs in the system increased by 8.47 %, while beef production rose by 7.29 %. In contrast, per capita beef consumption decreased by 1.29 kg, despite an overall consumption increase of 2.84 %, attributed to population growth in Brazil. Beef exports witnessed a notable surge of 86.03 %. Conversely, human excreta and food waste losses experienced increments of 10.88 % and 2.84 %, respectively. Examining NUE reveals the highest values during the slaughter phase (90 %), followed by processing, transportation, and storage stages (79–88 %). The consumption phase exhibited the lowest NUE values (29–34 %). Regarding the cumulative nitrogen effect, the NCI varied between 77 % and 82 % throughout the study period. This highlights opportunities for enhancing nitrogen use efficiency, particularly by addressing food waste at the consumer level. Notably, the study observes nitrogen accumulation across the Brazilian beef production chain, potentially contributing to the nitrogen cascade effect and heightening environmental pressure. Recognizing these dynamics provides avenues for targeted improvements, emphasizing the need to address nitrogen-related challenges and enhance sustainability in the beef production and consumption landscape
Leviers et freins à l’adoption des nouvelles variétés de vigne par les producteurs : un cas d’étude sur un territoire pilote du Nord-Est des États-Unis
No full textNational audienceLa création de variétés de vigne résistantes aux maladies cryptogamiques principalement mildiou (Plasmopara viticola) et oïdium (Erysiphe necator) est aujourd’hui très dynamique en France et à travers le monde. Ces nouvelles variétés sont obtenues par hybridation entre des variétés sensibles de l’espèce Vitis vinifera et des génotypes résistants, avec des schémas de sélection qui incluent notamment les variétés dites Bouquet, développées en France dans les années 1970 par un chercheur éponyme de l’INRAE. Les programmes de sélection qui durent généralement entre 15 et 25 ans aboutissent à l’inscription de quelques nouvelles variétés au Catalogue national officiel des variétés. C’est le cas notamment du floréal, voltis, artaban et vidoq issues du programme Resdur 1, et coliris, lilaro, sirano, selenor et opalor développées dans le cadre du programme Resdur 2, classées respectivement en 2018 et 2022. Ainsi entre 2016 et 2022, selon des données issues du casier viticole informatisé (CVI), 2126 hectares de variétés résistantes ont été plantés. Même si ces variétés peuvent être inscrites dans certains cahiers des charges et plantées par les vignerons, elles ne sont pas toujours systématiquement adoptées. De manière analogue, les perspectives de marché et l’acceptabilité des vins produits à partir de ces variétés par les consommateurs restent hypothétiques. Dans le cadre du Défi Clé Vinid’Occ et du projet Ressenti financés par la région Occitanie, des chercheurs de l’Institut Agro Montpellier, de l’ENSAT, de l’INRAE et de l’école d’Ingénieurs de Purpan s’intéressent depuis octobre 2022 à l’acceptabilité de ces nouvelles variétés par les producteurs et les consommateurs sur le territoire occitan. En parallèle de ce projet, une étude pilote subventionnée par Toulouse INP a été menée, entre avril et mai 2023, dans le vignoble des Finger Lakes, un vignoble du Nord-Est des États-Unis où l’innovation variétale est particulièrement active et les plantations largement libéralisées. Dans le cadre de ce travail, 19 chercheurs, producteurs, conseillers, pépiniéristes, responsable d’organisation professionnelle ont été interrogés en face-à-face, lors d’entretiens semi-directifs d’une durée d’une heure environ. Les principales thématiques abordées concernaient la création variétale, les modifications de l’encépagement et les facteurs de raisonnement des nouvelles plantations, les motivations des adopteurs, les limites de ces nouvelles variétés, les expérimentations et le conseil, et le changement climatique. Le présent article recense les principaux leviers et freins à l’adoption identifiés lors des entretiens
Whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics reveal candidate genes associated with quality traits in Dioscorea alata
No full textInternational audienceBackground Quality traits are essential determinants of consumer preferences. Dioscorea alata (Greater Yam), is a starchy tuber crop in tropical regions. However, a comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis underlying yam tuber quality remains elusive. To address this knowledge gap, we employed population genomics and candidate gene association approaches to unravel the genetic factors influencing the quality attributes of boiled yam. Methods and Results Comparative genomics analysis of 45 plant species revealed numerous novel genes absent in the existing D. alata gene annotation. This approach, adding 48% more genes, significantly enhanced the functional annotation of three crucial metabolic pathways associated with boiled yam quality traits: pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis. In addition, the whole-genome sequencing of 127 genotypes identified 27 genes under selection and 22 genes linked to texture, starch content, and color through a candidate gene association analysis. Notably, five genes involved in starch content and cell wall composition, including 1,3-beta Glucan synthase, beta-amylase, and Pectin methyl esterase, were common to both approaches and their expression levels were assessed by transcriptomic data. Conclusions The analysis of the whole-genome of 127 genotypes of D. alata and the study of three specific pathways allowed the identification of important genes for tuber quality. Our findings provide insights into the genetic basis of yam quality traits and will help the enhancement of yam tuber quality through breeding programs
