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Formation of productivity of sowing peas depending on technology measures of cultivation in the conditions of the western forest-steppe
Get PDFIn the conditions of the western Forest-steppe, leguminous crops, including sowing peas, are the main and most important source of vegetable protein, which solve the biological and ecological problems of modern agriculture in Ukraine.
The article presents the main research results on the study of the effect of mineral fertilizers and growth regulators on the formation of the sowing peas productivity in the conditions of the western Forest-steppe.
The field trifactor experiment was laid in the ten-field crop rotation in Podillia Research Center of State Agrarian and Engineering University in Podilya, during 2016–2018. The field experiment was laid down in the research ten-digit crop rotation. In microstages VVSN 55-65 (budding – flowering) crops were sprayed with growth regulators PlantaPeg, Еmistim С and Vympel.
The studies carried out showed that the individual productivity of plants of the Chekbek variety was the best of all the varieties that were studied. It was found, that high indices of the mass of 1000 seeds were in the variants, where mineral fertilizers were used at a dose of N30P30K45 with the plant growth regulator Vympel. According to this fertilizer composition, the mass indices of 1000 seeds for peas of the Chekbek variety were 266.4 g, and for the Hotivskyi and Fargus varieties – 260.6 g and 238.4 g, respectively.
The grain yield of peas is an integrated indicator of the action of all life factors on the plant organism during its growth and development. To a large extent, it depends on the biological characteristics of the variety, the supply of moisture and nutrients to the plant, technological methods of cultivation, as well as natural and climatic conditions. In our studies, the crops, fed with mineral fertilizers and growth regulators, were significantly less exposed to adverse factors, and the studied technology elements had a positive effect on the productivity of pea grain. The maximum biological yield was for the application of mineral fertilizers in doses of N30P30K45 and the plant growth regulator Vympel. For the varieties of Hotivskyi peas, these indicators were 3.79 t/ha, Chekbek 4.32 t/ha, and Fargus 3.30 t/h
STUDYING THE EFFECT OF MILK PROCESSING PRODUCTS ON THE STRUCTURAL-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WHEAT FLOUR DOUGH
Get PDFDry whey enriched with magnesium and manganese (DW) that contains protein in the amount of 13 %, and a whey protein concentrate (WPC) with a protein content of 65 %, have been chosen as functional bases in the production of complex baking improvers with a targeted effect. When developing a composition of the complex improver, the rational dosage of DW is 2 % by weight of flour, and that of WPC – 3 % by weight of flour.
Adding DW and WPC during the kneading of wheat flour dough predetermines a decrease in its gluten content, by 4 % and 6.1 %, respectively, after 20 minutes of the dough rest, and by 7.5 and 10.7 % after two hours of the dough fermentation. This is due to the introduction of lactic acid with milk processing products, which peptizes proteins resulting in that the gluten proteins are partially converted into water-soluble ones.
If DW and WPC are included in the dough formulation, there is an increase in the total amount of proteins in it, as well as a change in their fractional composition: the mass fraction of water-soluble and intermediate fractions of proteins increases while the amount of gluten proteins decreases. That confirms a decrease in the amount of gluten washed out from the dough with the addition of DW and WPC. Increasing the mass fraction of water-soluble proteins contributes to the intensification of the fermentation process through the additional nutrition of microflora with nitrogenous substances and an increase in the content of free water in the dough, which predetermines its thinning.
It was established that despite the high water absorption capacity of DW and WPC, the water-absorbing ability of the dough that contains them decreases compared to control by 8.4 and 10.7 %, respectively. Studying the dough at the farinograph has shown that in the case of using DW, its stability is somewhat prolonged while in the case of WPC introduction the dough stability is extended by almost 10 minutes, which leads to prolonging the dough kneading. Along with this, in the case of using WPC, there is a rapid descent of the farinogram curve, which could lead to a strong weakening of the dough during fermentation and rest, even though that the thinning after 12 minutes is lower than that of contro
Development of technology of creams using hydrocolloids
Get PDFThe article presents a scientific study of the functional and technological properties of hydrocolloids, namely thickeners of polysaccharide nature, which are used as thickeners and stabilizers in dessert products. According to the monitoring of literature sources and the experience of manufacturers, the most commonly used thickeners of polysaccharide nature are carrageenan, locust bean gum, xanthan gum, pectin, starch, etc. However, each of these polysaccharides has both positive and negative sides, more polysaccharides are able to form dense gels, but with a high synergistic effect. Thickeners, such as k-carrageenan, low-esterified pectins, can form gels only in the presence of Са2+. There are also polysaccharides that form gels only at low temperatures and are not stable during external factors (temperature of sale and storage, mechanical impact, etc.).
