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Ambiguity Attitudes and Willingness to Pay for Climate Mitigation
No full textAmbiguity attitudes, which refer to differences between decisions under risk (known probabilities) and uncertainty (unknown probabilities), are well-established in behavioral economics. Their implications have been increasingly recognized in environmental and climate change economics. However, most discussions about ambiguity in this domain have so far been confined to theoretical applications in normative climate policy analysis. Notably, there has been a lack of descriptive investigations into climate-related ambiguity attitudes, despite their potential relevance for understanding voluntary climate action and climate policy acceptance. The current study addresses this open empirical question by analyzing ambiguity attitudes in the climate context and exploring their link with willingness to pay (WTP) for climate change mitigation. We show that notwithstanding the normative arguments for higher mitigation effort under ambiguity aversion, the effect of ambiguity on people's preferred levels of mitigation may be in the opposite direction, suggesting a potential discrepancy between the prescribed and the publicly acceptable levels of mitigation effort
QLAPP: A Mobile Application to Create and Manage Questionnaires, Respondent Panels, and Surveys in Social Science
No full textInternational audienc
Modeling Multi-modal Cross-interaction for Multi-label Few-shot Image Classification Based on Local Feature Selection
No full textInternational audienceThe aim of multi-label few-shot image classification (ML-FSIC) is to assign semantic labels to images, in settings where only a small number of training examples are available for each label. A key feature of the multi-label setting is that an image often has several labels, which typically refer to objects appearing in different regions of the image. When estimating label prototypes, in a metric-based setting, it is thus important to determine which regions are relevant for which labels, but the limited amount of training data and the noisy nature of local features make this highly challenging. As a solution, we propose a strategy in which label prototypes are gradually refined. First, we initialize the prototypes using word embeddings, which allows us to leverage prior knowledge about the meaning of the labels. Second, taking advantage of these initial prototypes, we then use a Loss Change Measurement (LCM) strategy to select the local features from the training images (i.e. the support set) that are most likely to be representative of a given label. Third, we construct the final prototype of the label by aggregating these representative local features using a multi-modal cross-interaction mechanism, which again relies on the initial word embedding-based prototypes. Experiments on COCO, PASCAL VOC, NUS-WIDE, and iMaterialist show that our model substantially improves the current state-of-the-art
Thickness Dependence in Phase Formation and Properties of TaSe2 Layers Grown on GaP(111)B
No full textA CC-BY public copyright license has been applied by the authors to the present document and will be applied to all subsequent versions up to the Author Accepted Manuscript arising from this submission, in accordance with the grant’s open access conditions.International audienceThe effect of growth temperature and subsequent annealing on the epitaxy of both single- and few-layer TaSe2 on Se-terminated GaP(111)B substrates is investigated. The selective growth of the 1T and 1H phases is shown up to 1 ML according to X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopies. The 1H monolayer, favored at low temperatures, exhibits a very homogeneous coverage after annealing, while the 1T ML, grown at high temperatures, is characterized by a better in-plane orientation. Moreover, X-ray photoelectron diffraction spectroscopy performed on 1T submonolayers shows a negligible amount of mirror twins. By contrast, in multilayers, scanning transmission electron microscopy always reveals a mixture of 2Ha and 3R polytypes with very few 1T. In addition, the multilayers become Se-deficient above 500 °C, and a new interfacial phase identified as Ta1+xSe2 or TaP appears. Finally, the optimized multilayers grown between 250 and 500 °C exhibit a similar metallic behavior with a resistivity comparable to the bulk one with valuable outcomes in the formation of electrical contacts for two-dimensional (2D) material-based devices
Linear Modelling of the V̇O2/PO-Relationship during Constant Work Rate Exercise.