Genome‐wide development of intra‐ and inter‐specific transferable SSR markers and construction of a dynamic web resource for yam molecular breeding: Y2MD
No full textInternational audienceMicrosatellite markers are widely used in population genetics and breeding. Despite the economic significance of yams in developing countries, there is a paucity of microsatellite markers, and as of now, no comprehensive microsatellite marker database exists. In this study, we conducted genome-wide microsatellite marker development across four yam species, identified cross-species transferable markers, and designed an easy-to-use web portal for the yam researchers. The screening of Dioscorea alata, Dioscorea rotundata, Dioscorea dumetorum, and Dioscorea zingiberensis genomes resulted in 318,713, 322,501, 307,040, and 253,856 microsatellites, respectively. Mono-, di-, and tri-nucleotides were the most important types of repeats in the different species, and a total of 864,128 primer pairs were designed. Furthermore, we identified 1170 cross-species transferable microsatellite markers. Among them, 17 out of 18 randomly selected were experimentally validated with good discriminatory power, regardless of the species and ploidy levels. Ultimately, we created and deployed a dynamic Yam Microsatellite Markers Database (Y2MD) available at . Y2MD is embedded with various useful tools such as JBrowse, Blast, insilicoPCR, and SSR Finder to facilitate the exploitation of microsatellite markers in yams. This study represents the first comprehensive microsatellite marker mining across several yam species and will contribute to advancing yam genetic research and marker-assisted breeding. The released user-friendly database constitutes a valuable platform for yam researchers.Whole genome assemblies of the four yam species were screened for the detection of microsatellites.A set of 1170 cross-species transferable microsatellite markers were identified.An experimentally validated subset of 17 markers has shown consistent discriminatory power with respect to species and ploidy levels.A user-friendly and dynamic web portal, the Yam Microsatellite Markers Database (Y2MD), has been developed and made freely available at .The database includes a number of useful tools such as JBrowse, insilicoPCR, SSRFinder, and Blast.Yams (Dioscorea spp.) are vital for developing economies, yet improved varieties are slow to emerge. To accelerate breeding, our study addressed the scarcity of microsatellite markers in yams. We developed 864,128 primer pairs, identifying 1170 transferable markers across species. The validation of 17 markers proved functionality irrespective of species or ploidy. These resources are housed in an online database, fostering collaboration and advancing yam genetic studies and marker-assisted breeding
Modéliser des stratégies de bergers sur le massif de la Clape avec des troupeaux ovins mobiles
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A systematic approach for detecting abrupt shifts in ecological timeseries
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Enigmatic rodents from Lavergne, a late middle Eocene (MP 16) fissure-filling of the Quercy Phosphorites (Southwest France)
No full textInternational audienceTwo somewhat “odd” taxa of theridomyid rodents, one formerly known (Bernardia marandati Vianey-Liaud, 1991) and the other new (Idicia vidalenci gen. et sp. nov.) are discussed from a taxonomical and taphonomical perspectives. These two rodents were found at Lavergne, a late middle Eocene (MP16) “phosphatière” from the Quercy (Southwest France). The genus Bernardia, being preoccupied by a scale insect (Bernardia Ashmead, 1881), is here renamed Burgia. We benefit from this nomenclatural change to describe additional new dental specimens of this patriotheridomyine species, including a previously undescribed locus (P4). The other theridomyid from Lavergne, Idicia vidalenci gen. et sp. nov., so far documented by a mandible preserving two teeth (m2-m3) is a new taxon of peculiar occlusal morphology, and whose subfamilial affinities remain unknown. These two peculiar theridomyids recorded at Lavergne are found nowhere else, whether in coeval localities in Quercy or elsewhere in Western Europe. We discuss the possible causes of their unique presence at Lavergne