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Sarin simulants show limited representativeness
No full textInternational audienceIn this study, we conducted colorimetric gas-phase tests on real sarin and compared the results with the most commonly used simulants under identical test conditions. Our findings indicated that reactivity extrapolation was not a reliable approach and that validation using the real toxic gas remained essential for a fair assessment of sarin sensors
Approche adaptative de l'apprentissage de l'anatomie
No full textNational audienceModeli+ is a multidisciplinary research project designed to develop an adaptive learning software for anatomy education. By integrating expertise in anatomy didactics, machine learning, and educational sciences, this project aims to create a tool that personalizes learning pathways based on individual learner profiles. The software will adapt its recommendations according to key cognitive and perceptual factors, including visuospatial abilities, cognitive load, visual strategies, and level of anatomical expertise. To refine this approach, controlled experiments will be conducted, incorporating psychometric assessments, com-puter interaction logs, and physiological measures such as electrocardiography, electrodermal response, and eye tracking. These data will inform the develop-ment of a predictive and explanatory model of anatomy learning, with the goal of optimizing student training. Beyond anatomy education, this framework holds the potential to be extended to other disciplines, fostering more individualized and effective learning experiences.Modeli+ est un projet de recherche visant à développer un logiciel d'apprentissage de l'anatomie adapté aux étudiants. Ce projet repose sur une collaboration entre experts en didactique de l'anatomie, machine learning et sciences de l'éducation pour concevoir un outil capable de personnaliser un parcours d'apprentissage à partir de la détermination de plusieurs facteurs individuels clés : capacités visuo-spatiales, charge cognitive, stratégies visuelles et niveau d'expertise en anatomie. Pour cela, des expérimentations combinant données psychométriques, logs informatiques et mesures physiologiques (électrocardiogramme, réponse électrodermale, eye-tracking) seront menées auprès d'étudiants en première année de STAPS. L'objectif est de concevoir un modèle prédictif et explicatif de l'apprentissage en anatomie, permettant d'optimiser la formation des étudiants. À terme, ce modèle pourrait être appliqué à d'autres domaines éducatifs afin d'améliorer l'individualisation des apprentissages
Guiding sightless people one dimension at a time: how the strategy used in spontaneous voice instructions benefits sonification-based guidance
No full textSensory substitution devices (SSDs) aim to assist visually impaired people by converting spatial information into non-visual modalities, such as sound. Among existing guidance methods, voice instructions are the most intuitive, while sonification offers continuous and precise feedback. In this study, we explore a sequential sonification approach (which conveys instructions one dimension at a time, one after the other), inspired by voice guidance, and compare its effectiveness against parallel sonification (which conveys all spatial dimensions simultaneously) and voice guidance provided by a naive human guide. Two experiments were conducted using an invisible target-reaching task in a 3D virtual space. The first experiment was carried out on 20 sighted participants (eyes closed) and one visually impaired participant. This experiment compared sequential and parallel sonification, demonstrating that sequential sonification enables faster target acquisition and is preferred by participants due to its lower cognitive load. The second experiment involved 10 participants and 10 guides. It compared sequential sonification with voice guidance, showing that while voice instructions are natural and do not require a long learning phase, they suffer from latency and discontinuity, making them less efficient than sonification. Furthermore, our analysis of naive guides' voice commands assessed that they indeed naturally provide instructions one spatial dimension at a time, reinforcing the relevance of sequential sonification. These findings highlight the advantages of our sequential sonification, which combines the precision of non-spatialized sonification, the intuitiveness of voice guidance, and the natural cues of spatialized sonification (stereo). By balancing efficiency and cognitive ease, this approach represents a promising solution for auditory guidance systems designed for visually impaired users
Mouvements anormaux paroxystiques : quand penser à l’enquête génétique ?