Therefore, the study was conducted on the combination of polysaccharides in order to obtain creams with an airy gel-like structure. It has been determined, that it is expedient to use the combination "xanthan gum 0.75 % – locust bean gum 0.5 %" to obtain crea
Influence of Philazonit biopreparation on the mycobiome of soybean plants rhizosphere
Get PDFThe article presents the results of analysis of biodiversity and spatial-functional structure of the microbial complex in the soil rhizosphere, and development of ways to regulate the number of phytopathogenic micromycetes in the rhizosphere of soybean plants in organic production. Varieties of plants of soy were grown using the biopreparation "Philazonit", which was developed in the company "Philazonit of Ukraine". The study determined the effect of phylazonite biopreparation on the mycobiome of the rhizosphere of soybean plants. The interaction of plants of soy varieties Kent and Suzir’ja with phytopathogenic micromycetes in conditions of the organic production in the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine (Research farm “Skvyrske” of Institute of Agroecology and Nature Management of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine (IANM of the NAAS) was investigated. The number of phytopathogenic micromycetes in the rhizosphere of plants of different varieties of soy is determined depending on the variety and technology of its cultivation. It was established that the biopreparation Philazonit inhibits the formation of the number of phytopathogenic micromycetes in the rhizosphere of plants of the soy variety Suzir’ja and Kent during the growing season. It is proved that the representatives of genera: Alternaria, Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus are dominated in the rhizosphere of plants of soy of both varieties. In the rhizospheres of plants of the soy Suzir’ja variety the representatives of genus Penicillium (32.8%) most often occurred. The smallest number of micromycetes were members of the genus Aspergillus (9.5%). In the rhizosphere of plants of the Kent variety dominated by representatives of the genera Alternaria and Fusarium (35.6% and 34.1% respectively). Representatives of the genus Penicillium were 15% and Aspergillus – 15.3% It is proved noted that during the studies there was a correlation between the development of micromycetes and the hydrothermal coefficient – in the flowering phase (r=0.8) and in the ripening phase (r =0.9) except for the germination phas
Improvement of the technological treatment scheme of iron-containing wastewater from etching operations
Get PDFThe aim of the research is to improve the technological scheme of treatment of iron-containing wastewater from etching operations by creating combined systems, including reagent wastewater treatment, their mutual neutralization, regeneration of etching solutions, deep post-treatment using a magnetic device. The main volume of wastewater is treated in centralized systems with partial return of water to the production process. Spent solutions from etching operations are subject to regeneration with return to the production process and partial dosing into the main wastewater stream from flushing operations. The consumption of commercial HCl is reduced by 50%. The use of hydrogen peroxide can increase the effect of extracting iron from etching solutions by 30% (total purification effect of 70%). Given that deep purification from iron-containing impurities is provided using a magnetic device, the possibilities of practical implementation of reverse osmosis to obtain "pure" water in centralized systems, which can be used for preparation of process solutions and in a mixture with technical water - for flushing operations, increase. In experimental and industrial conditions the expenses of reagents, their concentrations, dosing time are establishe
Ornamental plants in the Southern Region of Albania contaminated by entomoparasites of U/Order Coccoinea, Insecta Class
Get PDFIn this paper, one of the most specific groups of plant entomologists, that of the U/Order Coccoinea Class Insecta is taken into analysis.
