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Le socio-sport : définition, structuration et autres enjeux contemporains
No full textInternational audienc
Implementation of genomic selection in Miscanthus sinensis for ecosystem services
No full textInternational audienceMiscanthus is becoming increasingly popular in France, with over 1,000 new hectares being planted each year. Miscanthus is a perennial crop that reproduces clonally and can produce for about twenty years without chemical inputs, fertilizers, irrigation or any other interventions than harvest from the grower . As such, it is considered as a model species for studying complex traits related to ecosystem services, such as nitrogen remobilization and water quality. However, only one interspecific clone of Miscanthus x giganteus, is cultivated worldwide, which could weaken the sector in the event of severe weather event or the emergence of pathogens. The INRAE BioEcoAgro team aims to expand the varietal range by working on Miscanthus sinensis, one of the two parental species. This species, being wild, interspecific, perennial, clonal, and associated with the measurement of complex traits, presents interesting challenges for adapting conventional selection models. In this context, we are developing genomic and phenomic selection models that incorporate the age of the crop using a stagger-start design. The results are promising for traits such as biomass, and genomic selection will help to reduce the selection cycles of miscanthus from four years to one year
Évaluation des effets de l’Inuline et de la Chicorée sur la santé intestinale de porcelets en sevrage par l’utilisation de modèles in vivo et in vitro
No full textWeaning often disrupts gastrointestinal tract balance in piglets, leading to intestinal permeability, dysbiosis, and inflammation. Inulin, a prebiotic extracted from Cichorium intybus, promotes gut health but is costly to extract and during extraction bioactive compounds are lost. To address these challenges, this study first aimed to compare the effects of purified inulin and crude chicory flour on gut health in weaning piglets.Two sequential dose-dependent experiments (E1 and E2) were conducted, each involving 80 castrated male piglets weaned at 21 days of age and allocated to three groups with ad libitum feed: control (Ctrl), inulin (INU), and crude chicory flour (CHI). In E1, CHI exhibited a lower average daily calorie intake only at week 3 (W3), whereas in E2, it consistently remained lower than Ctrl and INU throughout the study. In E2, CHI supplementation resulted in an improved villus-to-crypt ratio and reduced diarrhoea incidence compared to Ctrl and INU. Both supplemented groups in E2 demonstrated higher butyrate production and reduced D-xylose permeability at W3 relative to Ctrl. Notably, CHI in E2 showed a greater impact on increasing the abundance of health-promoting genera such as Catenisphaera and Butyricicoccus while reducing harmful genera like Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-002 and Turicibacter. At W3, CHI and INU downregulated several inflammatory target genes (CXCL10, IL18, TNFα) and signallingg pathway genes (MyD88, NFκB1) in the ileum. In the colon, both CHI and INU reduced the expression of inflammatorsignallinging and target genes (NFκB1, DEFβ4A, TLR2, and IFNα), highlighting their anti-inflammatory effects.Secondly, an innovative in vitro approach was developed using digestion-dialysis-fermentation protocols and a triple cell culture model comprising Caco-2 (epithelial), HT-29-MTX (goblet), and U937 (immune) cells. To create a more comprehensive model, human cell lines were used, due to similarities between human and piglet GI physiology. The experiment had 5 groups with inulin or chicory only as well as the inclusion of feed without prebiotic, or with inulin or chicory (Inu eq., Chi eq., F, F2C, F2I). After digestion and 24-hour (h) dialysis, samples were fermented using a weaned piglet faeces inoculum. Gas volume was measured for 48 h, and fermentation broth (FB) was collected at 12 h. Differentiated Caco-2/HT-29-MTX in the apical part were pre-treated with LPS (-ctrl), 6 before to, and during incubation with FB from 12 h timepoint for 24 h. Cytokine levels were analysed in the basolateral media with differentiated U937 (macrophages), gene expression was measured in the apical cells, and permeability was assessed by Lucifer Yellow after 