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Les enfants illégitimes de John Williams et de J. K. Rowling
No full textInternational audienceThis article falls within the framework of fan studies and seeks to understand how the music of French fan films, created within the audiovisual universe of Hollywood’s Harry Potter productions, negotiate a relationship with the authoritative model set by John Williams’ compositions for the first three installments of the saga. Far from being mere imitations, these musical works reflect an emerging practice of self-taught composition, facilitated by the digital age and streaming platforms such as YouTube. In doing so, they challenge the notion of legitimacy—whether artistic, professional, or canonical—and demonstrate that the Harry Potter sound universe is no longer confined to its original creators but has become a shared heritage, continually reinterpreted by fans.Cet article s’inscrit dans le cadre des fan studies et cherche à comprendre comment les musiques des fanfilms français, élaborés dans l’univers audiovisuel des productions hollywoodiennes Harry Potter, négocient leur rapport avec le modèle tutélaire des musiques composées par John Williams dans les trois premiers volets de la saga. Loin d’être de simples imitations, ces musiques témoignent d’une pratique émergente de composition autodidacte, favorisée par l’ère numérique et des plateformes de diffusion en streaming comme YouTube. Elles remettent ainsi en question la notion de légitimité, qu’elle soit artistique, professionnelle ou canonique, et démontrent que l’univers sonore d’Harry Potter ne se limite plus à ses créateurs originels, mais devient un patrimoine partagé et réinterprété par les fans
D'ESLO à ESLO-FLEU : enjeux méthodologiques de la structuration de données pour la linguistique et la didactique du FLE
No full textInternational audienceLe corpus ESLO (Enquêtes SocioLinguistiques à Orléans) est un vaste corpus oral du français (600h d’enregistrements), constitué en deux phases (ESLO1 : 1968-71, ESLO2 : depuis 2008) et rendu disponible sur différentes infrastructures (Ortolang, Cocoon). Initialement conçu par une équipe franco-britannique pour l’enseignement du français, il documente également les discours des locuteurs et la diversité des situations de communication. ESLO2 met davantage l’accent sur cette diversité et repose sur une typologie des interactions basée sur un continuum variationnel entre proximité et distance communicative. Depuis 2022, le projet ESLO-FLEU adapte ce corpus à l’enseignement du FLE. Un sous-corpus de 150 extraits a été constitué pour une consultation simplifiée, en vue de sa didactisation et d'une initiation à la linguistique de corpus. Le corpus, préparé à partir d’une version annotée sous TXM, est disponible au format html et permet d'écouter la donnée sonore, de consulter les métadonnées et d’afficher des annotations linguistiques. Le corpus peut être interrogé en ligne sur notre site institutionnel ou téléchargé sur Ortolang pour un usage ne nécessitant aucune connexion internet
Evaluating the evidence for GM-CSF as a host-directed therapy in respiratory infections
No full textInternational audienceNovel therapeutic approaches are needed to treat respiratory infections due to the rising antimicrobial resistance and the lack of effective antiviral therapies. A promising avenue to overcome treatment failure is to develop strategies that target the host immune response rather than the pathogen itself. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plays a critical role in controlling homeostasis in lungs, alveolar macrophages being the most sensitive cells to GM-CSF signaling. In this review, we discuss the importance of GM-CSF secretion for lung homeostasis and its alteration during respiratory infections. We also present the pre-clinical evidence and clinical investigations evaluating GM-CSF-based treatments (administration or inhibition) as a therapeutic strategy for treating respiratory infections, highlighting both supporting and contradictory findings.</div
Causality and Causal Powers in Blasius of Parma's Physics
