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Visualizing the Cross-Construction of EU Norms Through CJEUeu’s Interpretative Methods
No full textInternational audienceIt is well known that as language constitutes legal texts, there is often uncertainty about the meaning of legal texts and consequently, need for interpretation (Hahn, 2023). Indeed, there is a need for interpretation whenever language is used. However, legal interpretation is difficult to capture and translate into a scientific method. While problem-solving lies at the heart of legal interpretation as a process of making judgments about the way that a law should be observed (Huels, 1987, p. 262), in its broader sense it also includes our understanding of language, culture, conceptualization and categorization (Bajčić, 2022). In regard to multilingual adjudication of the Court of Justice of the European Union (hereinafter, CJEU), it is even more difficult to visualize the Court’s interpretative patterns. The fact that law is not just about normative meanings and legal texts, but also a set of interpretative practice (Guastini, 2023, p. 49) is particularly noticeable in the case of EU law as a unique legal order marked by supranationality and multilingualism. The multilingual nature of EU law manifests in problems of its interpretation in multiple languages, and the need to endorse hybrid interpretative methods. This raises the curiosity of both legal and non-legal scholars, inviting an investigation into the multidisciplinary layers of multilingual legal interpretation
A new methodology for incorporating weathering products into analyses of prehistoric pictorial matter: A case study at the Rocher Du Château schematic rock art site
No full textInternational audienceComparisons of prehistoric pictorial matter and colouring matter can provide information about the chronology of rock art and the provenience of the materials used. However, characterizing pictorial matter is difficult because samples generally contain fragments of substrate and overlying weathering products, as well as pictorial matter. Studies of pictorial matter have long taken account of the substrate, but attempts to isolate weathering products are much more recent. The current article describes a methodology for doing this and its application to the Rocher du Château schematic rock art site. This site in Savoie, France, is one of only a few such sites whose archaeological layers contain colouring matter (possibly dated to 4,600 – 4,000 BC) that is potentially the same as the rock art pictorial matter and close to a potential source of colouring matter. Our aim was to ascertain whether the archaeological colouring matter was related to the rock art pictorial matter and to identify its source. Results showed that the phosphorus in the Rocher du Château’s paintings came from runoff water and that the whewellite, weddellite and calcite in the surface crusts are linked to the presence of mosses/lichens. In addition, the pigment minerals in the pictorial matter samples were of hydrothermal origin, as were the minerals in the colouring matter from the archaeological layers. Although, we were unable to determine whether the colouring matter is identical to the pictorial matter used to make the paintings, our results highlight the need to consider weathering products when analyzing pictorial matter
Jurisprudence – Revue critique 2024
No full textL’interprétation du droit. Réflexions croisées entre juristes et traducteurs. Les disciplines juridiques et traductologiques, en dépit d’une proximité évidente quand il s’agit de travailler sur le sens des textes juridiques, demeurent relativement séparées l’une de l’autre. Ce numéro entend contribuer à un rapprochement et un enrichissement mutuel. Il regroupe huit contributions en français et en anglais qui embrassent différents champs du droit et de la traduction juridique, pour réfléchir à l’interprétation du droit à partir de questions de méthode, d’enjeux du droit comparé ou encore d’analyses linguistiques, terminologiques et traductologiques
Detritivore identity modulates effects of nutrient enrichment and a common fungicide presence on leaf litter decomposition and fungal community
No full textInternational audienceUnderstanding the interaction of biotic and abiotic factors on ecosystem function is crucial for freshwater ecosystem management, However, the influence of nutrient enrichment, fungicide presence, and detritivore identity on leaf litter decomposition and associated fungal communities remains poorly understood. We conducted a microcosm experiment to examine: 1) the individual and combined effects of nutrient enrichment and a common fungicide on leaf litter decomposition and fungal communities; and 2) how two types of detritivore invertebrates (scrapers vs. shredders) influence these effects. After 35 days, we assessed: 1) leaf litter decomposition, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) production, and the activities of extracellular enzymes; and 2) the diversity, community structure, and co-occurrence networks of fungal communities. We found that both fungicides and nutrient enrichment increased enzymatic activity but did not significantly impact fungal diversity. However, fungicides changed fungal community structure and reduced detritivore-mediated decomposition and DOC production, while nutrient enrichment had the opposite effect. In combination, nutrient enrichment mitigated the negative effects of fungicides on fungal co-occurrence network stability and decomposition. We found that detritivore identity selectively influenced fungal taxa, resulting in distinct co-occurrence patterns under different stressors. The effects of nutrient enrichment and/or fungicide on leaf litter decomposition also depended on detritivore identity. This research underscores the pivotal role of detritivore identity and the interplay of biotic and abiotic factors in shaping fungal communities and modulating leaf litter decomposition, particularly in multiple stressors settings, and its implications for effective management and biodiversity conservation
Mechanical models and simulations of PEMFCs: A comprehensive review
