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Multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled clinical trial comparing intermittent cefoxitin administration versus loading bolus followed by continuous infusion for the prevention of surgical site infection in colorectal surgery: the PROPHYLOXITIN study protocol
No full textInternational audienceIntroduction Surgical site infections (SSIs) are the second leading cause of healthcare-associated infections in Europe with the highest rates being reported in colorectal surgery (ranging from 9% to 30%). Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) is one of the most efficient measures for SSI prevention and should be started before surgical incision. Cefoxitin is an antibiotic widely used as SAP for colorectal surgery, but its continuous administration is currently the subject of debate due to its potential pharmacokinetic advantages. Therefore, the aim of the PROPHYLOXITIN study is to demonstrate that a loading dose followed by continuous infusion of cefoxitin during colorectal surgery (intervention group) decreases the rate of SSI compared to an intermittent bolus administration (control group).Methods and analysis The PROPHYLOXITIN study is a superiority, prospective, double-blind, randomised and multicentre study of 2000 patients undergoing colorectal surgery. The primary objective is to demonstrate the superiority of a loading dose of cefoxitin followed by continuous infusion over intermittent bolus administration in reducing the proportion of SSIs within 30 days after colorectal surgery. Subjects will be randomised 1:1 using a secure web-based random-number generator to one of two study groups. Randomised allocation of treatment will be done by minimisation and stratified according to the centre, the localisation of surgery (colon or rectum) and the type of surgical procedure (laparoscopy or laparotomy).Ethics and dissemination This research has been approved by an independent ethics committee and will be carried out according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Good Clinical Practice guidelines. The results of this study will be disseminated through presentation at scientific conferences and publication in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration number EudraCT 2022-003262-20 and Clinical trial NCT05755789
Marches aléatoires transcientes sur l'espace des réseaux.
No full textGiven , we construct a Zariski-dense random walk on the space of lattices SLSL that exhibits escape of mass. This negates the suggestion of recurrence made by Benoist [Ben14] (ICM 2014) and by Bénard-de Saxcé [BS22] (also asked in [BQ12]). For any , we also construct such a random walk with finite -moment which shows that the moment assumption in [BS22] is sharp
Chickens perceive humans as social buffers and may follow human-given cues: A pilot study
No full textInternational audiencePositive perception of humans, extensively documented in domestic mammals, remains comparatively underexplored in domestic birds like chickens, with existing studies largely focusing on fear reduction. This research evaluated whether chickens perceive humans positively, accounting for interaction types and breed differences. Two breeds (Lohmann LSL Classic, Brown Classic) experienced physical contact (PC), visual-only contact (VC), or minimal human contact (MC) over 13 days (Days 35-51; PC and VC: 1-2 min/day). Birds were assessed using three behavioral tests. During the separation-reunion test (Days 52-53), individuals underwent two 3-min separations (experimenter absent) and reunions (experimenter present) in an open-field setting. Subsequently, the experimenter attempted up to six standardized capture attempts to catch the birds (the capture test). Lastly, the local enhancement test (Days 120-137) assessed birds' ability to use human presence/gestures to locate food. In the separation-reunion test, PC birds exhibited calmer/positive behaviors, such as reduced vigilance and increased foraging, in the presence of the experimenter compared to being alone. Conversely, MC birds displayed fewer calm behaviors and greater withdrawal when the experimenter was present. Brown birds showed more calm behaviors, reduced movement, and spent more time near the experimenter than white birds. The capture test supported these results, with PC and brown birds being easier to capture. In the local enhancement test, two PC individuals and the brown PC group as a whole successfully used human-given cues to locate food rewards. These results indicate that, as observed in other species, chickens-especially those with positive human experiences-can associate humans with rewarding outcomes. Positive interactions may also lead chickens to perceive humans as social buffers-that is, as factors that help mitigate stress in challenging situations. Although fundamental, this study highlights the potential of breed-sensitive approaches to improve poultry welfare and opens the discussion on adapting human-animal interactions to breed-specific characteristics. These insights can inform welfare-enhancing practices and provide practical tools for on-farm management that benefit both animals and farmers
Equine-Assisted Interventions and Physical Health in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis
No full textInternational audienceObjective :While equine-assisted interventions (EAI) have proved their efficacy in a young population, they represent a new therapeutic field to promote the physical health of older adults. Through a meta-analysis, this study aimed to highlight the effects of EAI on the physical health of an older population. Methods : An exhaustive search of the PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library databases was carried out. Studies focusing on EAI and the physical domain in older adults over 60 years of age were included. Study quality was assessed using RoB2 and ROBINS-I. Measures were calculated with 95% CIs; heterogeneity was also explored. Results : Six articles involving 150 (women n = 107) healthy older adults were included. Sixty-four of them benefited from a program of multiple EAI sessions (20.67 ± 12.18). The meta-analysis indicates that performing an EAI program significantly enhances gait (SMD = 0.93, 95% CI [0.41, 1.44], p = .0004) and muscular activity (SMD = 0.90, 95% CI [0.11, 1.70], p = .03). Regarding balance, a slight improvement was observed (SMD = 0.44, 95% CI [−0.02, 0.90], p = .06). Conclusion : This meta-analysis reveals promising results regarding the benefits of EAI on the physical health of older adults. However, additional research is needed to strengthen these conclusions and promote these interventions among this population
Apprentissage par renforcement grammatical : comptage des chemins et des cycles dans les graphes à l’aide d’une grammaire hors-contexte et d’une approche par transformeur.