No full textInternational audienceLate medieval philosophy reformulates all the main concepts of Aristotelian natural philosophy, among which the concept of cause is central. But it is not a linear evolution that would lead to the concept of causality as it is utilized in modern philosophy, though some medieval texts anticipate such a transformation. We cannot really understand the transformations and innovations of natural philosophy in this period, if we do not give up a teleological account of the history of science and philosophy.The natural philosophy of Blasius of Parma, at the end of fourteenth century, should be considered as an original attempt to understand the dynamics of nature: How many principles are required to understand the existence and the movement of nature? What are the driving forces, the motors, and the powers that account for natural changes in the four genera of motion defined by Aristotle (generation, alteration, increase, and local motion)? Within this agenda, Blasius of Parma does not so much seek to unify the concept of cause, but rather to know to what extent one can determine the various powers at work in natural changeLa philosophie du Moyen Âge tardif reformule tous les principaux concepts de la philosophie naturelle aristotélicienne, parmi lesquels le concept de cause est central. Mais il ne s'agit pas d'une évolution linéaire qui conduirait au concept de causalité tel qu'il est utilisé dans la philosophie moderne, bien que certains textes médiévaux anticipent une telle transformation. Nous ne pouvons pas vraiment comprendre les transformations et les innovations de la philosophie naturelle au cours de cette période si nous ne renonçons pas à un récit téléologique de l'histoire des sciences et de la philosophie.La philosophie naturelle de Blaise de Parme, à la fin du XIVe siècle, doit être considérée comme une tentative originale de comprendre la dynamique de la nature : Combien de principes faut-il pour comprendre l'existence et le mouvement de la nature ? Quelles sont les forces motrices, les moteurs et les puissances qui expliquent les changements naturels dans les quatre genres de mouvement définis par Aristote (génération, altération, augmentation et mouvement local) ? Dans ce cadre, Blaise de Parme ne cherche pas tant à unifier le concept de cause qu'à savoir dans quelle mesure on peut déterminer les différentes puissances à l'œuvre dans le changement naturel
Effects of a methionine deficiency on chicken tissue protein turnover: comparative analysis of methionine source
No full textInternational audienceMethionine (Met) supply is critical for optimum growth rate, muscle development, antioxidant activity, one-carbon metabolism in liver, and feather production in birds. Met is the first limiting amino acid (AA) in chicken diets, yet little is known about how different Met levels and sources influence tissue protein metabolism. Growth performance and tissue protein metabolism were compared in broilers fed either deficient or sufficient in Met, supplemented with either DL-Met or DL-HMTBA (a Met analogue). Protein synthesis rates were quantified in vivo in the liver, in 2 muscle types, and in the jejunum of 3-week-old chickens using a flooding dose of [C-13]-Valine. Additionally, tissue proteolytic activities and the expression of genes involved in proteolysis and autophagy were measured. The deficient Met supply reduced chicken weight, Pectoralis major (PM) muscle weight and protein synthesis (P<0.05), though liver weight and protein synthesis remained unaffected. When expressed as fractional synthesis rates (FSR, %/d), protein synthesis was never depressed by Met deficiency irrespective of the tissue studied, whereas the proteasome proteolytic activity was consistently greater (P<0.01) in the Met-deficient birds. These results were supported by the expression of proteolysis-related genes in the PM. For most parameters, including FSR and proteolytic activities (with the exception of the liver), there were minimal differences between birds receiving DL-Met and DL-HMTBA, indicating that DL-HMTBA effectively supports muscle protein synthesis when adequately supplied, similar to DL-Met. In conclusion, Met deficiency profoundly impacts chicken growth, PM development, and tissue protein turnover, while the two Met sources exhibit similar effects
: For a "humanization" of the AI-assisted phonetic remediation process and the role of FRAPéOR in the REphon-IA project
No full textInternational audienceOur work will attempt to explore the issues involved in introducing artificial intelligence into autonomous pronunciation learning, both in acquisition and remediation tasks. SuchThis support has been provided directly through the expertise of the FRAPéOR Consortium and its REphon-IA subsidiary in the field of phonetic remediation, or indirectly through the testimonies of certain practitioners, through their scientific and/or audiovisual and digital productions, in the form of teaching platforms, Moocs or Youtube channels (see sitography and bibliography). an ambition is immediately hindered and discredited by certain limits inherent in the use of any algorithmic technical aid, devoid of humanity, compassion, empathy, adaptability or also the ability to relativize, prioritize parameters and take into account the general context. To establish the limits of this type of procedure, we will draw on the opinions of experts in the field of phonetic remediation