Below it is seen important to identify the problems of infections of a variety of ornamental plants, found in the Southern Region of Albania, precisely by this group of pests. The role of the quality of the natural environment in our health has recently taken tremendous priority in the context of the contamination of all forms in the wild nature and especially those in the air. Precisely, to increase the quality of our life, the establishment of major parks with a truly significant green space per unit of population, is one of the current main objectives of each country. In these conditions, those environments are pretty rich in a variety of plants that, in addition to the functional values of environmental creativity, also have many aesthetic values with relaxing power and positive effects on our physical and mental health This type of plants is represented not only by those that are cultivated directly in the nature, but also by those that are planted and cultivated in greenhouses, which from time to time we take them out to realize the required decorations and compositions, asked to cover the needs of the parks. The healthier these components of this environment are, the more effective is their role on our personal health. For this reason it is equally important to recognize the dangers that threaten this vegetation by disabling its main function, for which we, as citizens, are interested, due to the need of our health, to have it in the highest efficiency. On this basis arose the idea of a comprehensive study on the above group of insects, which in a form or another constitute some of its main pests. These insects, as a specific group of pests that feed on plant lymph, not only dry out the plant, but also transmit to it a series of viral diseases, leading the plant to complete degradation. Most of them spend the winter (one of the most delicate periods for their survival) as parasites on them. We show below, which of these entomophytes is found in this group of plants in the region in question. It is also shown, which of the analyzed plant species emerges as the most frequented by this group of pests. We also identify the prevalence of this pollution in both variety and percentage. On the basis of the analysis, the question is also what is the distribution of plant species encountered, at different altitudes above the sea level? The paper contains, figuratively, a series of morpho-defining characteristics of the representatives, mentioned in this paper. As will be seen in the following material, the truth is that this specific group of ornamental plants, part of the relaxing parks around the world, in our country turns out to be contaminated by a large number of these parasites. This shows that in order to carry out quality work in this direction, we must not leave without considering the role of these pests in this process. Thus, we will be able to control the quality and function of our recreational environments in the role, for which we realize them. For this reason, detailed data are given below. We have identified these parasites in about 15 (fifteen) species of these ornamental plants, taking into account that parks in our country are not valued for the size of the area, as in an inferior and small country. In this material we have identified the number and dynamics of parasites according to each plant and also according to their distribution in areas with different altitudes above the sea level. We also give a comparative report on the frequency of vulnerability of the various plants by representatives of these pests. Summarized in a table, we have given for each pest the plant variety that it frequents, noting, in which plant organ this parasite was most commonly found during our research. As it is a group with annual activity on the plants, we have data for each month that we have met them on this vegetation and for each plant organ, where they were met (in leaves, on stalks or even the fruit itself). Regarding the degree of the damage that they cause to the plants, given the many harmful valences they show, not all belong to the category of the very dangerous pests. Some enter the minor pests that are mostly caused by overlapping other diseases, some others into the normal pests and a more specific group enters the category of very powerful pests, the risk of which is maximized with other additional effects. These and other information are given in table Number 1 (one), with the required symbolism.
Since this group of plants is the environmental generator, where we live and work, the work in question takes on practical importance and valu
Study of the efficiency of sweet potato growing in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine by different methods of soil mulching
Get PDFSweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is a new crop for soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine, the active implementation of which is hindered by the lack of recommendations on technological aspects of cultivation. One of the important technological measures for growing sweet potatoes is the use of soil mulching, which improves the water regime and regulates the thermal regime of the soil; prevention of weed growth and growth of sweet potato shoots to the soil. Thus, the aim of the research is to determine the efficiency of growing sweet potatoes in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine by different methods of soil mulching.
Field research was carried out on typical low-humus light loamy chernozem on loess loam.
It was noted, that when growing sweet potatoes on ridges, the introduction of mulching the soil with black polyethylene film provides more active growth of the vegetative mass throughout the growing season (5.33 shoots/plant with a total length of 252.1 cm), while growing without ridges has a positive effect on plants growth due to the general absence of mulch (2.53 shoots/plant with a total length of 107.8 cm).
