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Screening and monitoring of watermelon source material by components of the vegetation period in the conditions of the forest-steppe of Ukraine
Get PDFRelevant in the selection of each crop, including watermelon is a comprehensive study of the source material to identify sources of valuable traits and include them in the selection process in order to expand the genetic diversity of the culture. According to the results of research, to create a new source material for heterosis selection of watermelon, screening and monitoring of the vegetation period duration (number of days from germination to ripening) and its components 118 (101 varieties, 17 hybrids) genotypes of watermelon in the forest-steppe of Ukraine have been conducted. Research methods are generally accepted: field experiment, observation, accounting, analysis, statistical. According to the results of determining the duration of the components of the vegetation period, the samples were divided into five groups of ripeness: early (65–80 days) – 80 (68 %), medium-early (81–85 days) – 14 (12 %), medium (86–95 days) – 18 (15 %), medium-late (96–105 days) – 4 (3 %) and late (106 days) – 2 (2 %). Variety-samples, selected by morphological and economically valuable characteristics, belong mainly (80 %) to early and medium-early. Only 6 % of genotypes belong to the medium-late and late-ripening groups. 52 samples with the smallest separate interphase periods were isolated. According to the results of the research, 8 sources with the high early ripeness were identified, the vegetation period of which was 66–70 days: Yellow early 108105 (66 days), Karapuz 108109, Surprise 108121 (67 days), Gift of the sun 108109, Lezheboka honey 108116, Thailand №1 108153 ( 69 days), Sweet Diamond 107874, Northern Lights 108127 (70 days). Sources are involved in the selection proces
Review on: uses of cereals in traditional foods of Nepal and their preparation process
Get PDFThe purpose of research was to make people aware about traditional foods of Nepal and use of cereals in traditional foods.
Nepal, country is home for people of many races, ethnicity and religion. This country is rich in natural beauty and traditional beliefs and practices. In Nepal, the primary occupation of many people is agriculture. Cereals like finger millet, buckwheat etc. are among the underutilized crops in this country. Nepal is rich in traditional and indigenous foods because of the richness in ethnic diversity. During the research we came to know that traditional food is attached to emotional and cultural level for the old generational residents of this country, but this trend seems to be decreasing in today’s generation due to Western culture influence and modernization. During preparation the process followed was still same as followed decades ago. The advancement in food technologies can be followed by the advancement in traditional foods for their own benefits. We should protect and promote our traditional foods, as it is deeply rooted with our cultural aspects; which results in preservation of culture and traditions. This article is about the use of cereals in traditional food of Nepal and their preparation proces
Creation of winter wheat source material with increased adaptive potential to adverse environmental conditions
Get PDFThe goal until the last day was to create a new sort with high indicators of productivity, adaptability and quality of grain on the basis of the directed selection process and comprehensive study of hybrid material on field and laboratory estimations.
Creation of initial material with high productivity, adaptability and grain quality by directed selection and hybrid material comprehensive study is described. General scientific, special genetic, field, laboratory methods, morphological analysis and statistical methods were used in the research. Given that the weight of grain from 1 ear is a marker in breeding for high yield (r=0.53), the largest (50 %) positive transgressions were in F1 hybrids using new genetic plasma varieties. Among hybrid populations F2, F3 and F4, selection value is represented by hybrid populations 4971 and 4976, which have the lowest stress resistance (–16.1, –18.6) and variation (16.9, 19.9) and the highest genetic stability (50.0, 50.2) and homeostaticity (19.1, 14.3), respectively. Among Control, Preliminary and Competitive tests, lines UK2621/18 and UK9855/18 have high stress resistance (–4.7, –5.8), homeostaticity (1416.0, 1008.0) and low variability (2.6 %, 3.5 %), respectively. They are the most adaptive and malleable to average and adverse environmental conditions. Line UK1182/17, which in 2020 was submitted for consideration to the State variety testing as "Blahovishchenska" (Kiev, Ukraine), was created using the purposeful method of pedigree in each link of selection. It has high adaptability, resistance to lodging, major diseases, high average yield (90.8 c/ha), and grain quality – it is strong wheat (protein amount 13.5–14.0 %, gluten – 30–35 %). Pedigree is the most effective method of continuous individual selection, which allows creating source material with high productivity, resistance to disease and adverse environmental factor
Analysis of the use of industrial crossbreeding to improve the profitability of the pig industry
Get PDFThe aim of the research was to conduct an economic assessment of the use of industrial crossbreeding in the pig industry.