No full textInternational audienceThis paper presents Grammar Reinforcement Learning (GRL), a reinforcement learning algorithm that uses Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) and a transformer architecture that models a Pushdown Automaton (PDA) within a context-free grammar (CFG) framework. Taking as use case the problem of efficiently counting paths and cycles in graphs, a key challenge in network analysis, computer science, biology, and social sciences, GRL discovers new matrix-based formulas for path/cycle counting that improve computational efficiency by factors of two to six w.r.t state-of-the-art approaches. Our contributions include: (i) a framework for generating gramformers that operate within a CFG, (ii) the development of GRL for optimizing formulas within grammatical structures, and (iii) the discovery of novel formulas for graph substructure counting, leading to significant computational improvements.Published as a conference paper at ICLR 2025 As mentioned in Section 1, path/cycle counting has been extensively tackled in the literature. In the early 1970s, Harary and Manvel (1971) introduced algorithms for counting cycles up to length five at the graph level. Two decades later, Alon et al. (1997) refined these algorithms, extending cycle counting to lengths of up to seven, and conjectured that these methods can also be adapted to count cycles at the node level. Later Voropaev and Perepechko (2012) established a relationship between the counting of l-cycles at the edge level and the counting of (l -1)-paths at the edge level using a simple formula. By deriving explicit formulae for the counting of paths of length up to six at the edge level, they were able to compute the number of cycles of length up to seven. More recently, Jokić and Van Mieghem (2022) rediscovered the formulae for paths of length up to four from Voropaev and Perepechko (2012). In contrast, Giscard et al. (2019) proposed an algorithm capable of counting cycles and paths of arbitrary lengths. However, they acknowledged that their method is slower than those presented by Alon et al. (1997) and Voropaev and Perepechko (2012). Specifically, since the latter algorithms are based on matrix multiplication, they exhibit a computational complexity of O n 3 , where n is the number of nodes. As noted by Giscard et al. ( 2019), these matrix-based approaches remain the most efficient known methods for counting paths and cycles of lengths up to six and seven, respectively. CONTEXT-FREE GRAMMAR.Throughout this paper, we employ standard formal language notation: Γ * denotes the set of all finite-length strings over the alphabet Γ, and ε represents the empty string. The relevant definitions used in this context are as follows:Definition 2.1 (Context-Free Grammar) A Context-Free Grammar (CFG) G is defined as a 4-tuple (V, Σ, R, S), where V is a finite set of variables, Σ is a finite set of terminal symbols, R is a finite set of production rules of the form V → (V ∪ Σ)* , and S is the start variable. Note that R fully characterizes the CFG, following the convention that the start variable is placed on the top left and that the symbol | represents "or". Definition 2.2 (Derivation) Let G be a CFG. For u, v ∈ (V ∪ Σ) * , we define u =⇒ v if u can be transformed into v by applying a single production rule, and u * =⇒ v if u can be transformed into v by applying a sequence of production rules from G
Politisations et dépolitisations contemporaines de la photographie documentaire: Étude de la controverse autour de l’exposition d’Ahlam Shibli au Jeu de Paume
No full textInternational audienceThis article examines the exhibition Phantom Home by Palestinian artist Ahlam Shibli at the Jeu de Paume in Paris in 2013. The photographer's work sparked controversy, enabling a detailed analysis of the political stakes associated with contemporary documentary photography, how it can be challenged or defended. These debates reveal significant actual tensions between the depoliticization and repoliticization of art.Cet article revient sur l’exposition Foyer Fantôme de l’artiste palestinienne Ahlam Shibli au Jeu de Paume, à Paris en 2013. Le travail de la photographe a soulevé la controverse, permettant une analyse fine des enjeux politiques liés à la photographie documentaire contemporaine, ses contestations et ses justifications. Ces débats permettent de révéler des tensions importantes aujourd’hui, entre dépolitisation et repolitisation de l’art
Démocratie en santé et santé bucco-dentaire
No full textInternational audienceThe Conférence nationale de santé (CNS) (French National Health Conference) is a consultative health democracy body that reportsto the Minister of Health. After deciding to examine oral health as part of its work program, the Director General of Health asked the CNS to submit a report by the end of 2024. These recommendations are a summary of more than forty working meetings and thirty-two hearings held over a period of nine months. Among the key recommendations, we would particularly stress the need for an inter-ministerial delegate to lead on a possible "oral health" roadmap. Enabling this delegate to report on the actions undertaken to the CNS bodies would represent an unprecedented opportunity to strengthen the consultative role of this health democracy body.La conférence nationale de santé (CNS) est une instance consultative de démocratie en santé, placée auprès du ministre chargé de la santé. Après s'être autosaisie de la santé buccodentaire dans le cadre de son programme de travail, le Directeur général de la santé lui a demandé de lui remettre un rapport d'ici la fin 2024. Ces recommandations sont une synthèse de plus de 40 réunions de travail et 32 auditions réalisées sur une période de 9 mois. Parmi les recommandations emblématiques, nous insistons plus particulièrement sur le pilotage d'une possible feuille de route « buccodentaire » par un délégué interministériel. Que ce délégué puisse rendre compte des actions engagées auprès des instances de la CNS serait l'occasion inédite de renforcer le rôle de parlement de la santé de cette instance de démocratie en santé