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S'engager au féminin, s'engager pour les femmes : le CNJA dans les années 1980
No full textInternational audienceComment le CNJA, premier syndicat agricole à élire une femme présidente (Christiane Lambert, 1994), a-t-il forgé au cours des années 1980 les conditions de ce leadership ? La recherche conduite nuance l'idée d'une simple instrumentalisation patriarcale de l'ouverture aux femmes. Elle relève une mutation progressive de l'engagement féminin : à partir d'un héritage de quotas garantissant une présence statutaire dès 1957 et de revendications centrées sur la "femme-mère" (congé maternité), le combat a basculé vers la lutte pour un statut de "coexploitante à part entière". Dans ce cadre a pris corps un "premier combat vraiment commun" aux militantes et militants : la revendication de l'égalité professionnelle et surtout de l'égalité des droits à l'installation (DJA), qui est devenue, en 1987, un argument de modernisation économique approprié par les jeunes militants masculins. Ce travail syndical "dé-genré" a créé le terreau inédit où les combats féminins ont pu pénétrer et être soutenus par l'argumentaire masculin
Immersion de l'ergonome dans un milieu masculin à risque : le corps comme outil réflexif et objet intermédiaire de prévention construite et inclusive
No full textInternational audienceThis paper explores how the ergonomist’s bodily immersion in a high-risk, predominantly male environment “compartment fire behavior training” trainers in firefighting services—can serve as both a vehicle for subjective experience and a reflexive object. Through an embodied approach, the study documents non-formalized dimensions of the activity, such as perceptions of danger, preservation strategies, and gender dynamics in a historically male-dominated setting. The data highlight how autoexplicitation and audiovisual recordings may act as “intermediary objects” (Vinck, 2009) to foster a collective debate on technical and organizational arrangements that are sensitive to gender inequalities and the specificities of risk-based professions.By considering the ergonomist’s bodily experience as a mediator, this research-intervention calls for rethinking prevention and training devices so as to integrate a “sensitive” perspective on work, including equipment design and training organization. The retrospective interview analysis demonstrates that such an approach can lead to a more equitable and sustainable prevention strategy, informing recruitment, training, and design policies within fire and rescue services.Cette communication explore le rôle de l’immersion corporelle de l’ergonome dans un environnement de travail à risques multiples et à forte prédominance masculine : celui des formateurs « caisson » chez les sapeurs-pompiers. À partir d’une posture incarnée, où le corps devient à la fois vecteur d’un vécu subjectif et objet réflexif, l’étude propose une méthode innovante pour documenter des dimensions non formalisées de l’activité : perceptions du danger, stratégies de préservation et dynamiques genrées dans un milieu historiquement masculin. L’expérience montre comment l’autoexplicitation et le recueil de données audiovisuelles peuvent servir d’objets intermédiaires (Vinck, 2009) pour engager un débat collectif sur l’aménagement technique et organisationnel, sensible aux inégalités de genre et aux spécificités des métiers à risque.En considérant le vécu corporel de l’ergonome comme médiateur, l’entretien rétrospectif suggère de repenser les dispositifs de prévention et de formation, afin d’inclure davantage la perspective sensible sur le travail, y compris dans la conception d’équipements et l’organisation de la formation. L’analyse de l’entretien rétrospectif montre enfin que cette approche ouvre des pistes pour une prévention plus équitable et durable, susceptible d’informer les politiques de recrutement, de formation et de conception au sein des services d’incendie et de secours
Type Ia supernova growth-rate measurement with LSST simulations: intrinsic scatter systematics
No full textInternational audienceMeasurement of the growth rate of structures (\fsig) with Type Ia supernovae (\sns) will improve our understanding of the nature of dark energy and enable tests of general relativity. In this paper, we generate simulations of the 10 year \sn dataset of the Rubin-LSST survey, including a correlated velocity field from a N-body simulation and realistic models of \sns properties and their correlations with host-galaxy properties. We find, similar to SN~Ia analyses that constrain the dark energy equation-of-state parameters , that constraints on \fsig can be biased depending on the intrinsic scatter of \sns. While for the majority of intrinsic scatter models we recover \fsig with a precision of , for the most realistic dust-based model, we find that the presence of non-Gaussianities in Hubble diagram residuals leads to a bias on \fsig of about . When trying to correct for the dust-based intrinsic scatter, we find that the propagation of the uncertainty on the model parameters does not significantly increase the error on \fsig. We also find that while the main component of the error budget of \fsig is the statistical uncertainty (>75\% of the total error budget), the systematic error budget is dominated by the uncertainty on the damping parameter, , that gives an empirical description of the effect of redshift space distortions on the velocity power spectrum. Our results motivate a search for new methods to correct for the non-Gaussian distribution of the Hubble diagram residuals, as well as an improved modeling of the damping parameter