24 h of treatment. Inu eq. produced more gas and SCFA than Chi eq. while F2C had higher levels of butyrate than F2I. Chi eq. and F2C showed a higher α-diversity than Inu eq. and F2I. Compared to Inu eq., Chi eq. increased the abundance of beneficial microbiota such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, etc. After 24 h exposure to LPS and fermentation supernatant, Inu eq. and Chi eq. downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines IL1β, IL8, and TNFα as well as MAPK14, MyD88, and AKT1. Interestingly, F2C showed a more significant effect than F2I. Chi eq. had a 3-fold increase in MUC2, while Inu eq. upregulated JAMB expression. F2I had a higher permeability than F2C.In conclusion, crude chicory flour, enriched with bioactives, demonstrated superior efficacy over inulin in improving gut health, offering a cost-effective and sustainable supplement for weaning piglets. The integration of in vitro digestion, fermentation, and cell culture techniques provides a robust platform for studying bioactives' effects, bridging the gap between in vivo and in vitro approaches while addressing ethical and economic challenges in research.Le sevrage perturbe souvent l'équilibre du tractus gastro-intestinal des porcelets, entraînant une perméabilité intestinale, une dysbiose et une inflammation. L'inuline, un prébiotique extrait de Cichorium intybus, favorise la santé intestinale, mais son extraction est coûteuse et entraîne la perte de composés bioactifs. Pour relever ces défis, cette étude visait d'abord à comparer les effets de l'inuline purifiée et de la farine brute de chicorée sur la porcelets au sevrage.Deux expériences séquentielles dose-dépendantes (E1 et E2) ont été menées, chacune impliquant 80 porcelets mâles castrés sevrés à l'âge de 21 jours et répartis en trois groupes avec une alimentation ad libitum : contrôle (Ctrl), inuline (INU) et farine de chicorée brute (CHI). Dans le groupe E1, l'apport calorique quotidien moyen de la CHI n'a diminué qu'à la semaine 3 (W3), alors que dans le groupe E2, il est resté inférieur à celui du groupe Ctrl et de l'INU pendant toute la durée de l'étude. Dans l'étude E2, la supplémentation en CHI a permis d'améliorer le rapport villosités/cryptes et de réduire l'incidence de la diarrhée par rapport au Ctrl et à l'INU. Les deux groupes supplémentés en E2 ont montré une production plus élevée de butyrate et une réduction de la perméabilité au D-xylose à W3 par rapport au Ctrl. Notamment, CHI dans E2 a montré un impact plus important sur l'augmentation de l'abondance des genres favorables à la santé tels que Catenisphaera et Butyricicoccus tout en réduisant les genres nuisibles tels que Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-002 et Turicibacter. A W3, CHI et INU ont régulé à la baisse plusieurs gènes cibles inflammatoires (CXCL10, IL18, TNFα) et des gènes de signalisation (MyD88, NFκB1) dans l'iléon.Ensuite, une approche innovante in vitro a été développée en combinant des protocoles de digestion, dialyse et fermentation avec un modèle de culture cellulaire triple composé de cellules Caco-2 (épithéliales), HT-29-MTX (goblet) et U937 (immunitaires). Pour créer un modèle plus complet, des lignées cellulaires humaines ont été utilisées, en raison des similitudes entre la physiologie gastro-intestinale de l'homme et celle du porc. L'expérience comprenait 5 groupes avec seulement de l'inuline et de la chicorée, ainsi que l'inclusion d'aliments contenant de l'inuline et de la chicorée (Inu eq., Chi eq., F, F2C, F2I). Après digestion et dialyse de 24 h, les échantillons ont été fermentés en utilisant un inoculum de fèces de porcelets sevrés. Les Caco-2/HT-29-MTX différenciés dans la partie apicale ont été prétraités avec du LPS (-ctrl), 6 h avant, et pendant l'incubation avec 12 h de FB pendant 24 h. Inu eq. a induit la production de plus de gaz et d'acides gras à chaîne courte que Chi eq. mais F2C a permis d'obtenir des niveaux plus élevés de butyrate qu'avec F2I. Les fermentations obtenues avec Chi eq. et F2C ont montré une plus grande diversité α que Inu eq. et F2I. Comparé à Inu eq., Chi eq. a augmenté l'abondance des microbiotes bénéfiques tels que Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, etc. Après une exposition de 24 heures au LPS et au surnageant de fermentation, Inu eq. et Chi eq. ont régulé à la baisse les cytokines pro-inflammatoires IL1β, IL8, TNFα et les gènes MAPK14, MyD88, AKT1. Il