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Coopération judiciaire en matière pénale : Plaider coupable et protection juridictionnelle effective, CJUE, 28 nov. 2024, aff. C-432/22, PT ; CJUE, 28 nov. 2024, aff. C-398/23, PT II
No full textInternational audienc
Could electrohypersensitivity be a specific form of high sensory processing sensitivity?
No full textInternational audienceIntroduction Electrohypersensitivity (EHS) refers to a syndrome in which individuals claim to suffer from a variety of symptoms that they attribute to electromagnetic fields. The characteristics of this specific hypersensitivity, particularly in terms of symptoms, are similar to those associated with high sensory processing sensitivity (HSPS). This article raises the question of the superposition of these two types of sensitivity and investigates the existence of a link between the two. Methods Participants ( n = 100) completed a questionnaire measuring EHS and HSPS, as well as absorption, risk perception and avoidance strategies related to electromagnetic fields, and anxiety and depressive disorders. Results They showed an overrepresentation of highly sensitive people within the electrohypersensitive group. Furthermore, the results showed differences in terms of anxiety-depressive symptomatology and cognitive strategies (risk perception and avoidance strategies). Discussion The article discusses these results in the light of the literature and suggests avenues for future research and ways to help highly sensitive people, whether wor not this condition is considered to be caused by electromagnetic radiation
The high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway in Candida auris
No full textInternational audienceThe emerging fungal pathogen Candida auris is known for its strong skin tropism and resilience against antifungal and disinfection treatment, posing a significant challenge for healthcare units. Although efforts to identify the effectors of its unique pathogenic behavior have been insightful, the role of the high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway in this context remains unexplored. The study by Shivarathri and co-workers (R. Shivarathri, M. Chauhan, A. Datta, D. Das et al., mBio 15:e02748-24, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02748-24 ) sought to address this gap. This report indeed advances our understanding of the critical role of the HOG pathway in C. auris pathogenicity by emphasizing its involvement in skin colonization, biofilm formation, and evasion of phagocyte attack
A breath of fresh air: inhaled antibodies to combat respiratory infectious diseases - a clinical trial overview
No full textInternational audienceIntroduction: With the worldwide growing burden of respiratory tract infections (RTIs), innovativetherapeutic approaches are in high demand. Inhaled antibodies (Abs) represent a promising avenue,offering targeted treatment options with potentially better therapeutic index compared to traditionaldelivery methods.Areas covered: This comprehensive review summarizes the challenges faced in delivering Abs by(intranasal and pulmonary) inhalation. It outlines the physiological and biological barriers encounteredby inhaled drugs, as well as the influence of delivery devices and formulation on the deposition andefficacy of inhaled molecules. Moreover, it provides a detailed overview of the current clinical triallandscape of inhaled anti-RTI Abs, highlighting the progress in the development of inhaled Abstargeting a range of pathogens, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and respiratorysyncytial virus. The mechanism of action, therapeutic targets, and clinical outcomes of these noveltherapies are detailed.Expert opinion: Delivery of Abs by inhalation faces several challenges. Addressing these challengesand developing specific approaches to deliver inhaled Abs represent a promising avenue for thedevelopment of the next generation of inhaled Abs. By offering targeted, localized therapy with thepotential for a better therapeutic index, inhaled Abs could significantly improve outcomes for patientswith RTIs
Does income inequality influence health vulnerability to pollution? Evidence from France
No full textThis study investigates whether income inequality within a population influences the health effects of pollution. Specifically, we empirically estimate the causal impact of particulate matter (PM 10 ) on mortality in France, using wind direction as an instrumental variable, and explore how income inequality modifies this relationship. Our findings reveal a statistically and economically significant impact of pollution exposure on the mortality of individuals aged 50 or older, which intensifies in municipalities with higher levels of income inequality. More precisely, while the effect of PM 10 is not significant in municipalities with the lowest levels of disparities, it is significant for the others and increases with the level of inequality within the municipalities. The impact of PM 10 on the mortality of individuals aged 50 or older in the top 33% of municipalities with the highest inequality is up to twice as large as in municipalities with intermediate levels of inequality. This result is particularly striking given that it concerns a country like France, which has relatively low income inequality. To provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential underlying mechanisms, we develop a theoretical model and empirically test its predictions. We conclude that the observed variation in vulnerability to pollution across municipalities, stratified by inequality levels, could have been but is not attributable to differences in public health expenditure, pollution exposure (between and within municipalities), or poverty prevalence and intensity. Our results suggest that inequality plays a significant role in environmental health, worthy of further research
ROR : Research Organization Registry