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An abstract, certified account of operational game semantics
No full textInternational audienceOperational game semantics (OGS) is a method for interpreting programs as strategies in suitable games, or more precisely as labelled transition systems over suitable games, in the sense of Levy and Staton. Such an interpretation is called sound when, for any two given programs, weak bisimilarity of associated strategies entails contextual equivalence. OGS has been applied to a variety of languages, with rather tedious soundness proofs.In this paper, we contribute to the unification and mechanisation of OGS. Indeed, we propose an abstract notion of language with evaluator, for which we construct a generic OGS interpretation, which we prove sound. Our framework covers a variety of simply-typed and untyped lambda-calculi with various evaluation strategies. These calculi notably feature recursive definitions, first-class continuations, and a wide variety of datatypes. All constructions and proofs are entirely mechanised in the Rocq proof assistant
Nota introduttiva a "A kind of magic: visioni e declinazioni interdisciplinari del magico"
No full textInternational audienceThe controversial nature of what is - more or less legitimately - called ‘magic’ ishardly linked to an unambiguous semantic and disciplinary field. Over the years, attemptsto dialectically trace its horizon of meaning, comparing it with fields with clearerboundaries, such as science or religion, have been more frequent than those aimed atidentifying its intrinsic specificities. In modern linguistics, as well, the sacred andmagical-religious aspects of language have been almost entirely neglected (Cardona2006[1976]:192). Nevertheless, «for a long time, magic has been a matter for speculation»(Mauss 2005 [1902]:14). Moreover, even though «the studies of ancient philosophers,alchemists and theologians were purely practical in nature and belong more to the historyof magic itself than to the history of those scientific studies which have been devoted to thesubject», hence the formers were fundamental and propaedeutic for the latters, the first ofwhich «is the work of the brothers Grimm» (ibidem). [...]La nature ambiguë et controversée de la notion de « magie » est difficile à circonscrire à une sphère sémantique et disciplinaire. En effet, au fil des années, de nombreuses tentatives de définition ont émergées pour tenter d'en tracer un horizon de signification. Dans la linguistique moderne, Cardona le soulignait dans Introduzione all'etnolinguistica (2006 [1976] : 192), les aspects sacrés, magiques et religieux de la langue ont été quasiment omis. Pourtant, comme Mauss le mentionne dans son ouvrage Esquisse d'une théorie générale de la magie (1902-1903), « la magie est depuis longtemps objet de spéculations ». Même si « celles des anciens philosophes, des alchimistes et des théologiens étant purement pratiques, appartiennent à l'histoire de la magie et ne doivent pas prendre place dans l'histoire des travaux scientifiques », ils ont été fondamentaux et propédeutiques. C’est effectivement le cas dans la perspective des premières recherches qui avaient une valeur plus exactement théorique et qui, pour Mauss, « commence[nt] avec les écrits des frères Grimm » (Mauss 1903 : 5). [...]L’ambigua e controversa natura di quella che è definita, con più o meno liceità, “magia” è difficilmente circoscrivibile a un’univoca sfera semantica e disciplinare e, nel corso degli anni, sono stati più frequenti i tentativi di tracciarne dialetticamente un orizzonte di significato, contrapponendola a campi d’indagine dai confini più netti come la scienza o la religione, piuttosto che quelli rivolti a individuare le sue intrinseche specificità. Anche nella linguistica moderna, come sottolinea bene Cardona nella sua Introduzione all’etnolinguistica (2006[1976]: 192), gli aspetti sacrali e magico-religiosi della lingua sono stati quasi del tutto tralasciati. Eppure, come ricorda Mauss in Teoria generale della magia (1902), «la magia è da molto tempo oggetto di studi» e, anche se «quelli degli antichi filosofi, degli alchimisti e dei teologi, essendo puramente pratici, appartengono alla storia della magia e non devono trovare posto nella storia dei lavori scientifici», ciò non toglie che siano stati fondamentali e propedeutici, specie in vista delle prime ricerche dal valore più propriamente teorico, le quali per il sociologo «cominciano con gli scritti dei fratelli Grimm» (Mauss 1965: 5). [...