Integrating adaptation pathways and Ostrom's framework for sustainable governance of social-ecological systems in a changing world
No full textInternational audienceDynamic Adaptive Policy Pathway (DAPP) maps are used to plan management decisions in contexts of high uncertainty, such as those driven by environmental changes affecting critical assets. Recent discussions emphasize their relevance for addressing complex common-pool resource challenges, where diverse species, actors, and ecosystem services are intricately connected. However, designing DAPPs for such multifaceted social-ecological systems (SES) is challenging due to the extensive range of potential adaptation options.This study presents a general method to address these challenges by leveraging Ostrom’s theoretical frameworks for the governance of common pool resources – the Institutional Analysis & Development framework (IADF), the Social-Ecological Systems framework (SESF), and the Coupled Infrastructure Systems framework (CISF). These frameworks were used to design nested DAPP maps that structure a large number of adaptation actions across multiple levels of institutional arrangement (operational, collective-choice, constitutional), and then develop a mathematical model to analyze the dynamic robustness of a SES across all potential pathways.The method was applied to predict and understand DAPP maps for supporting the collective management of hedgerow networks delivering diverse ecosystem services. DAPP maps for two SES were compared – one rural and one peri-urban – in France’s agro-ecological landscapes of the Auvergne region. We further modeled the impact of climate change on hedgerows characterized by different size and species richness, revealing the sensitivity of these DAPP maps to transit between nine nested institutional arrangements.We discuss the methodological and practical implications of this approach for managing SES characterized by greater diversities of interconnected species, actors, and ecosystem services, highlighting its strengths and challenges in guiding adaptation under deep uncertainty
Insights into the chemical evolution of sub-arc magmas from the high-pressure electrical conductivity of basaltic and andesitic magmas
No full textco-auteur étrangerInternational audienceThe continental crust is rich in aluminosilicates and formed by the crystallization of arc magmas. However, the magma produced at sub-arc depths is often silica-poor. The chemical evolution of sub-arc magma from silica-poor to aluminosilicate-rich is perplexing. Magnetotelluric (MT) observations in subduction zones and complementary laboratory-based constraints of electrical conductivity (σ) are crucial to understanding this chemical evolution. The σ of a magma is sensitive to pressure (P), temperature (T), and chemistry (X). To date, laboratory-based measurements on the σ of silicate melts have helped to interpret MT observations at P ≤ 2 GPa. Yet, the melting in subduction zones could occur deeper, at P ≤ 6-7 GPa. The σ of melt at such pressures is poorly constrained. To address this, we performed experiments at P ≤ 6 GPa to examine the σ of basaltic to andesitic melts, which are common in subduction zones. We constrained the effects of silica, alumina, alkali, alkaline, and water (H 2 O) contents on the σ of melt. The activation volume of σ increases with silica contents. Hence, the σ of basaltic melt is overall greater than that of an andesitic counterpart. The σ of basaltic magma is also less sensitive to P than andesitic magma. Water lowers the activation energy and enhances σ for all melt compositions. Our results help constrain how the electrical properties of a magma change with an evolving composition in a subduction zon
Deep Long Period earthquakes beneath volcanoes of the French Massif Central
No full textInternational audienceThe recent installation of new broadband seismic stations in the French Massif Central (FMC) has resulted in the detection of a few ”deep” earthquakes located near the crust-mantle boundary beneath volcanic regions. Analysis of the spectral content of the respective waveforms has shown that the spectra of these ”deep” earthquakes are significantly depleted in high frequencies. Based on these observations of anomalous depth and spectral content, these earthquakes can be classified as Deep Long Period (DLP) events. This is a specific class of volcanic seismicity observed beneath many active volcanoes around the World. While the exact physical origin of this type of earthquakes is still debated, they are often considered as indicators of the presence of magma near the crust-mantle boundary. Therefore, observation of DLP earthquakes can bring new insights into understanding the state and the activity of the recent FMC volcanoes
Corrosion du fer dans l'hexafluorure d'uranium à 80°C. Part II : Mécanisme de corrosion
No full textInternational audienceThanks to species identification and growth interface localization experiments, a mechanism of iron corrosion in liquid UF6 at 80 °C was suggested. After an UF6 dissociation step, resulting fluorine (HF, F or F•) was adsorbed at the FeF2 external interface and diffused into the iron fluoride layer via fluorine vacancy. FeF grew thus at the FeF/Fe interface. Two FeF growth kinetics were observed depending on the presence or absence of NOxF impurities. Both corrosion rates were controlled by the cathodic reaction and presence of NOF catalysed it