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The winds of inequalities: How hurricanes affect inequalities at the macro level
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Preschool teachers provide fewer participation opportunities to working-class students than those from more privileged backgrounds
No full textInternational audienceSocial class disparities exist from the earliest stages of education. Research has suggested that class-based differences in factors such as socialization practices and access to resources partly explain this phenomenon, but less work has explored whether teachers’ practices also exacerbate these inequalities. Using whole-class observations of 63 preschool classroom discussions (N = students, 10 teachers), we coded 7, student participation attempts and subsequent responses from teachers. Mixed-effects Bayesian logistic regressions showed that whether students played by the rules by raising their hands or broke the rules by calling out, they were less likely to have their participation attempts accepted if they came from a working-class background, even when their perceived language skills were matched to their middle- and upper-class peers. These results suggest that early schooling experiences may serve to exacerbate inequalities rather than level the playing field
Model reduction strategy for the dynamic analysis of plates with a nearly periodic array of circular acoustic black holes
No full textInternational audienceThe concept of acoustic black hole (ABH) refers to bending stiffness decrease and added damping to localize and efficiently dissipate flexural vibrations in thin structures. For plate-like structures, a ABH typically takes the form of a circular pit whose thickness decreases as a power-law with the distance to the center. The central region has a very small residual thickness, and it is covered by a damping layer. While being inefficient at low frequencies, ABHs can drastically lowered the resonant behavior of a host structure at high frequencies (after a certain cut-on frequency). 2D-periodic arrays of circular ABHs embedded in a host structure can be involved, where the periodicity property is used to create low frequency band gaps. For instance, a small mass can be added to the center of each circular ABH to create resonant band gaps. Besides the analysis of structures with periodic arrays of ABHs, nearly periodic structures will be explored in this paper to see whether the lack of periodicity can be detrimental to create band gaps, or, on the contrary, if this can be used to enlarge band gaps. In the case of a periodic array of circular ABHs with central masses, near-periodicity can result from manufacturing imperfections of the ABH thicknesses, or slight variations of the central masses. Those nearly periodic structures can be seen as assemblies of different substructures (i.e., structure cells encompassing an ABH) subjected to parametric changes. For nearly-periodic structures built from finite element models of substructures with many degrees of freedom, parametric model order reduction strategies can be used to reduce the computational costs of the forced response simulations. In this paper, an interpolation strategy will be explored to approximate the reduced matrices of substructures over parametric spaces. This circumvents the need for computing the component mode bases, and the reduced matrices, many times for investigating different parametric changes. An enhanced version of this strategy is proposed here, which includes interface reduction and basis enrichment techniques. Numerical experiments are carried out on a plate with circular ABHs
What Cognitive And Emotional Development Profile In Severely IntellectuallyDisabled Autistic Adults?
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“Mais admirons-nous ces objets ?” : Nature, écriture et enjeux des émerveillements scien-tifiques dans le Cabinet de Minerve (1596) de François Béroalde de Verville »
No full textInternational audienceDans The Palace of secrets, Béroalde de Verville and Renaissance Conception of Knowledge, Neil Kenny souligne la grande diversité des objets d’émerveillement qui composent le Cabinet de Minerve (1596) de François Béroalde de Verville. Dans ce cabinet de curiosités constitué par les soins d’une Mi-nerve christianisée, le regard des spectateurs s’arrête en effet sur des sources d’émerveillements va-riées, comme le souligne d’emblée le narrateur en déclarant que « les Tableaux [y] sont en leur ordre, les pieces de sculpture tiennent leur lieu, les Livres ont leur endroit, les Medailles leurs places [et] les Artifices leur rang ». C’est à cette catégorie particulière des « artifices » que nous souhaite-rions plus particulièrement nous intéresser pour nous inscrire dans les questionnements du col-loque « De l’hydre à la Chenille, émerveillements savants ». Les objets savants que l’on découvre aux cô-tés des œuvres d’art présentent en effet une étonnante diversité : au fil des chapitres, l’on s’émerveille ainsi tour à tour des principes hydrauliques grâce auxquels est construite une fontaine sans fin, des propriétés particulières des poissons que sont l’Alose ou le poisson Torpille, de la complexité de diverses constructions optiques parmi lesquelles trois miroirs représentant la mort, des propriétés alchimiques d’une eau de vie rectifiée permettant à une lampe de briller sans fin, des principes physiques mettant en mouvement une représentation de la Fortune ou des différents éléments anatomiques qui composent la main du Christ. Au cours de notre communication, nous nous proposons d’observer les traits remarquables par lesquels s’écrit cet émerveillement devant des objets savants relevant à la fois des domaines de la mécanique, de l’alchimie, de l’optique, de la zoologie ou de la médecine