No full textInternational audienceIntroduction The linear and continuous increase in power output (PO) during ramp incremental (RI) exercise causes a distinct V̇O2/PO relationship compared to constant work rate (CWR) exercise. Current methods enabling a translation of ramp-derived PO to CWR PO assume a linear development of the CWR V̇O2/PO relationship in the heavy-intensity domain. This study aimed to model the RI versus CWR V̇O2/PO relationship to investigate whether the loss of mechanical efficiency above GET develops linearly. A second aim was to assess the reliability of ramp-derived parameters incorporated in translation strategies.Methods Fourteen healthy young participants (7 males; 7 females) performed a RI test and several CWR tests across the heavy- and severe-intensity domains in order to model the RI and CWR V̇O2/PO relationships. The CWR relationship was fitted using linear, polynomial and exponential models. Root mean square error (RMSE) and Akaike information criterion (AICC) were determined to evaluate the model’s goodness-of-fit. For reliability purposes, target PO of CWR tests were achieved using a preceding RI portion, similar to the initial RI test.Results The linear fit of the CWR V̇O2/PO relationship was associated with the lowest RMSE and AICC. The associated R2 for the heavy-intensity domain was 0.94. Reliability measures were excellent for baseline V̇O2 and acceptable to good for s1-ramp and s2- ramp. For MRT, a high variability was observed.Conclusions This study confirmed that the CWR V̇O2/PO relationship in the heavy-intensity domain is linear. Based on these results, it is justified to apply correction strategies that mind the different dynamics of V̇O2 during RI versus CWR exercise
The Dynamics, Degradation, and Afterlives of Pectins: Influences on Cell Wall Assembly and Structure, Plant Development and Physiology, Agronomy, and Biotechnology
No full textInternational audiencePectins underpin the assembly, molecular architecture, and physical properties of plant cell walls and through their effects on cell growth and adhesion influence many aspects of plant development. They are some of the most dynamic components of plant cell walls, and pectin remodeling and degradation by pectin-modifying enzymes can drive developmental programming via physical effects on the cell wall and the generation of oligosaccharides that can act as signaling ligands. Here, we introduce pectin structure and synthesis and discuss pectin functions in plants. We highlight recent advances in understanding the structure–function relationships of pectin-modifying enzymes and their products and how these advances point toward new approaches to bridging key knowledge gaps and manipulating pectin dynamics to control plant development. Finally, we discuss how a deeper understanding of pectin dynamics might enable innovations in agronomy and biotechnology, unlocking new benefits from these ubiquitous but complex polysaccharides
Recycled Brick Fines for New Alkali Activated Binder
No full textInternational audienceAbstract The construction industry today produces huge quantities of wastes, especially during the deconstruction and demolition of buildings. Ceramics and bricks represent a significant part of this inert waste in Belgium and Northern France. The recycling of bricks is already carried out in the form of aggregates used in road embankments. But this constitutes what is called a “downcycling” operation. The investigated way is here a valorization with higher added value in alkali-activated materials through substitution of blast furnace slag (GGBFS) by brick fines with a grain size D50 = 20 µm. It is shown that brick fines can be a precursor equivalent to GGBFS and thus lead to mechanical performances equivalent to control even up to 50% substitution rate in brick fines. Under certain conditions of alkali-activated solution concentration, the addition of 30% brick fines can greatly improve workability time. But this leads to a decrease in mechanical performances, which is still in accordance with specific construction needs
Nuits noires. Albert Serra ou l’art du nocturne expérimental
No full textInternational audienceNightfall on a field in La Mancha, starry night in a biblical desert, alchemist transactions at midnight, full moon encounters in a libertine wood: when it is dark in the films of the Catalan filmmaker Albert Serra, it literally goes to black night. Nightfall is the privileged cinematic moment: whether we end up seeing too much or nothing at all, it is a process of immersion in the film, of gradual accommodation to the radicalism of the image or of its subtraction. Thanks to the analysis of numerous scenes of very low luminosity in the filmography, this work defends the hypothesis according to which the filmed night, and the process of decline that leads to the dark night in particular, is worked on as an experimental methodological and perceptive device. From the moment of the shooting to the moment of the reception in the cinema, pushed to its last symbolic and visual extremes, the serrian radical nocturne induces a situation-limit of the gaze and its object.Tombée du jour sur un champ de la Mancha, nuit étoilée sur un désert biblique, transactions alchimistes à minuit, rencontres de pleine lune dans un bois libertin: lorsqu’il fait nuit dans les films du cinéaste catalan Albert Serra, cela va littéralement jusqu’à la nuit noire. La tombée de la nuit y constitue le moment cinématographique privilégié: qu’on finisse par en voir trop ou qu’on n’y voie plus rien, elle est un processus d’immersion dans le film, d’accommodation progressive au radicalisme de l’image ou de sa soustraction. Grâce à l’analyse des nombreuses scènes à très faible luminosité dans la filmographie, ce travail défend l’hypothèse selon laquelle la nuit filmée, et en particulier le processus de déclin qui conduit jusqu’à la nuit noire, y serait travaillée comme un dispositif méthodologique et perceptif expérimental. Du moment du tournage à celui de la réception en salle, poussé à ses dernières extrémités symboliques et visuelles, le nocturne radical serrien consiste en une mise en situation-limite du regard et de son objet