The use of ridges and mulching the soil with black polyethylene film causes the yield of sweet potato tubers at 34.8 t/ha, while the mulching of the soil with straw, the yield was 18.3–21.9 t/ha, without mulching – 13.0–17, 1 t/ha. Mulching with black polyethylene film ensures the accumulation of vitamin C and starch in sweet potato tubers. When growing the culture on ridges by this method of mulching, the maximum level of vitamin C according to the experiment (4.78 mg/100 g) and starch (11.73 %) was noted.
The introduction of mulching and ridge formation involves additional material and labor costs, but helps to reduce weed control and tuber digging costs. When growing sweet potatoes on ridges with mulching with black polyethylene film, the minimum additional labor costs for the formation of a unit of yield (1.95 man-minutes/kg of tubers) were noted, while without mulching and without ridges this figure was 6.76 man-minute/kgSweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is a new crop for soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine, the active implementation of which is hindered by the lack of recommendations on technological aspects of cultivation. One of the important technological measures for growing sweet potatoes is the use of soil mulching, which improves the water regime and regulates the thermal regime of the soil; prevention of weed growth and growth of sweet potato shoots to the soil. Thus, the aim of the research is to determine the efficiency of growing sweet potatoes in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine by different methods of soil mulching.
Field research was carried out on typical low-humus light loamy chernozem on loess loam.
It was noted, that when growing sweet potatoes on ridges, the introduction of mulching the soil with black polyethylene film provides more active growth of the vegetative mass throughout the growing season (5.33 shoots/plant with a total length of 252.1 cm), while growing without ridges has a positive effect on plants growth due to the general absence of mulch (2.53 shoots/plant with a total length of 107.8 cm).
The use of ridges and mulching the soil with black polyethylene film causes the yield of sweet potato tubers at 34.8 t/ha, while the mulching of the soil with straw, the yield was 18.3–21.9 t/ha, without mulching – 13.0–17, 1 t/ha. Mulching with black polyethylene film ensures the accumulation of vitamin C and starch in sweet potato tubers. When growing the culture on ridges by this method of mulching, the maximum level of vitamin C according to the experiment (4.78 mg/100 g) and starch (11.73 %) was noted.
The introduction of mulching and ridge formation involves additional material and labor costs, but helps to reduce weed control and tuber digging costs. When growing sweet potatoes on ridges with mulching with black polyethylene film, the minimum additional labor costs for the formation of a unit of yield (1.95 man-minutes/kg of tubers) were noted, while without mulching and without ridges this figure was 6.76 man-minute/k
Biological nitrogen in increasing the productivity of beans (grains)
Get PDFThe results of a field experiment to study the effect of seed treatment with the biological product Rhizoactive (сompany BioNorma, Ukraine) on the formation and functioning of the symbiotic apparatus of common bean (grain) plants are presented.
The experiment examined six varieties of common beans (grain), included in the State Register of plant varieties suitable for distribution in Ukraine: Bukovynka, Halaktyka, Slaviia, Ros, Otrada, Nata. The influence of bacterial fertilizer based on nodule bacteria " Rhizoactive " on the indicators of symbiotic and grain productivity of these varieties of common beans was studied.
It was found, that the maximum number and raw weight of active nodules in the studied varieties of common beans were formed in the flowering phase. A larger number of nodules, compared to the variety Bukovynka (control), was formed on the root system of bean varieties Ros, Otrada and Nata. The maximum raw weight of rhizobia in the plots without the use of Rhizoactive was formed by the common bean variety Otrada – 0.297 g/plant of active nodules. Inoculation of the seeds of the studied common bean varieties with Rhizoactive increased the raw weight of active nodules in the flowering phase by 0.016–0.042 g/plant. A larger mass of nodules, compared to the Bukovynka variety, was formed on the root system of Ros, Otrada and Nata beans. The maximum raw weight of rhizobia in areas without the use of Rhizoactive was formed by the variety of beans Otrada – 0.297 g/plant of active nodules. Inoculation of seeds of the studied varieties of beans with Rhizoactive increased the raw weight of active nodules in the flowering phase by 0.016–0.042 g/plant.
