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Defense responses related to mycorrhizal-induced resistance in wheat against Zymoseptoria tritici
No full textInternational audienceArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs) are considered promising biocontrol agents that can provide protection to plants against bio-aggressors through the triggering of mycorrhiza-induced resistance (MIR). Here, the protective systemic effect of the AMF species Funneliformis mosseae was evaluated in a susceptible wheat cultivar against Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by the hemibiotrophic ascomycete Zymoseptoria tritici. Mycorrhizal inoculation led to a root colonization rate of 42 % in 50-day-old wheat plants, associated with an overexpression of genes encoding nutrient transporters in roots and the accumulation of blumenol derivatives in roots and leaves, attesting to a functional mycorrhizal symbiosis. Concomitantly, mycorrhizal wheat plants exhibited a foliar protection rate of 78 % against Z. tritici. An up-regulation of two defense-related genes (PR1 and POX) in wheat leaves was also revealed consecutively to the AMF symbiosis establishment and prior to pathogen attack. These two genes and five other genes (PR5, PAL, GST, CalS, and CAD) were also up-regulated in leaves infected by Z. tritici alone during its biotrophic stage, whereas six genes (PR1, PR4, PR5, PAL, POX, and CalS) were up-regulated in mycorrhizal and Z. tritici-inoculated plants. Less accumulation of tryptophan and methylpipecolic acid was observed in infected leaves of mycorrhizal plants, indicating a stress alleviation in mycorrhizal wheat plants under Z. tritici attack. Our findings highlight the ability of F. mosseae to activate MIR and to protect wheat against Z. tritici by specifically remodeling gene expression in leaves
Simplified preparation of BaAl2O4-ye - y/C oxy-electrides using Pechini approach for ammonia synthesis.
No full textInternational audienceElectride-based materials are among the most active catalysts for ammonia synthesis, with a strong potential for application in the development of green ammonia synthesis; however, their synthesis often requires complicated reaction conditions limiting their scalability. Herein, a straightforward and scalable synthesis method for a BaAl2O4-ye- y/C oxy-electride composite via carboxylic acid complexation (pseudo-Pechini) followed by carbothermal reduction is presented. The resulting composite exhibits significant surface area, of ≈41 m2 g-1, which is considerably higher than the electrides prepared by solid-state synthesis. Upon loading with ruthenium, the BaAl2O4-ye- y/C composite demonstrates excellent catalytic activity for ammonia synthesis, achieving rates of 3090 μmol g-1 catalyst h-1 with 0.6Ru/BaAl2O4-ye- y/C, and 3737 μmol g-1 catalyst h-1 with 1.1Ru/BaAl2O4-ye- y/C at mild reaction conditions (400 °C and 1 bar). Comprehensive characterization through X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirms the textural and structural properties of the catalyst, while iodometric titration method and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis confirm the electride-like nature of the resulting composite. The results reported in this work highlight a straightforward approach for the design of electride-based composite material displaying superior catalytic properties for green ammonia synthesis
Paraspinal muscle deoxygenation and neuromuscular involvement of agonist and antagonist muscles during prolonged trunk extension exercise
No full textInternational audienceObjective: To investigate the agonist and antagonist muscles implication during a prolonged trunk extension exercise and to determine the relationship with paraspinal muscle metabolic and hemodynamic responses in healthy individuals. Methods: Sixteen young and healthy subjects performed a 5-minute exercise of trunk extension. During the exercise, the paraspinal muscle deoxygenation was assessed using near infrared spectroscopy. Electromyography was used to assess the neuromuscular function of paraspinal muscles, biceps femoris, gastrocnemii and rectus abdominis. Results: There were increases in paraspinal muscle deoxygenation (P < 0.001). There was solely a non-significant trend concerning the increase in electromyographic signals amplitude in paraspinal muscle (P > 0.05), whereas it decreased in biceps femoris (P = 0.001) and in the left gastrocnemius (P = 0.002), and it increased in rectus abdominis (P = 0.023). Electromyographic signals amplitude in paraspinal muscle, biceps femoris and gastrocnemii were correlated with paraspinal muscles deoxygenation (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The correlations imply that the greater local deoxygenation was; the greater the agonist and co-agonist muscles were involved. Also, the biceps femoris, the gastrocnemii and the rectus abdominis presented neuromuscular fatigue manifestations. This suggests that these agonist and antagonist muscles to trunk extension were significantly involved. This should be considered for the prevention of lower back muscle fatigue and to prevent