The study was carried out in LLC "Mayak-Agro" (Ukraine) and in the laboratories of the Cherkasy National University named after Bohdan Khmelnitsky and the Cherkasy Experimental Station of Bioresources of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Ukrainian breeds of pigs were used: (Ukrainian BigWhite-1 (UBW-1), Red White-Belt (RWB) and Duroc of the Ukrainian selection "Steppe" (DUSS)). Breeds of English origin: (Big White (EBW), Landrace (L), Pietrain (P)). Crossbreeds, obtained by crossing the breeds, mentioned above. A comprehensive assessment of the reproductive capacity of a sow was carried out taking into account multiple births, the number of piglets at one month of age and the average daily gain during this period. Growth and development were monitored in terms of changes in live weight by individual weighing at birth and every month to a live weight of 100 and 120 kg.
Regardless of maternal form, in the groups where boars of the breeds Red White-Belt and Pietrain were used, higher indicators of comprehensive assessment of reproductive capacity were obtained. The best fattening qualities characterized piglets, obtained from a combination of sows (1/2UBW-1+1/2L) with boars of the Pietrain breed (P). In comparison with other variants of crosses, in this group the animals reached a live weight of 100 kg 7.6 days earlier. Their feed costs per 1 kg of live weight gain were 3.33 feed units, which corresponds to the expected figure of 3.34 feed units when fattening up to 100 kg in 170 days. In terms of industrial pork production, breeding of animals of the group (1/4UBW-1+1/4L+1/2P) was more profitable, in which the highest level of profitability was obtained - 22.3 % for fattening up to 100 kg and 12.5 % for fattening up to 120 kg. Cultivation of three-breed hybrids to a live weight of over 100 kg led to a decrease in profitability among all research groups. The use of the genotype 1/4UBW-1+1/4L+1/2P in industrial production makes it possible to obtain animals of various weight conditions without significant additional costs and profitability level reduction.
In the course of the research, it was found, that the best option for three-breed crossing is the use of boars of the Pietrain and Red White-Belt breeds. The use of boars of these breeds is ideal for producers looking for bacon pork. The use of boars of the Duroc breed of the Ukrainian selection "Steppe" (DUSS) makes it possible to obtain fatty pork with the possibility of fattening to different weight categories
Low-molecular components of colostrum as a regulator of the organism redox-system and biological antidote
Get PDFThe protein composition in the diapason of molecular masses from 4800 to 9500 Dа has been studied in colostrum, taken from different cows, and manifested the expressed biological activity. For this aim, an influence of low-molecular components of colostrum on some physiological parameters (change of body mass and temperature) at intoxication of animals (Wistar rats) by blue stone has been studied. An influence of colostrum low-molecular components on parameters of the organism redox-system (content of hyperperoxides of lipids and activity of glutathione peroxidase) in the blood serum of animals has been studied. For determining integral characteristics of colostrum components, electric conductivity of skim colostrum and one of colostrum with low-molecular proteins (less than 10 000 Dа), taken from different cows, were used. The aim of this work is to study interconnections of an influence of colostrum low-molecular proteins on models of organism intoxication by cooper ions.
It is demonstrated, that the colostrum composition includes 25–35 different proteins with a molecular mass from 4800 to 9500 Dа. The number and ratio between protein fractions depend on individual physiological-biochemical characteristics of producers. It has been revealed, that there is no direct dependence between the protein content in a measuring cell (2 mg/ml, 4 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml) with skim colostrum and electric conductivity change, and this dependence is different for skim colostrum, taken from different cows. Individual differences are manifested both at electric conductivity change and by the content of colostrum low-molecular proteins in a measuring cell. It is demonstrated, that colostrum low-molecular components can eliminate the toxic effect of blue stone on the organism, which mechanisms are connected with a balance shift in the system “prooxidants↔antioxidants” towards antioxidants. The electric conductivity of colostrum components may be used as an express-method for evaluating biologically active substances of colostru
Polarization of macrophages of mice under the influence of lectin from Bacillus subtilis IMV B-7724
Get PDFMacrophages (Mph) are highly plastic cells that are able to change their functional activity (polarization) and perform their functions in different physiological and pathological processes (including cancer). Changes in the functional activity of Mph can occur due to the action of a number of external stimuli (cytokines, colony-stimulating factors, products of microbial synthesis, etc.).
The aim of the research was to study the effect of lectin from B. subtilis IMV B-7724 on the state of macrophage polarization in intact mice of the Balb/c strain.