The highest increase in grain yield from seed inoculation was obtained in 2018, which was more favorable in terms of moisture. Thus, the largest increase in grain yield from the use of Rhizoactive was provided by the varieties Halaktyka (0.14 t/ha or 5.7 %), Ros (0.15 t/ha or 5.5 %) and Otrada (0.22 t/ha or 7.7 %). On average, in 2018–2020, inoculation of bean seeds with Rhizoactive, depending on the variety, provided an increase in grain yield from 2.4 to 6.7 %. And the highest level of bean grain yield on average in 2018–2020 was provided by the varieties Otrada (2.60 t/ha), Nata (2.50 t/ha) and Ros (2.40 t/ha) for inoculation of seeds with Rhizoactiv
STRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE DEVELOPED FRUIT AND BERRY SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCT
Get PDFOne of progress directions of the modern food industry is the development and introduction of innovative technologies and assortment of functional food products, allowing to decrease risks of disease progression and favoring the population health.
Such products include multicomponent fruit and berry pastes and dried powder fractions. They are natural vitamin carriers, may be used as a supplement or a base for creating a wide spectrum of food products with healthy properties.
A production way for fruit and berry semi-finished product using non-traditional raw materials has been created. For creating paste or dried faction, raw materials with a high content of pectins for better structuring and with correspondent healing-prophylactic properties were selected. Apple was taken as a base of the paste with adding non-traditional raw materials – ziziphus and black aronia. The way differs by the process of dehydration by concentrating up to 44…46 % of dry substances in a rotor evaporator, then, if necessary, additional drying in a thermoradiative one-drum rolling dryer up to 5..8 % of dry substances.
Structural-mechanical parameters of experimental samples of the paste after concentrating up to 45 % content of dry substances have been determined. An effective viscosity increase for all three experimental samples as 33…59 % comparing with apple paste has been established. It is explained by higher content of pectin substances in ziziphus. The most effective viscosity index is 584 Pa∙s belongs to a sample with the components content: apple – 50 %, ziziphus – 45 %, black aronia – 5 %.
The developed semi-product may be used as a vitamin supplement, filler or thickener at producing functional food products in confectionary, milk, bakery industry and also for preparing dishes and drinks at restaurant economies and under home condition
The characteristic of economically important traits of dairy cows depending on type of body constitution
Get PDFThis study focuses on research of economically important traits of Ukrainian black-and-white dairy cows with different types of body constitution. The aim of the study was to differentiate dairy cows into constitution types and to identify the best types in terms of growth, exterior, milk productivity and reproductive capacity. The cows were differentiated into low-, mid- and high-capacity types of body constitution. Depending on their type the features of growth, exterior, milk productivity and reproduction capacity of primiparous have been studied.
It has been established, that the intensity of growth of heifers from birth to 18 months depended on the type of their body constitution. Higher live weight, absolute and average daily gains were characteristic of heifers with low-capacity body constitution. Their live weight at the age of 18 months on average was 388.5 kg, it was on 30.9 kg and 60.3 kg (Р < 0.01) more than live weight of mid- and high-capacity heifers. The advantages of low-capacity heifers in average daily gain during the growing period were 60 g and 117 g, respectively.
The results of the exterior evaluation have shown that primiparous with the high-capacity type of body constitution had greater size and larger measurements primarily of the chest and barrel (Р < 0.05–0.001).The higher values of linear evaluation were also observed in cows with the high-capacity type, which were characterized by well-developed chest, wide rump, desired rear view of rear legs, firm udder attachment and strong central ligament. The power of influence of the type of body constitution on linear type traits ranged from 0.5 % (rear teat placement) to 46.2 % (chest width).
Higher milk productivity was a characteristic of mid-capacity cows (an advantage of 305-d milk yield – 340–662 kg, milk fat yield – 9.0–21.0 kg, milk protein yield – 9.8–19.8 kg).The best results of reproduction capacity have been observed in cows with the high-capacity type of body constitution (calving percentage – 87.5 %