No full textThe ROR (Research Organization Registry) is a permanent identifier created to identify research structures worldwide. It lists almost 100,000 structures, including 3,500 in France, and has recently extended its scope to include research units, facilitating the identification of affiliations in publications and interoperability between different systems. The ROR is integrated into various French tools and repositories, such as AuréHAL, IdRef and ScanR, and is used by databases such as OpenAlex and Zenodo. Its adoption aims to simplify the identification of structures, improve the quality of research affiliations, and enhance interoperability between information systems, thus contributing to a broader approach to open science.Le ROR (Research Organization Registry) est un identifiant pérenne créé pour identifier les structures de recherche dans le monde. Il recense près de 100 000 structures, dont 3 500 en France, et a récemment étendu son champ d'application aux unités de recherche, facilitant ainsi l'identification des affiliations dans les publications et l'interopérabilité entre différents systèmes. Le ROR est intégré dans différents outils et référentiels français, tels que AuréHAL, IdRef et ScanR, et est utilisé par des bases de données telles que OpenAlex et Zenodo. Son adoption vise à simplifier l'identification des structures, améliorer la qualité des affiliations de recherche, et à renforcer l'interopérabilité entre les systèmes d'information, contribuant ainsi à une approche plus large de la science ouverte
Apprentissage d’une mesure pour la stratification de patients atteints de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique
No full textInternational audienceAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a serious disease, with an average survival of3 to 5 years after the onset of the first symptoms. Current treatments only extend lifeby a few months. Repeated treatment failures and the variability of responses highlightthe need to identify patient subtypes for personalized care. To improve personalizedpatient care, we propose a dissimilarity measure between pairs of sequences representingdisease progression of two patients based on descriptive variables. A generative model,guided by user rules, determines whether two patients should be grouped or separated.A classifier then adjusts the weights of these variables to learn the measure, and aclustering model forms the corresponding clusters. Preliminary testing on 365 patientsfrom the CHRU of Tours shows promising results
Estimating Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) from a joint modeling framework: a simulation-based study
No full textInternational audienceBackground. Clinical trials investigators often chose patient survival as the primary outcome. When health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes are considered, they are usually analyzed secondarily and separately from the survival outcome, precluding the consideration of potential trade-offs between them. In contrast, Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) are a composite outcome that allows the two stakes to be considered simultaneously by weighting years of life by HRQoL indexes (utility scores) that reflect individual preferences. Hence, QALYs could be a practical primary outcome for assessing treatments benefit.However, the estimation of QALYs usually relies on non-parametric approaches suffering several methodological pitfalls. This work aims to propose a sounder method for estimating QALYs using the shared random effects joint modelling framework.Methods. We developed a shared random-effect joint model, the longitudinal utility scores being considered through a mixed beta regression and the time-to-death through a proportional hazard Weibull model. We then proposed a method for estimating QALYs using this model. We compared its performances with the commonly used non-parametric method through a simulation study.We simulated a wide range of clinical trials considering the presence and absence of treatment effect, 200 and 500 included patients, one and two utility score measurements per patient per year for three years, and two censoring rates: 0% and 30% at a three-year horizon. We also considered different data generation mechanisms resulting in well-specified or misspecified models. For each scenario, we simulated 1000 data samples. The treatment effect was estimated in terms of QALYs at a three-year horizon.Results. Our proposed method provided unbiased estimates of QALYs and significant improvements over the non-parametric approach when the joint model was well-specified. This was particularly the case when a low number of repeated utility measurements per patient or a high censoring rate was simulated. The two methods performed poorly when simulating the risk of event with non-proportional hazards.Conclusions. We proposed a method based on joint modeling for estimating QALYs. We reported accurate estimations for clinical trials with moderate sizes when the model is well specified. However, we found the estimations to be sensitive to model misspecification. We are working to develop additional modelling tools and deliver an R package that will allow users to accurately estimate QALYs in a wide range of situations. We hope this will encourage a larger use of QALYs in clinical trials and better consideration of patients’ preferences in medical decision-making
Time Perspective Profile and Study Engagement
