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Olfactory performance explains duality of antennal architectural designs in Lepidoptera
No full textInternational audienceMale attraction by females through sex pheromones is widespread among Lepidoptera, and antennae are key olfactory organs during male orientation. Broadly speaking, two designs of antennae coexist in Lepidoptera: complex (pectinate) or stick-like (filiform) ones. Pectinate antennae have attracted attention because of their multiscale geometry, assumed to outperform filiform. Yet, the filiform design is by far more common. We compare the olfactory performance of the two designs using modelling, particle image velocimetry on three-dimensional-printed scaled-up models and computational simulations. In terms of absolute odour capture, pectinate antennae perform better at nearly all flying speeds. However, when considering drag, filiform designs are more energy efficient than pectinate ones at low-flight speeds, while the reverse holds at high speeds. This is owing to the differential scaling of drag and molecule capture with flight speed. According to our results, small and slow moths would bear filiform antennae whereas big and fast moths would have pectinate ones, which is the general trend observed in nature. We discuss exceptions to this general pattern and how species could evolve from one design to the other by investigating the influence of the antennal structural elements
Réflexion autour du livre «Noble Magnificence. Culture of the Performing Arts in Rome (1644-1740)» (Brepols, 2024), co-dirigé avec Michela Berti
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Périgueux (24), 2 rue Fontaine des malades
No full text1 VOLUMELe suivi archéologique réalisé au 2 rue Fontaine des Malades à Périgueux pour la mise en place de conteneurs enterrés a permis d’ouvrir une fenêtre profonde dans une zone de périphérie urbaine de l’Antiquité à l’époque moderne. Ces vestiges ont disparu lors des aménagements du quartier dans les années 1970-1980 à l’occasion de la construction de plusieurs résidences, et ce sont les remblais liés à ces travaux qui ont été mis au jour
Dijon (21), 8 rue Docteur-Maret.
No full text1 VOLUMELes fouilles archéologiques menées au 8 rue Docteur-Maret à Dijon, à proximité de la cathédrale Saint Bénigne, ont révélé une occupation stratifiée s'étendant du IXe au XXe siècle. Le site a livré des vestiges témoignant d'activités artisanales, de constructions abbatiales et d'aménagements urbains successifs. La phase la plus ancienne est marquée par la présence d'un atelier métallurgique, daté du IXe au XIIe siècle. Après l'abandon de l'atelier, une restructuration de l'espace a lieu. Cette phase, encore mal définie, pourrait correspondre à une période d'activité agropastorale. La période moderne voit la construction d'un logis abbatial dont la phase la plus récente est marquée par divers aménagements (cours, bâtiments, réseaux) et niveaux (rehaussement, nivellement, démolition, circulation) témoignant des phases de construction et de restructuration de la parcelle. Enfin, la période contemporaine (XIXe-XXIe siècles) est caractérisée par des niveaux de remblais, des rehaussements, des nivellements et des comblements liés à divers aménagements et constructions. Cette séquence stratigraphique récente est en grande partie liée à la construction d'abris pour deux roues. Un ancien bâtiment de la CPAM, aujourd'hui transformé en hôtel Mama Shelter, avait lui-même remplacé un bâtiment plus ancien, visible sur des photos d'archives de la ville de Dijon
Effects of maternal rearing on the emotional reactivity of goat kids and their relationship with humans before and after weaning
No full textInternational audienceDairy goat kids are generally separated from their mothers for health and economic reasons. However, some farmers chose to leave the kids with their mothers as a way to reduce the load of work and improve animal welfare. Due to reduced contacts with the kids, stronger fearfulness towards humans may rise. This study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal compared to artificial rearing before and after weaning on Alpine kids’ reactivity to isolation and human presence.Thirty-seven kids were allocated into two groups based on weight, birth date, and the pairs of twins (n=3) were separated: maternally (MR, n=18; each goat reared only one kid) and artificially reared (AR, n=19) groups. All kids were weaned on the same day at approximately 70 days of age and 19.2 kg on average. The kids’ behaviour was assessed through an isolation test followed by a human test, where a person remained immobile. Each test lasted 2 minutes and was conducted before (43.8 days) and after weaning (85.1 days). Linear, beta or negative binomial models were performed according to the variables. Explanatory variables were selected using the stepwise method, systematically retaining the treatment group.When isolated, before weaning, MR kids moved, vocalized (p<0.01), and tended to wag their tail less than AR kids (p=0.056). After weaning, MR kids still moved (p<0.01) and wagged their tail less (p<0.05), but reared up against the wall more often than AR kids (p<0.05).During the human test, before weaning, MR kids vocalized and spent more time in vigilant behaviour when watching the human (p<0.05), wagged their tail less (p<0.01) and spent less time in the human’s zone and in interaction with the person (p<0.05). After weaning, MR kids wagged their tail and explored the environment less than AR kids (p<0.01), while climbing against the wall more (p<0.05). MR kids also tended to spend less time in the human's zone and vocalized more (p=0.11). No significant differences were observed in the time spent interacting with the human. Vigilant behaviour toward the human was rarely observed (6 MR kids and 1 AR kid expressed this behaviour at least once for a total duration lower than 5 seconds).The rearing method influences stress reactivity, with MR kids showing a lower behavioural arousal to isolation compared to AR kids. Maternal rearing impairs the human-kid relationship, but this effect seems to fade after weaning, suggesting that such relationship develops over time