injuries.Objectif: Analyser l’implication des muscles agonistes et antagonistes lors d’un exercice prolongé d’extension du tronc, et déterminer la relation entre ces implications et les réponses métaboliques et hémodynamiques des muscles paravertébraux. Méthodes: Seize individus jeunes et en bonne santé ont effectué un exercice de 5 minutes d’extension du tronc. Lors de cet exercice, la désoxygénation des muscles paravertébraux a été mesurée grâce à la spectroscopie du proche infrarouge. L’électromyographie a permis d’évaluer la fonction neuromusculaire des muscles paravertébraux, biceps fémoraux, gastrocnémiens et grand droit de l’abdomen. Résultats: La désoxygénation des muscles paravertébraux augmentait à l’exercice (P < 0.001). Il y avait une augmentation non-significative concernant la modification des signaux EMG des muscles paravertébraux (P > 0.05), une diminution de l’amplitude du signal pour les muscles biceps fémoraux (P = 0.001) et pour le muscle gastrocnémien gauche (P = 0.002), et une augmentation dans le muscle grand droit de l’abdomen (P = 0.023). L’amplitude des signaux EMG était corrélée à la désoxygénation dans les muscles paravertébraux (P < 0.001). Conclusions: La corrélation implique que plus la désoxygénation locale est importante, plus les muscles agonistes et co-agonistes sont sollicités. De plus, les muscles biceps fémoraux, gastrocnémiens et grands droits de l’abdomen présentaient des manifestations de fatigue neuromusculaire. Cela suggeàre que ces muscles agonistes et antagonistes au mouvement d’extension du tronc étaient significativement impliqués lors de l’exercice. Cela mérite d’être pris en considération pour la prévention de la fatigue des muscles du dos et pour éviter les blessures
Resilience in times of war: How Ukrainian exporting SMEs enhance relational factors with foreign partners
No full textInternational audienceResearch SummaryThis study explores how relational capital fosters Ukrainian exporters resilience through anticipation, coping, and pre‐adaptation during wartime. Motivated by the limited understanding of how SMEs face extreme crises, we conducted 19 in‐depth interviews with Ukrainian exporters and seven follow‐up interviews a year later. Our findings reveal a gap in risk assessment and contingency planning, underscoring the need for proactive crisis strategies. Communication, mutual commitment, and trust emerge as key relational mechanisms that enable exporters to manage cross‐border challenges effectively in high‐risk environments. Cooperation serves both as a coping mechanism and a driver of strategic adaptation, enabling firms to adjust business models, enter new markets, and sustain competitiveness despite ongoing conflict. This study highlights the critical role of international partnerships in resilience‐building for SMEs.Managerial SummaryThis study offers key insights for managing crises in war‐affected areas, providing practical guidance for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners. It emphasizes the importance of a structured approach, including anticipation, coping, and adaptation, to enhance resilience and strategic responses during conflicts. Critical to the anticipation stage is integrating risk management strategies with proactive planning and balancing trust with foreign partners, which prepares organizations to address potential challenges effectively. During the coping stage, prioritizing transparent communication and adopting flexible strategies while honoring commitments are crucial for maintaining operational continuity. The pre‐adaptation stage focuses on developing long‐term strategies and robust partnerships, essential for facilitating strategic transformation. Collectively, these stages form a comprehensive framework for dealing with the complexities of war‐induced crises.</p
Cannabis regulation and IP rights in Uruguay
No full textChapter 10International audienceThis chapter provides an analysis of Uruguay's regulatory framework for cannabis liberalization, the first of its kind globally. It explores how Uruguay's approach to IP rights has shaped cannabis research, development, and commercialization. Despite Uruguay's leading role in legalizing recreational, medicinal, and industrial cannabis, the impact of IP rights has been limited. This limitation can be attributed to the small scale of Uruguayan firms and the government's restrictive policies, including a legal monopoly and no-brand policy for recreational cannabis, which reduce economic incentives for intellectual property (IP). The chapter argues that IP rights are most effective in a robust market with effective enforcement mechanisms. Public authorities, such as the IRCCA, have utilized IP rights, holding four plant breeders’ rights (PBRs) for recreational cannabis varieties. The chapter anticipates a gradual increase in IP rights, especially trademarks and PBRs, in the medicinal and industrial cannabis sectors as these markets mature, though the growth will be modest compared to developed countries
Etude et modélisation des effets des supports d’arômes et du procédé de panification sur les caractéristiques de brioches aromatisées.