Complexity of neural outputs elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation
No full textInternational audienceComplex neural activity of the motor cortex is posited to serve as the foundation for a large repertoire of activation patterns crucial for executing movements. As transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) predominantly activates monosynaptic fast-conducting corticospinal projections, which are involved in dexterous movement control, the complexity of neural outputs elicited by TMS may reflect an underlying repertoire of activation patterns crucial for executing dexterous movements. We proposed to quantify dimensionality of multimuscle motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) through dimensionality reduction as an integrated measure to reflect the complexity of neural outputs elicited by TMS. For its validation, we conducted two experiments focusing on different stimulus parameters: stimulus intensity (experiment 1: n = 40) and size of motor mapping (experiment 2: n = 35). The present findings demonstrated that lower intensities resulted in higher complexity and vice versa but no effects of different sizes of motor mapping on complexity. Analyses incorporating disparities in MEP amplitude across different muscles supported that complexity was effectively captured through dimensionality reduction. Notably, complexity was minimally influenced by the selection of muscles and was associated with individual differences in motor cortex anatomy. We performed two fingers alternating tapping as an index of dexterous movements, and the results demonstrated its association with the complexity of neural outputs elicited by TMS: higher complexity corresponded to better dexterous performance. The proposed complexity measure might reflect neural processes aligned with the principle of motor abundance. The framework complements well-established MEP analyses and offers a novel perspective for investigating the motor system.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The study introduces a framework to assess the complexity of neural outputs elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We demonstrated that complexity, obtained from multimuscle motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) through dimensionality reduction, varied depending on stimulus intensities, was minimally influenced by the selection of muscles, and was associated with individual differences in motor cortex anatomy. Importantly, individuals with higher complexity exhibited better dexterous performance. The framework offers a novel perspective for investigating the motor system
Measurement of inclusive and differential cross sections of single top quark production in association with a W boson in proton-proton collisions at = 13.6 TeV
No full textInternational audienceThe first measurement of the inclusive and normalised differential cross sections of single top quark production in association with a W boson in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13.6 TeV is presented. The data were recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC in 2022, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 34.7 fb. The analysed events contain one muon and one electron in the final state. For the inclusive measurement, multivariate discriminants exploiting the kinematic properties of the events are used to separate the signal from the dominant top quark-antiquark production background. A cross section of 82.3 2.1 (stat) (syst) 3.3 (lumi) pb is obtained, consistent with the predictions of the standard model. A fiducial region is defined according to the detector acceptance to perform the differential measurements. The resulting differential distributions are unfolded to particle level and show good agreement with the predictions at next-to-leading order in perturbative quantum chromodynamics
Measurement of violation in and decays
No full textInternational audienceA time-dependent, flavour-tagged measurement of violation is performed with and decays, using data collected by the LHCb detector in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 6 fb. In decays the -violation parameters are measured to be \begin{align} S_{D^{+}D^{-}} & = -0.552 \pm 0.100\,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.010\,\text{(syst)}, \nonumber \newline C_{D^{+}D^{-}} & = \phantom{-}0.128 \pm0.103\,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.010\,\text{(syst)}. \nonumber \end{align} In decays the -violating parameter formulation in terms of and results in \begin{align} \phi_{s} & = -0.086 \pm 0.106 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.028\,\text{(syst)} \,\text{rad}, \nonumber \newline |\lambda_{D^{+}_{s}D^{-}_{s}}| & = \phantom{-}1.145 \pm 0.126\,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.031\,\text{(syst)}. \nonumber \end{align} These results represent the most precise single measurement of the -violation parameters in their respective channels. For the first time in a single measurement, symmetry is observed to be violated in decays with a significance exceeding six standard deviations
Supernova Pointing Capabilities of DUNE
No full textInternational audienceThe determination of the direction of a stellar core collapse via its neutrino emission is crucial for the identification of the progenitor for a multimessenger follow-up. A highly effective method of reconstructing supernova directions within the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is introduced. The supernova neutrino pointing resolution is studied by simulating and reconstructing electron-neutrino charged-current absorption on Ar and elastic scattering of neutrinos on electrons. Procedures to reconstruct individual interactions, including a newly developed technique called ``brems flipping'', as well as the burst direction from an ensemble of interactions are described. Performance of the burst direction reconstruction is evaluated for supernovae happening at a distance of 10 kpc for a specific supernova burst flux model. The pointing resolution is found to be 3.4 degrees at 68% coverage for a perfect interaction-channel classification and a fiducial mass of 40 kton, and 6.6 degrees for a 10 kton fiducial mass respectively. Assuming a 4% rate of charged-current interactions being misidentified as elastic scattering, DUNE's burst pointing resolution is found to be 4.3 degrees (8.7 degrees) at 68% coverage