est intéressant de noter que F2C a montré un effet plus significatif que F2I. Chi eq. a multiplié par 3 l'expression de MUC2, tandis que Inu eq. a augmenté l'expression de JAMB.En conclusion, la farine de chicorée brute, enrichie en bioactifs, a démontré une efficacité supérieure à celle de l'inuline dans l'amélioration de la santé intestinale, offrant un complément alimentaire rentable et durable pour les porcelets en cours de sevrage. L'intégration des techniques de digestion in vitro, de fermentation et de culture cellulaire fournit une plateforme solide pour étudier les effets des bioactifs, comblant ainsi le fossé entre les approches in vivo et in vitro tout en répondant aux défis éthiques et économiques de la recherche
Supply and Demand shocks: the short-term and long-term drivers of oil price uncertainty
No full textInternational audienceWe empirically show the role of supply and demand shocks as drivers of short and long-run price uncertainty in the crude oil market. We first define oil price uncertainty as the purely unforecastable component of oil price fluctuations and show that uncertainty of the short-run oil price fluctuations is driven by oil supply shocks, while the uncertainty for medium and long-run forecast horizons is mainly caused by aggregate demand. While our findings on the impact of oil supply disruptions on oil price uncertainty are in line with the implications of the theory of storage, we do not find similar results for the medium and the long, whereby the global demand shocks are found to be the main driver for the increasing oil price uncertainty. Interestingly, we show that the recessionary effect of short and medium-horizon uncertainty shocks, we find that long-run oil price uncertainty shocks lead to expansions in global economic activity
Biological impact of Pd(II) complexes: Synthesis, crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis, NCI-RDG, molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulations
No full textInternational audienceThis work includes the synthesis of a new series of palladium-N-heterocyclic carbene complexes (3a-i). The new complexes were characterized using NMR (1H and 13C), FTIR spectroscopic, and elemental analysis techniques. The crystal structure of complex 3a was obtained by utilizing the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. X-ray studies show that the coordination environment of palladium atom is completed by the carbene atom of the NHC ligand, the nitrogen atom of the morpholine ring, and a pair of bromide ligand, resulting in the formation of slightly distorted square planar geometry. In order to gain more insight about structure the study also delved into the examination of various intermolecular interactions between neighboring molecules using Hirshfeld surfaces. A good agreement between experimental and theoretical data was observed. Furthermore, the antioxidant and the cytotoxicity activities of these compounds were assessed. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations showed that PEPPSI-type palladium (II)-NHC complexes (3a-i) are structurally stable with bond lengths like Pd1-C1 ranging from 1.980 to 1.983 Å and a HOMO-LUMO gap of about 3.55 eV, suggesting potential for biological applications. Molecular docking and ADMET analyses indicated strong binding to Keap1 (−190.22 to −211.96) but weaker affinity for CDK2 (−129.04 to −136.57), with high lipophilicity (log P: 4.869–5.069) and toxicity risks highlighting the need for optimization
Catalytic Functionalities of Pd Supported on La<sub>0.6</sub>Ca<sub>x</sub>Fe<sub>0.8</sub>Cu<sub>0.2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Perovskite in the Development of Next Three-Way-Catalyst Generation
No full textInternational audienceThe Three-Way Catalytic performances of Pd supported on dual-substituted LaFeO3 catalysts have been studied from temperature-programmed experiments in typical TWC operating conditions. La has been partly substituted by Ca and Fe by Cu. Pd was introduced simply by wet impregnation. Particular attention was paid to the structure and composition of La-substituted by calcium and A-decient perovskites to stabilize palladium dispersion and oxidation state. Weak inter-actions between oxidic Pd species and LaFeO3 lead the prevalence of metallic Pd species which are responsible of the highest metallic Pd dispersion. In contrast, much less reducible oxidic Pd species can be stabilized in defective sites char-acteristic of La-decient et Ca-substituted perovskite structures then improving oxygen mobility. The changes in reaction rates, activation energies, and selectivities for oxidation and reduction reactions would solely reect the participation of Pd as active sites on Pd/LaFeO3, while the cooperative eect between palladium and surface oxygen species belonging to the perovskite lattice would be responsible for the superior performance of Pd/La1− xCaxFe0.8Cu0.2O3. The practical interest of this composition is emphasized through the comparison with a benchmark Pd/CexZr1−xO2 catalys