using the verbo-tonal method (VTM), represented, for this study, essentially by the work of the team headed by Michel Billières at the Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, as well as that of its various training partners, in particular Magali Boureux and the Phonetix group. This support has been provided directly through the expertise of the FRAPéOR Consortium and its REphon-IA subsidiary in the field of phonetic remediation, or indirectly through the testimonies of certain practitioners, through their scientific and/or audiovisual and digital productions, in the form of teaching platforms, Moocs or Youtube channels (see sitography and bibliography). Among the direct supports used as reference for this undertaking was an interview dating from 2018, carried out as part of the activities of the Université de Toulouse Jean Jaurès. This interview, which still seems relevant today, deals with the limits of technical aids in learning pronunciation. The interview discusses the limits and impediments to the use of any technical aid at present, and rightly concludes that such procedures are doomed to failure, as shown, for example, by the vanity of language laboratories over the last 30 years, making human assistance an indispensable element. Among the shortcomings noted are the lack of interactivity and the failure to take into account the context or specificities of the learner. In the REphon-IA project, we feel that we have taken into account and thought about all these obstacles. And it's the project's backing by FRAPéOR that enables us to anchor the approach in a process of "humanizing" AI-assisted remediation, by taking advantage of the valuable contributions and possibilities offered by AI (conversational avatars, dynamic consideration of human, sociodemographic and sociolinguistic variables, taken from the FRAPéOR corpus, in an instantaneous manner).Notre travail tentera d’explorer les enjeux liés à l'introduction de l'intelligence artificielle dans l’apprentissage de la prononciation en autonomie, à la fois dans les tâches d’acquisition et de remédiation. Une telle ambition se trouve d’emblée freinée et discréditée par certaines limites inhérentes à l’usage de toute aide technique algorithmique, dépourvue d’humanité, de compassion, d’empathie, d’adaptabilité ou aussi de la capacité de relativiser, de prioriser les paramètres et de tenir compte du contexte général. Pour établir les limites de ce type de procédures, nous nous appuierons sur l’avis des experts de terrain dans les pratiques de la remédiation phonétique par la méthode verbo-tonale (MVT), représentés, pour cette étude, essentiellement par les travaux de l’équipe dirigée par Michel Billières de l’Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, ainsi que ceux de ses différents partenaires de formation, en particulier, Magali Boureux ou aussi le groupe Phonetix. Cet appui a pu se faire de manière directe avec les expertises du Consortium FRAPéOR et de sa déclinaison REphon-IA en matière de remédiation phonétique ou de manière indirecte, à partir des témoignages de certains praticiens, à travers leurs productions scientifiques et/ou audiovisuelles et numériques, prenant la forme de plateformes pédagogiques, de Mooc ou de chaînes Youtube (voir sitographie et bibliographie). Parmi les supports directs ayant servi de référence pour cette entreprise, il y a eu un entretien datant de 2018, réalisé dans le cadre des activités de l’Université de Toulouse Jean Jaurès. Cet entretien, qui semble toujours d’actualité , porte sur les limites de l’aide technique dans l’apprentissage de la prononciation. Cet entretien aborde les limites et les freins affaiblissant le recours à toute aide technique à l’heure actuelle et conclut, à juste titre, au fait que de telles procédures sont vouées à l’échec, comme le montre, par exemple, la vanité des laboratoires de langue ces 30 dernières années et rendant ainsi l’aide humaine un élément indispensable. Parmi les défauts relevés, il y a l’absence d’interactivité et la non prise en compte du contexte ou aussi des spécificités de l’apprenant. Dans le projet REphon-IA , nous estimons avoir pris en compte et pensé à l’ensemble de ces freins. Et c’est l’adossement de ce projet à FRAPéOR qui permet d’ancrer la démarche dans un processus « d’humanisation » de la remédiation assistée par l’IA, en profitant des apports précieux et des possibilités qu’offrent l’IA (avatars conversationnels, prise en compte dynamique des variables humaines, sociodémographiques, sociolinguistiques, issues du corpus FRAPéOR, de manière instantanée
L’éditeur et son flair: Entre double sens et double jeu, permanence et évolution d’un concept
No full textInternational audienc
Eutectic Matrixes: A Game-Changer for Sustainable Ingredient Development