Effects of selection for divergent levels of social motivation on behavioral repertoire and synchronization in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)
No full textInternational audienceBehavioral synchronization occurs when individuals perform the same behavior simultaneously and in close proximity. It is widely recognized as a key mechanism that fosters social cohesion, coordination, and cooperation within groups, providing substantial adaptive benefits. However, since individuals within a group often exhibit inter-individual differences in social tendencies, these variations may influence group organization and the extent to which synchronization occurs. Here, we investigated how genetic selection for social motivation (i.e., an individual's internal drive to seek contact, approach and remain close to a group of conspecifics) in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) impacts their behavioral repertoire and their behavioral synchronization, by comparing 10 trios (groups of three) constituted of individuals selected for high social motivation (S+) and 10 trios constituted of individuals selected for low social motivation (S-). For this purpose, trios were placed for 24 consecutive hours in an arena filled with wood shavings and providing ad libitum access to feed and water. Birds' behaviors were recorded and analyzed during four one-hour time windows (hour 1: 8:30-9:30 am, hour 2: 11:00-12:00 am, hour 3: 1:30-2:30 pm and hour 4: 4:00-5:00 pm). Results revealed that S- quail exhibited more locomotion behaviors, while S+ quail displayed more inactivity behaviors and particularly "sit relaxed" behaviors. Also, S+ individuals had a longer total synchronization duration than S- individuals. Specifically, S+ quail performed more synchronized "sit relaxed" behaviors, spent more time in this state and remained synchronized longer during a "sit relaxed" bout compared to S- quail. The S+ group also exhibited a significantly higher overall Kappa coefficient, as well as a higher Kappa coefficient for the behavior "Sit relaxed", both of which significantly differed from 0, indicating a structured pattern of behavioral synchronization consistent with coordinated group dynamics. Notably, during synchronization bouts of the behavior "Sit relaxed", birds reduced inter-individual distances, indicating an active preference for staying closer together during this activity. Overall, these findings suggest that individuals with higher social motivation are more likely to engage in synchronized behaviors, particularly during resting behaviors, which may promote close proximity and strengthen social bonds. Such synchronization may foster social cohesion and lead to more harmonious and stable group dynamics. Further studies will be necessary to better elucidate these effects and confirm these different hypotheses. This research highlights the critical role of individual differences in social motivation in shaping collective behavior. These insights enhance our understanding of animal social dynamics and could contribute to more effective management strategies in animal husbandry
Nature and Covariates of Psychological Capital Profiles
No full textInternational audienceThe main goal of this study was to use person-centered analyses to identify psychological capital (PsyCap) profiles and their gender similarity among a sample of 2,435 non-commissioned officers. This research also considers the role of different covariates of profile membership for these profiles. Latent profile analyses revealed four PsyCap profiles (Low Goal-Oriented; Moderate PsyCap; Low PsyCap; and High Goal-Oriented) similar across men and women, and with well-differentiated covariates associations. Notably, the High Goal-Oriented profile was associated, contrary to the Low PsyCap profile, with high levels of work performance, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment, and with low levels of sleep problems. Theoretical contributions and implications for practice are discussed
Preliminary Psychometric Validation of Socioemotional and Cognitive Battery Evaluations for Adults (SCEB-A) with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Severe Intellectual Disability
No full textInternational audienceSpecific and validated developmental assessments centered on cognitive and socio-emotional abilities are necessary to implement personalized behavioral and functional intervention programs for adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and severe intellectual disabilities (IDs), aiming to enhance their social communication and autonomy. The Socio-emotional Cognitive Evaluation Battery (SCEB), a psychometrically validated tool created for children with ASD and developmental ages under two years, was applied to adults with ASD and substantial developmental delay, corresponding to levels inferior to 24 months of age. The goal was to describe these individuals’ cognitive and socio-emotional development profile and its heterogeneity and conduct the first psychometric analysis for validating the test. Ninety adults (59 men and 31 women with a mean age of 39 years) with ASD and severe ID were recruited from 17 medico-social services dedicated to this population. The participants were examined by trained psychologists using SCEB-A and familiar professionals using the Vineland-II questionnaire. The profile of this group of adults revealed lower developmental levels in some domains, such as expressive language, vocal and gestural imitation, and symbolic play, and higher developmental levels in spatial relations, behavior regulation, joint attention, and affective relation. Psychometric analyses demonstrated adequate inter-rater reliability and convergent and divergent validity. This novel instrument is useful and relevant for assessing this clinical population’s cognitive and socio-emotional development, enabling professionals to implement intervention programs and cognitive and social remediation