No full textNational audienceCette étude examine l’influence des paramètres de fabrication et des supports d’arôme (propylène glycol/PG, triglycérides/TG, éthanol/EtOh, maltodextrine/Ato) sur les caractéristiques physiques et sensorielles de brioches. Un plan d’expériences a été mis en œuvre, comprenant 7 facteurs (6 quantitatifs liés au processus de fabrication et 1 qualitatif correspondant au support d’arôme). L’utilisation d’une approche innovante, l’iconographie des corrélations avec le logiciel CORICO, permet de réduire à 22 le nombre d’essais nécessaires au plan d’expériences tout en fournissant des modèles originaux, construits avec des interactions logiques entre les facteurs.Il ressort de cette étude 3 éléments distincts :-Les supports d’arôme PG et EtOh à 1% sur poids de pâte (farine + eau) forment précocement le réseau de gluten (- 20 secondes Glutopeak) et réduisent son travail et son extensibilité (-26 % et -40 % pour EtOh et -14 % et -14 % pour PG, Alvéographe). -Les modèles obtenus par CORICO confirment les effets des facteurs liés au procédé et aux supports d’arôme sur la qualité des produits finis. On observe que l’augmentation de la durée de pétrissage réduit le moelleux et diminue la perception sensorielle de l’arôme ajouté, que l’augmentation de la vitesse de pétrissage réduit le nombre d’alvéoles par unité de surface d’une tranche de brioche et que l’augmentation de la durée de l’apprêt accroit l’appréciation globale du produit. Au sein de ces mêmes observations, on constate que la nature du support d’arômes (0,4% sur poids de pâte) peut modifier l’intensité des phénomènes observés.-Enfin, une étude de stabilité de l’arôme sur 30 jours (GC-SPME) montre que sa rétention au sein d’une brioche est dépendante de la nature du support d’arôme mis en œuvre (-95 % ATO, -75 % EtOh, -69 % TG et -63 % PG par rapport à la pâte crue avant cuisson)
Human health risk assessment of lead exposure from soil ingestion in a French pilot study: insights from the application of a new bioaccessibility approach
No full textInternational audienceDespite the consensus on the importance of considering the bioavailability of metal(loid)s by measuring their bioaccessibility when assessing exposure, integrating these parameters into risk calculations often involves proprietary approaches that lack adequate justification. This is the case with the in vitro unified bioaccessibility method (UBM), which is widely used in Europe to assess the bioaccessibility of metal(loid)s in the event of soil ingestion. This study proposes a comprehensive operational approach that incorporates bioaccessibility to refine human exposure and risk assessments. A pilot study of 45 Pb-contaminated soil samples collected in and around Paris highlighted the importance of carefully following soil preparation protocols. Specifically, sieving the soil to 250 μm without mechanical milling is recommended for determining both bioaccessible and total concentrations. A simplified test using dilute hydrochloric acid can predict the bioaccessibility of metal(loid)s in first-tier screening. This affordable, single-extraction method is easy to use in analytical laboratories and is both fast and reproducible. For second-tier validation studies, the UBM protocol should be applied to a limited number of samples. With the new approach, the relative bioavailability can be directly calculated using an in vivo/in vitro equation in the stomach compartment, thus, enabling UBM validation. The results of the pilot study demonstrated that to refine exposure assessments, adjusting chronic daily intake using relative bioavailability data was more effective than were classical approaches based on total concentrations. This method offers a promising perspective for stakeholders in managing polluted sites and soils
Comparative analysis of bio-based insulation materials with low-carbon binders: Mechanical, hygrothermal, and durability performance
No full textInternational audienc
Rhamnogalacturonan-I oligogalacturonide profiling, a tool to elucidate the mode of action of RGI-degrading enzymes and RGI structure
No full textInternational audiencePectins play a major role in the control of plant development and are widely used as hydrocolloids in the food industry. Yet, the fine structure of rhamnogalacturonan-I (RGI) pectic domain is difficult to determine owing to its chemical and structural complexity. In this study, we developed a sensitive analytical method based on the chromatographic separation of oligosaccharides derived from RGI, combined with accurate determination of their sizes and side-chains patterns using high resolution (HR) and tandem (MS/MS) mass spectrometry. This method revealed the structure of RGI from various sources following its hydrolysis by three enzymes, two rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase (RHG and RHG B) and one rhamnogalacturonan lyase (RGL) from A. Aculeatinus, that were heterologously expressed. We first defined the biochemical specificities of the recombinant RGI-ase, using enzymatic assays and NMR analyses, to ascertain their specific activities towards RGI. Finally, employing a specific library of >420 RGI-oligos, built from chromatography and mass spectrometry data, we assessed their mode of action by the analysis of the degradation products. Altogether, our results highlight that this method is of prime importance for analysis of RGI fine structure and to reveal differences in the enzyme's specificities related to peculiar structural motifs
L’avortement dans le code pénal de 1791 : l’incrimination de violences spécifiques faites aux femmes enceintes
No full textInternational audienceSous l’Ancien Régime, le droit canon comme le droit séculier condamnaient fermement, en théorie, les avorteur·euses et avortées. Plus tard, en 1810, le code pénal instaure l’article 317 qui les pénalise jusqu’en 1975. Toutefois, au point de jonction entre l’ancien et le nouveau droit, le code pénal de 1791 remet en question la pénalisation des femmes qui avortent : il prévoit la sanction des avorteurs, mais il épargne les femmes qui avortent, pour lesquelles aucune peine n’est prévue. Dans une perspective analytique, ce chapitre présente d’abord la manière dont les législateurs de 1791 érigent l’avortement en incrimination autonome ; en second lieu, il explique comment cette loi refuse d’incriminer les femmes et sanctionne les violences faites aux femmes enceintes