The cytotoxic effect of lectin from B. subtilis IMV B-7724 on the peritoneal Mph of intact Balb/c mice was evaluated in vitro; indices, characterizing the functional activity of Mph with M1 and M2 phenotypes and the levels of STAT-1 and STAT-6 mRNA expression, were determined.
We have shown that the effect of bacterial lectin on peritoneal Mph is concentration-dependent: ≥0.1 mg/ml is cytotoxic while 0.02 and 0.05 mg/ml is stimulating. At low concentrations of lectin there is observed a significant increase in the ratio of NO production to the arginase activity of Mph (NO/Arg), which is characteristic of Mph with the M1 phenotype. Changes in the expression of STAT transcription factors under the influence of the lectin were similar to the changes, found under the combined action of LPS and IFN-γ on Mph. The detected changes in the functional activity of peritoneal Mph of intact mice under the influence of low concentrations of the lectin may be due to the changes in the expression of transcription factors of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Understanding the mechanisms of action of lectin from B. subtilis IMV B-7724 on Mph will open new perspectives for their modulation/polarizatio
Comprehensive study of selection-value lines of zucchini on the level of damage by the yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and manifestation of other diseases
Get PDFThe work is aimed at the selection of linear samples of zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L. var. Giromontia Duch.) with increased complex resistance to abiotic factors of cultivation – zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), powdery mildew, bacteriosis and other viral pathogens. Selection studies on choosing virus-resistant zucchini lines from the United Kingdom, Italy, the United States and Spain have identified a number of important correlations levels of resistance to ZYMV and to harmful microorganisms and viruses, belonging to other genera. The assessment of the resistance of the selected zucchini lines to the complex of studied diseases was performed on a 9-point scale of the classifier of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA). In total, during 2017–2019, 20 lines of zucchini were studied in the field. According to the complex resistance to all pathogens (zucchini yellow mosaic virus, green speckled mosaic, white mosaic and cucumber mosaic, bacteriosis and fusarium wilt), four lines have been identified – LZ 17-11, RVL-19, LZ 17-45 and LZ 17-49, which were resistant at the level of points 7 and 9 on the scale of CMEA. The possibility of selecting potentially resistant linear zucchini genotypes for ZYMV based on correlations with the manifestation of other diseases that occurred in the field has been confirmed. The highest level of correlation 0.59<rp<1.0) is observed when comparing the degree of powdery mildew development and symptoms of ZYMV (17 statistically confirmed values of the pairwise correlation coefficient or 80.95 %). A similar indicator for the pair “bacteriosis/ZYMV” is 14 statistically confirmed values of the pairwise correlation coefficient or 66.67 % (–1.0<rp<0.99), and for the pair “field viruses of other origin/ZYMV” – 11 values, which is 52.38 % (–1.0<rp<0.93). Zucchini samples were identified, in which statistically significant correlations were observed for all pairs of comparative traits. Among them, the variety-standard Chaklun and 4 more lines – LZ 17-1, LZ 17-8, LZ 17-50 and LZ 17-44 (–1.0<rp<0.92). The analysis of correlations shows a complex genetic organization of signs of resistance in zucchini lines to the studied pathogens and a high dependence of the manifestation of these signs on the response of the genotype of the line. One of the proofs of this experimental fact is that in all comparative pairs of indicators of the degree of development of certain diseases there are linear genotypes with both positive and negative values of Pearson correlation coefficients (rp). The high level of statistically significant correlations revealed gives grounds for wide use of correlation analysis in selection work for choosing lines potentially resistant to the complex of the most common diseases in vegetable agrocenose
Research of chemical composition of vegetable raw materials for use in innovative technologies of beverages for child nutrition
Get PDFThe relevance of the study is due to the establishment of scientific data on the inferiority of child nutrition and the possibility of improving the diet through innovative technologies of beverages based on vegetable raw materials.
The data on the substantiation of the choice of vegetable raw materials for the production of child smoothies are given.
Their expediency, nutritional and energy value are characterized. Data on the chemical composition of the created beverages are given, which confirm the effectiveness of used raw materials.
Functional foods should meet 10‑50 % of daily needs. When creating functional compositions, a key place is occupied by a set of predicted functional and technological characteristics and properties, compatibility and specificity of interaction with other components of recipe mixtures and finished products. Just this complex determines the feasibility of using functional compositions for culinary products.