No full textInternational audienceAcademic dropout in French universities is significant. The lack of study engagement partly explains this phenomenon. Pursuing academic studies requires switching effectively among temporal orientations (past, present, and future). Although the relationships between study engagement and each temporal orientation have been studied, to the best of our knowledge, the association of all temporal profiles (present in all individuals) has not been considered in the relationship with study engagement. This study aimed to address this gap in the literature. In total, 451 French first- and second-year students enrolled in the humanities and social sciences Bachelor’s program completed a questionnaire including scales measuring time perspectives and study engagement. Using latent profile analyse, we obtained five profiles. We considered three of these as problematic profiles, including 40% of the students, and two had no problematic profiles. Among the latter, there is one in which 26% of the students are relatively oriented toward all temporal dimensions, and one balanced profile including 33% of the students. As expected, the balanced time perspective profile presented the highest study engagement scores, unlike past negative profiles, which showed lower scores. We discuss the implications of this new result for student academic success
Généralisations de groupes de réflexions complexes de rang 2 et structures de Garside associées
No full textThis thesis focuses on the study of -reflection groups, a generalisation of complex reflection groups of rank two. The starting point of this work is an article of Anne-Marie Aubert and Pramod Achar, in which they introduced and studied the family of -groups. In particular, they showed that the family of finite -groups coincides with that of irreducible complex reflection groups of rank two and introduced a representation for each -group. A first family of -groups was later studied by Thomas Gobet, which he called toric reflection groups. The study of this family allows both a combinatorial exploration of infinite groups generalising irreducible complex reflection groups of rank two with one conjugacy class of reflecting hyperplanes, and the extension of a known link between their complex braid groups and certain torus knot groups. The first part of this work consists in extending the notion of toric reflection groups to that of -reflection groups. These groups form a family of -groups which is simultaneously large enough to contain all irreducible complex reflection groups of rank two and small enough to make their study accessible. We obtain presentations by generators and relations for all -reflection groups. In particular, we give a uniform description of the presentations given by Michel Broué, Gunter Malle and Raphaël Rouquier for irreducible complex reflection groups of rank two. We also compute the center of these groups and precisely determine when two -reflection groups are isomorphic. The second part of this work then consists of associating to each -reflection group a -braid group. By construction, whenever the -reflection group is a complex reflection group, its -braid group coincides with its complex braid group. We exhibit a correspondence between -braid groups, circular groups and fundamental groups of complements of links that we call torus necklaces. In particular, this shows that whenever a link group has a non-trivial center, it is a Garside group. The third part of this work is about Garside structures of -braid groups. For each -braid group, we give two Garside structures respectively generalising the classical and dual structures of some complex braid groups of rank two. In particular, the dual structures provide new Garside structures for complex braid groups of rank two with three conjugacy classes of reflecting hyperplanes.Cette thèse porte sur l'étude des -groupes de réflexions, une généralisation des groupes de réflexions complexes de rang deux. Le point de départ de ce travail est un article d'Anne-Marie Aubert et Pramod Achar dans lequel ils ont introduit et étudié la famille des -groupes. Ils ont démontré en particulier que la famille des -groupes finis coïncide avec les groupes de réflexions complexes irréductibles de rang deux, et ont introduit une représentation de chaque -groupe. Une première famille de -groupes fut ensuite étudiée par Thomas Gobet, qu'il a nommés groupes de réflexions toriques. L'analyse de cette famille de groupes permet à la fois une exploration combinatoire de groupes infinis qui généralisent les groupes de réflexions complexes irréductibles de rang deux à une classe de conjugaison d'hyperplans de réflexions, et l'extension d'un lien connu entre les groupes de tresses complexes de ces derniers et certains groupes de nœuds toriques. La première partie de ce travail consiste à étendre la notion de groupes de réflexions toriques à celle de -groupes de réflexions. Ces groupes forment une famille de -groupes simultanément assez grande pour contenir tous les groupes de réflexions complexes irréductibles de rang deux et suffisamment restreinte pour que l'étude en soit accessible. Nous obtenons des présentations par générateurs et relations pour tous les -groupes de réflexions. En particulier, nous donnons une description uniforme des présentations données par Michel Broué, Gunter Malle et Raphaël Rouquier pour les groupes de réflexions complexes irréductibles de rang deux. Nous calculons également le centre de ces groupes et déterminons sous quelles conditions deux -groupes de réflexions sont isomorphes. La deuxième partie de ce travail consiste alors à associer à chaque -groupe de réflexions un -groupe de tresses. Par construction, dès lors que le -groupe de réflexions est un groupe de réflexions complexes, son -groupe de tresses coïncide avec son groupe de tresses complexes. Nous mettons en évidence une correspondance entre les -groupes de tresses, les groupes circulaires et les groupes fondamentaux de compléments des entrelacs que nous appelons pendentifs toriques. Cette correspondance démontre entre autres qu'à chaque fois qu'un groupe d'entrelacs possède un centre non-trivial, c'est un groupe de Garside. Le troisième aspect de ce travail consiste à étudier des structures de Garside des -groupes de tresses. Nous donnons deux structures de Garside pour chaque -groupe de tresses, généralisant respectivement les structures classiques et duales de certains groupes de tresses complexes de rang deux. En particulier, les structures duales fournissent de nouvelles structures de Garside pour les groupes de tresses complexes de rang deux à trois classes de conjugaison d'hyperplans de réflexions