No full textInternational audienceIn recent years, there has been considerable progress in developing models concerning the electrochemical, thermal, and mass transport processes of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). This advancement has resulted in numerous models being documented in the literature, alongside several review articles that aim to categorise them. However, this extensive body of literature does not have a clear definition or a dedicated review to help identify and classify mechanical models of PEMFCs. This article first focuses on identifying key characteristics that define mechanical models for PEMFCs. It then provides a comprehensive classification of these models for each component and more complex structures. To achieve this, an original representation highlights essential model information and traces their chronological evolution. This approach clearly articulates what has been accomplished and what still needs to be addressed, serving as a valuable resource for PEMFC simulation and future research
ENTRETIENS POUR LA COMPRÉHENSION DES BARRIÈRES AU DÉPLOIEMENT DE L'ÉNERGIE PHOTOVOLTAÏQUE EN FRANCE
No full textThis study examines the barriers that policy-makers and implementers face during implementation of photovoltaics (PV) programs at the regional level in France with the case study of 2 inter-municipalities in the Savoie Department. While energy transition is a large priority, when it comes to the implementation at the local government level it is found that there are large gaps between the renewable energy targets and the actions plans and actual results. This study aims to identify the barriers that cause these gaps through examining the regional energy plans and through semi-structured interviews with various stakeholders in the region. This study identified barriers within the themes of grid stability, long permitting processes, lack of policy support, social/political acceptance, and international market & geopolitics
Augmented Invertible Koopman Autoencoder for long-term time series forecasting
No full textInternational audienceFollowing the introduction of Dynamic Mode Decomposition and its numerous extensions, many neural autoencoder-based implementations of the Koopman operator have recently been proposed. This class of methods appears to be of interest for modeling dynamical systems, either through direct long-term prediction of the evolution of the state or as a powerful embedding for downstream methods. In particular, a recent line of work has developed invertible Koopman autoencoders (IKAEs), which provide an exact reconstruction of the input state thanks to their analytically invertible encoder, based on coupling layer normalizing flow models. We identify that the conservation of the dimension imposed by the normalizing flows is a limitation for the IKAE models, and thus we propose to augment the latent state with a second, non-invertible encoder network. This results in our new model: the Augmented Invertible Koopman AutoEncoder (AIKAE). We demonstrate the relevance of the AIKAE through a series of long-term time series forecasting experiments, on satellite image time series as well as on a benchmark involving predictions based on a large lookback window of observations
Design Framework for Energy-Efficient Analog Neural Network using Multilayer Perceptron Models
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Jogos e apostas das desigualdades de gênero nas redes sociais digitais: documentando práticas e um relato reflexivo de uma oficina lúdico-pedagógica
No full textInternational audienceIn this article, which takes the form of a practice-based documentation and reflective report, a duo of academics shares the outcomes of a ludopedagogical workshop conducted at the university level. This co-creation experience, rooted in the dialectic of research-creation, was carried out with second-year undergraduate students in Information and Communication over four consecutive years. It aimed to raise awareness of gender inequalities on social networks through the design and prototyping of a cooperative board game targeted at a 11 to 18-year-old audience. Mindful of integrating their respective disciplines—information and communication studies, and arts—the academics developed a learning unit that encompassed an understanding of gender issues, social inequalities, and the dynamics of digital networks. The objective was to equip students with the skills needed to analyze and engage with complex media systems. Relying on a multimodal media literacy (MML) framework tailored to the context, this ludopedagogy employed three main activities blending analog and digital approaches: mapping, prototyping, and board game design. These activities facilitated the development of transversal skills inherent to multimodality, using current events studied by the students as a foundation. At the same time, they provided an in-depth understanding of contemporary social and media-related issues in everyday practices.Dans cet article, qui prend la forme d’une documentation de pratiques et d’un retour réflexif, un duo d’enseignants partage les résultats d’un workshop ludopédagogique réalisé à l’université. Cette expérience de cocréation, ancrée dans la dialectique de la recherche-création, a été menée auprès d’élèves en deuxième année de Licence Information et Communication sur quatre années consécutives. Elle visait à sensibiliser aux enjeux des inégalités de genre sur les réseaux sociaux numériques à travers la conception et la prototypage d’un jeu de société coopératif destiné à un public de 11 à 18 ans. Soucieux de croiser leurs disciplines respectives – information-communication et arts – les enseignants ont conçu une unité d’apprentissage amalgamant la compréhension des questions de genre et des inégalités avec les dynamiques des réseaux sociaux numériques. L’objectif était de doter les élèves des compétences nécessaires pour analyser et appréhender des dispositifs médiatiques complexes. En s’appuyant sur une littératie médiatique multimodale (LMM) adaptée au contexte, cette ludopédagogie mobilise trois activités principales mêlant analogique et numérique : cartographie, maquettage et conception d’un jeu de société. Ces activités permettent de structurer et de renforcer la transversalité propre à la multimodalité à partir de faits d’actualité étudiés par les élèves, tout offrant une compréhension approfondie des enjeux sociaux et médiatiques contemporains des pratiques d’information quotidiennes