Functional products are created on the principle of food combinatorics by reasonable quantitative selection of basic raw materials, ingredients, food supplements, the combination of which provides the formation of the desired organoleptic and physicochemical properties, as well as a given level of nutritional, biological and energy value.
The aim of the study: to establish the chemical composition of vegetable raw materials and the development of innovative technologies for child food beverages based on functional compositions, recipe mixtures and finished product
Comparative assessment of spray nozzles efficacy in the control of fusarium head blight in the barley crops using developed quantitative PCR assay
Get PDFFusarium species infect cereal spikes during anthesis and cause Fusarium head blight (FHB), a destructive disease of cereal crops with worldwide economic relevance. The necessity for these phytopathogenic fungi effective control becomes increasingly important for the production of both cultivated plants and those plants seeds. Fungicide application is a key methodology for controlling the disease development and mycotoxin contamination in cereals. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is currently the most commonly admitted DNA-based technology for specific, rapid and precise Fusarium detection. We have developed and patented the method for detection and quantitative determination of phytopathogenic fungi F. avenaceum and F. graminearum in plant seeds using Real-Time PCR with a pair of primers, designed to amplify sequences of the internal transcribed spacer at the ribosomal RNA gene cluster of those phytopathogenic fungi. This study was aimed to perform a comparative assessment of the efficacy of different spray nozzles for antifungal treatment to control F. avenaceum and F. graminearum infection of barley grains using a developed qPCR diagnostic system. A single application of a fungicide (active ingredient's content: 250 g/l propiconazole, 80 g/l cyproconazole) at BBCH 65 (middle of flowering) was carried out. For this purpose, four spray nozzles with different technical characteristics were used: Flat Fan 030, Amistar 030, Defy 3D 030 and Vegetable 060 (Pentair, USA). DNA-based fungi detection and identification was performed using conventional PCR and developed qPCR. The level of mycotoxins in barley grain was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Grain count in the ear of barley and thousand seed weight (TSW) were also examined.
A single application of the fungicide inhibited the development of FHB and is accompanied by the slight increase of TSW values in treated plants. It was found, that the most effective fungicide was against F. avenaceum and F. graminearum. The inhibitory effect depended on sprayer type. According to qPCR results, the best performance was achieved when using Amistar 030 and Flat Fan (FF) 030 sprayers. The average concentration of deoxynivalenol (DON) content in all barley grain samples were up to 4 times higher than the permissible level. Overall, because of the high contamination levels, found in tested samples, it is possible to state that a single application of the fungicide at the flowering phase was not able to effectively reduce DON contamination in barley samples.
The developed test-system for qPCR provides new important information in the study of the effectiveness of fungicides and development of strategies to control FHB in cereals, not achievable with conventional PCR
Research of qualitative indicators of butter cookies using protein-mineral supplements
Get PDFThe results of researches of influence of protein-mineral supplements on quality indicators of butter cookies are presented. It is described, that the supplements are used as a multifunctional ingredient, which on the one hand enriches the finished product with digestible calcium compounds, on the other - performs a number of technological tasks and improves the consumer characteristics of butter cookies.
The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of protein-mineral supplements on a number of physicochemical, consumer characteristics and safety indicators of butter cookies.
The study of the following physicochemical parameters of the quality of butter cookies was conducted: mass fraction of moisture, wettability, alkalinity, calcium content, including total and protein-bound.
It is established, that with the content of supplements up to 5.0% of the flour weight, all the above indicators meet the established requirements. With the content of suppements at the level of 6.0… 7.0%, there are limit values of such an indicator as wettability, which is undesirable to ensure the appropriate porous structure of the product. Based on the obtained data, it can be stated, that 5.0% of the use of supplements is the limit rational content in the composition of butter cookies.
The organoleptic analysis proved the high characteristics of the developed products in comparison with traditional ones. In products with supplements, there was an improvement in the structure of the product in the cut and its color. This is ensured by the stabilization of the emulsion by the supplement during the manufacture of products and by peculiarities of its chemical composition.
Studies of safety indicators allowed to establish less intensive dynamics of accumulation of primary oxidation products (peroxides) in samples of flour and butter products with supplements in comparison with control. The best microbiological stability of products with supplements is also proved. Due to the bacteriostatic effect of the supplements, less intensive accumulation of microflora during storage was achieved.
On the basis of the conducted researches the expediency of using up to 5.0% of protein-mineral supplements in the composition of flour and butter products for enrichment of finished products with digestible calcium compounds, improvement of organoleptic characteristics and safety indicators have been established