Prevalence and factors associated with overweight and obesity in cats in veterinary hospitals in France during the COVID-19 pandemic
No full textInternational audienceObjectives The present study aimed to determine the evolution of the percentage of overweight and obese cats during the COVID-19 pandemic in France, and to identify factors associated with excess weight to inform the development of targeted prevention strategies. Methods Cat owners visiting the veterinary hospitals of Maisons-Alfort and Toulouse between 2020 and 2022 for their pets' vaccinations were invited to answer a comprehensive questionnaire to gather general information about themselves and their cat, including details of its lifestyle, activity and diet. Only healthy adult cats were included in the study. During the vaccination consultation, veterinarians recorded the body condition score, muscle condition score and weight of each cat. This study followed a protocol adapted from a French study conducted in 2006 to allow analysis of any changes over time. Results Of the 274 cats included in the study, 9.1% were underweight, 43.4% had an ideal body condition and 47.5% were overweight. Factors positively linked to overweight included age, being crossbred, being a male and having an owner who underestimated the cat's body condition. Living with a child and having a high activity score as rated by the owner were associated with ideal body condition. The prevalence of cats with a sedentary lifestyle and the number of overweight cats had both increased since the previous study in 2006. Additionally, changes in cats' diets and lifestyles over time, including those influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, have led to an increase in exclusive dry food consumption compared with the 2006 study. Conclusions and relevance Important changes in cats' diet and lifestyle occurred between 2006 and 2020-2022. This study emphasises the need for further investigation into the duration of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on feline wellbeing. Educating owners on their cat's body condition and encouraging cats to be active can be effective strategies for maintaining feline health in response to ongoing global changes
Clean and sustainable methods to remove free fatty acids from biodiesel produced from used cooking oil through enzymatic ethanolysis
No full textInternational audienceThe enzymatic transformation of used cooking oil (UCO) into biodiesel was conducted using liquid lipase from Thermomyces langinosus in the presence of ethanol as a co-substrate at 40 • C without any prior refinement. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas Chromatography (GC), and acid value measurements were employed to monitor the transformation of triglycerides (TGs) into fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) and intermediary products such as free fatty acids (FFAs), monoglycerides (MGs), diglycerides (DGs). According to the applied enzymatic process, the FAEE yield was almost 96 % with residual FFAs at 3 wt%. Three approaches (enzymatic, physical, and chemical) were tested to reduce residual FFAs to below 0.25 % according to the European standard EN 14214. From an environmental and economic standpoint, the treatment using the anion exchange resin Amberlyst® A26OH is recommended as a clean and sustainable process, given its ability to regenerate and reuse the resin several times without any loss of efficiency. Therefore, the novel low-cost resin Seplite® BD130 could remove all traces of impurities at the end of the biodiesel production process. After the purification process with Seplite® BD130, the biodiesel met the requirements of the European standard EN 14214. This process represents a positive step towards more sustainable biodiesel production.</div