No full textInternational audienceIn the context of the ongoing transformation toward more sustainable practices in the nutraceutical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries, the demand for natural ingredients is experiencing significant growth. These ingredients—sourced from plants, marine environments, or biotechnology—are typically extracted using organic solvents derived from petrochemicals. In this regard, natural eutectic solvents offer a promising alternative to support the industry's transition.1Since their initial identification in 2013 as extraction solvents, Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NaDES) have garnered increasing interest, not only in academic literature but also within the cosmetic industry.2 However, their growing popularity has led to semantic confusion and marketing-driven misuse of the term "NaDES," often applied to mixtures that do not meet the strict thermodynamic criteria.3 Scientifically, NaDES are characterized by a pronounced depression of melting points compared to thermodynamic ideality.3 To more accurately describe mixtures lacking this behavior, new terminology such as "Mixture of Natural Compounds" (MiNAC) has recently been introduced. This term offers greater flexibility, particularly regarding water content tolerance.4Whether referred to as NaDES or MiNACs, these novel solvents are reshaping knowledge and processes in natural product extraction. Their exceptional solubilizing power and selectivity have enabled the production of unprecedented ingredients—either through targeted enrichment or through entirely new phytochemical profiles.5,6 To maintain their sustainability, production processes have been reengineered to eliminate or avoid conventional solvent recovery steps, since these solvents are non-volatile by nature.7Selecting the appropriate eutectic solvent for a specific application remains a unique challenge, due to the virtually infinite number of possible compositions. Predictive tools are therefore essential to reduce unnecessary resource consumption. In this context, the Smart Selection Strategy offers a relevant and efficient approach—guiding solvent selection based on the intended end-market. A case study in the cosmetic sector will be presented to illustrate this methodology.8Far from being mere extraction media, NaDES and MiNACs function as bioactive extraction matrices or delivery systems with intrinsic properties. They can act as active ingredients themselves—modulating skin or vaginal microbiota,9,10 enhancing biological activity,11,12 or even contributing novel textures in cosmetic formulations.13Ultimately, these eutectic matrices are not just alternative solvents; they are transformative agents in extraction science, driving continuous innovation and presenting an exciting challenge for R&D teams across disciplines.1D. J. Dailin, F. Rithwan, N. I. W. Azelee, N. Zainan, L. Z. M. I. Low, D. N. A. Zaidel and H. El Enshasy, in Biomass-based Cosmetics, Springer Nature Singapore, Singapore, 2024, pp. 27–47.2Y. Dai, J. van Spronsen, G.-J. Witkamp, R. Verpoorte and Y. H. Choi, Anal Chim Acta, 2013, 766, 61–68.3D. O. Abranches and J. A. P. Coutinho, Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng, 2023, 14, 141–163.4F. S. Bragagnolo, M. M. Strieder, R. S. Pizani, L. M. de Souza Mesquita, M. González-Miquel and M. A. Rostagno, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2024, 175, 117726.5L. Boudesocque-Delaye, I. M. Ardeza, A. Verger, R. Grard, I. Théry-Koné, X. Perse and E. Munnier, Cosmetics, 2024, 11, 17.6S. Sahu, D. Kumari, Kusam, A. Kuila, R. S. Gurjar, K. Sharma and R. Verma, Food Chem, 2025, 482, 144125.7D. Rente, M. Cvjetko Bubalo, M. Panić, A. Paiva, B. Caprin, I. Radojčić Redovniković and A. R. C. Duarte, J Clean Prod, 2022, 380, 135147.8M. Yagmur, B. Montigny, C. Maaliki, A. Chevalley, I. Théry-Koné, J. Jacquemin and L. Boudesocque-Delaye, Sep Purif Technol, 2025, 371, 133343.9L. Wils, M. Yagmur, N. Bellin, M. Phelippe, A. Chevalley, C. Bodet and L. Boudesocque-Delaye, Mar Drugs, 2024, 22, 281.10K. Radošević, I. Čanak, M. Panić, K. Markov, M. C. Bubalo, J. Frece, V. G. Srček and I. R. Redovniković, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2018, 25, 14188–14196.11L. Van Gheluwe, S. Odou, M. Yagmur, I. Théry-Koné, M. Phelippe, A. Chevalley and L. Boudesocque-Delaye, Sustain Chem Pharm, 2024, 40, 101654.12S. Hilali, L. Van Gheluwe, M. Yagmur, L. Wils, M. Phelippe, B. Clément-Larosière, B. Montigny, J. Jacquemin, E. Thiery and L. Boudesocque-Delaye, Sep Purif Technol, 2024, 329, 125123.13A. Verger, H. Kichou, N. Huang, X. Perse, I.-M. Ardeza, C. Pradel, R. Goncalves Martins Da Conceicao, B. Atanasova, F.-X. Legrand, A. Despres, L. Boudesocque-Delaye and E. Munnier, ACS Sustain Chem Eng, 2024, 12, 7187–7199