Enhancing addiction care: Benefits of urinary screening with LC-HRMS (liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry) for psychoactive substances and drugs
No full textInternational audienceIntroduction: Immunoassay (IA) is currently used at Nantes University Hospital to perform urine drug screening in the inpatient addiction unit. Given its numerous limitations, we aimed to assess the overall benefit of the Liquid-Chromatography-High-Resolution-Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS), and to identify the profiles of patients for whom its use provided a clinical benefit.Methods: All adult patients admitted to this unit between January and September 2023 were systematically included. A part of the urine sample routinely collected on admission was retained for subsequent analysis by LC-HRMS. For each active molecule, the analytical performance of LC-HRMS compared with IA was evaluated by biologists. Then unit's physicians assessed for each patient whether the new data provided by LC-HRMS would have had an impact on their management. A multivariate analysis was carried out to identify the profiles of these patients.Results: 154 patients were included with 293 non-prescribed molecules and 434 prescribed drugs. For 2/3 of all molecules, LC-HRMS performed better than IA. Most of these molecules were not detectable by IA but some were not detected even though they belonged to the panel of detectable substances. Physicians considered that the new results provided by LC-HRMS would have had an impact on the management of 1/4 of patients. A history of opiate abuse/dependence was associated with a clinical benefit of LC-HRMS in the multivariate analysis.Conclusion: These results confirm the benefit of LC-HRMS for urine drug screening in inpatient addiction units for patients with multiple substance use, especially those with a history of opioid use
Identification of Donor–recipient Interactions for a Relative Appraisal of Kidney Graft Marginality: A French Multicentric Cohort-based Study
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Kidney marginality criteria consider the impact of donor characteristics on graft failure risk. To evaluate graft quality according to both the donor and recipient, we identified recipient characteristics that may modify the predictive capacity of a donor marginality score.Methods: From the French DIVAT (Données Informatisées et VAlidées en Transplantation) cohort, we included 8299 patients who received a single deceased donor kidney graft between 2000 and 2022. From the learning sample (n = 5533), we constructed a Cox model with death or return to dialysis as the outcome. The model was both internally (n = 2766) and externally (n = 3178) validated. A recipient-relative marginality score was defined by screening the interactions between recipient characteristics and a donor-only graft marginality score. The scores’ performances were compared using time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves.Results: Five donor characteristics (age, cerebrovascular death, cytomegalovirus serology, and histories of diabetes and hypertension) defined the donor marginality score. This score had a nonlinear interaction with recipient age. Thus, the level of risk related to marginal kidneys depended on recipient’s age. Marginal grafts induced a higher graft failure risk for old recipients (hazard ratio [HR], 1.79 [for a 0.5-unit increase in marginality for a 70-y-old recipient]; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.40-2.15) compared with middle-age recipients (HR, 1.47 [for a 55-y-old recipient]; 95% CI, 1.34-1.70; HR, 1.36 [for a 40-y-old recipient]; 95% CI, 1.14-1.64). The donor score provided good discrimination on the whole sample but not after stratifying by recipient age. However, the recipient-relative score retained acceptable discrimination in recipients older than 60 y.Conclusions: Our results suggest that the consideration of candidate profiles may improve graft quality assessments
Poker and women: The role of gambling motivations in problem gamblers
No full textInternational audienceBackground: In the context of gambling, poker appears to be a game with structural and situational characteristics influencing the development and expression of gambling addiction (GA) (Bjerg, 2010; Barrault et al., 2014). It is now known that gambling motivations play an essential role in the installation of problem gambling in the practice of poker (Mathieu et al., 2017). They determine the intensity of play, the time spent playing and the amount of money wagered. A few studies have looked at the motivations of poker players in a predominantly or even exclusively male population. They indicate that motivation to play is mainly extrinsic inorigin, with a low level or even absence of self-determination, such as playing to win money, to escape worries or to avoid boredom (Wood & al., 2007). The main aim of this study was to assess the different gambling motivations involved in playing poker in a population of female poker players. Method: 108 participants (n=62 non-problem, n=46 problem) were recruited online. They completed several self-administered questionnaires to assess gambling-related characteristics, including the Canadian Problem Gambling Index (CPGI) and the Gambling Motivation Scale (GMS), which assess 3 types of intrinsic (to know, to accomplish, to experience stimulation) and 3 extrinsic motivations (external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation), as well as amotivation. Results: Results show that female problem gamblers score significantly higher on the intrinsic (to know, to accomplish, to experience), extrinsic (introjected, external regulation) and Amotivation motivations to gamble. However, only intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation, extrinsic motivation External regulation and amotivation were significant predictors of belonging to the group of female problempoker players. Conclusions: These results offer new avenues of research into the specificity of GA in women and suggest ways of adapting care protocols to this specific population