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Qui a tué les bouquetins du Bargy ? Usages et effets de la « crise » du Bouquetin du Bargy sur les savoirs vétérinaires
No full textInternational audience"Alors que la France n’avait pas connu de cas de brucellose de ruminants en élevage depuis plus de 10 ans, un cas bovin est mis en évidence le 4 avril 2012. Cinq autres vaches s’avèrent séropositives, le cheptel est donc, par précaution, entièrement abattu. Quelques mois plus tôt, un cas de brucellose humaine avait été identifié chez un enfant, suivi d’un second cas dans la même famille. L’ANSES met en évidence la similarité des souches bactériennes chez les patients et le premier cas bovin. L’enquête scientifique conduit les agents de l’ONCFS à étendre les recherches de la bactérie à la faune sauvage. Les investigations permettent d’identifier la présence de brucellose dans une population de bouquetins du massif du Bargy. De la destruction de tous les bouquetins à leur défense, les positions se figent très rapidement, mais la décision politique consistera à abattre les animaux. L’article reviendra sur les conflits d’interprétation relatifs aux mesures à mettre en place pour lutter contre la brucellose et sur les effets de cette crise sur les savoirs liés à la gestion de la faune sauvage et domestique.
Lourd handicap : Des vivants à mourir ou à s’épanouir ?
No full textInternational audienceCe chapitre fait partie de ceux sollicités ici pour tenter de répondre à la question exigeante que la fin de vie pose à notre démocratie. Est-elle capable de ne pas concevoir la mort comme un simple événement biologique mais comme un fait social, un acte culturel, une expérience qui met à l'épreuve nos représentations et nos institutions ? En mesure de ne pas être inféodée à la seule logique économique ou utilitariste ? À même d'ouvrir un chantier qui ne pourra être clos tant qu'une femme, qu'un homme continuera à décéder seul, anonyme, invisible, réduit à un faux choix
La propriété du butin de guerre lors des conflits armés coloniaux. Règles et usages juridiques au XIXe siècle
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Advancing in vitro colon models for understanding gut microbiota-host interactions: The INFOGUT COST Action CA23110
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Recent scientific literature underscores the crucial role of the gastrointestinal tract in human health, with the effects of nutrients, bioactives, and toxic compounds being influenced by their interactions with gut microbiota. Clinical testing of food, feed, supplements and pharmaceuticals raises ethical concerns, while the transferability of animal models to humans remains challenging due to physiological and metabolic differences.Methods: In order to address these gaps, the COST Action INFOGUT aims to advance in vitro human colon models by providing standardized and reproducible protocols for both regulatory and research applications. The COST Action brings together around 300 participants from academic and private sectors, experts in gastroenterology, microbiology, physiology, nutrition, food science, biochemistry, bioinformatics, and also biotechnology from over 30 countries to generate robust data sets that will elucidate the complex interactions between the microbiota and the host.Results: With five working groups focusing on the review of existing models and standardization, extension to other gut compartments than the colonic one, diseased conditions, data management, and regulatory/education efforts, INFOGUT is positioned to contribute to the development of healthier food systems and the prevention of related diseases while relying less on animal studies. This initiative also aims to promote the development of educational tools for young researchers and raise societal awareness to prevent misleading consumer choices related to gut health.Conclusion: INFOGUT aims to fill the scientific gap related to completing the simulation of the whole digestion/colonic fermentation process with an optimized standardized simple system. The network shall share the latest technical advances in in vitro gut model development within the scientific community, with the aim to improve and develop standard protocols and generate from results clear messages to disseminate to all stakeholder
Impact of plant extracts designed to prevent MASH on in vitro human colon microbiota and hepatic steatosis
No full textInternational audienceThe role of human gut microbiota in the development of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) remains unclear. Plant extracts, rich in various bioactive molecules, appear as a promising multitargeted strategy to alleviate the disease symptoms. The aim of our study was to investigate the impact of repeated exposure of Totum-448, a combination of polyphenol rich plant extracts designed to prevent MASH, on the human gut microbiota and hepatic steatosis using an original in vitro approach combining the Mucosal-Artificial-Colon (M-ARCOL) with hepatocytes in culture.M-ARCOL bioreactors were inoculated with healthy human fresh stool (n=4) and daily treated with 1g/L of Totum-448 for two weeks. The luminal and mucosal microbiota composition was determined by 16S metabarcoding and microbial activities were evaluated by gas and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) measurements. Totum-448 metabolites were characterized and quantified by UPLC-UV-MS. Hepatocytes, treated with palmitic acid, were exposed to M-ARCOL supernatants with or without Totum448, and 24h later, steatosis and expression of key genes involved in liver inflammation and fibrosis were assessed, by red oil test and RT-qPCR, respectively.Bacterial richness and diversity were not impacted by plant extracts. Proportions of Veillonellaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Prevotellaceae were higher while that of Bacteroidaceae was lower with Totum-448, in both the lumen and mucus compartments. The impact of the plant extracts on SCFA concentrations and proportions was donor-dependent. For all donors, main compounds of Totum-448 were quickly and highly metabolized leading to the production of several polyphenol metabolites. Reduction in inflammation and de novo lipogenesis in steatotic hepatocytes was observed in 2 out of the 4 donors.Our results suggest a key role of gut microbiota in plant extracts metabolization, most probably conditioning their effects in humans. The next step will be to evaluate the interactions of Tottum-448 with MASH derived dysbiotic microbiota associated to MAS
The great live and move challenge and the promotion of physical activity in children: results from a two-school-year cluster-randomized trial
No full textInternational audienceBackground Population surveys indicate that a large proportion of children worldwide do not meet the recommended 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (PA) daily. This study aimed to assess the impact of the Great Live and Move Challenge (GLMC), a theory of planned behavior (TPB)-based intervention, on PA and TPB variables in French primary school children over two school years. Secondary objectives included assessing whether TPB variables mediated the GLMC's impact on PA and whether the GLMC impacted the strength of the link between TPB variables.Methods A cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted over 16 months. One hundred primary schools were randomized into an intervention or control group. A total of 2723 children aged 7-11 years (mean age: 9.1; 49.7% boys) were included (n intervention = 1420, n control = 1303). The GLMC, based on TPB, comprised a motivational phase (targeting attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control) and a volitional phase (notably focusing on the intentions-PA link). The intervention involved teachers, parents, and community stakeholders. The primary outcome was the change in the proportion of children meeting PA guidelines after 16 months. Secondary outcomes included changes in mean daily PA and TPB variables. Assessments occurred at baseline, 4, 12, and 16 months. Data were analyzed using mixed models and path analyses. ResultsThe "time × group" interaction indicated that, compared with the control group, the intervention group had a significantly higher proportion of children meeting international PA guidelines after 16 months (OR = 3.38, 95% CI = 2.50 to 4.56, P < 0.001). TPB variables did not significantly mediate the impact of the GLMC on mean daily PA at 16 months. The path coefficient between intentions and mean daily PA was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group at 4 (CR = 2.45; β = 0.22 vs. 0.13) and 16 months (CR = 2.87; β = 0.24 vs. 0.14).</div
Exploring Occlusal Caries Management over 2 Decades in France among General Dental Practitioners
No full textInternational audienceObjectives: Despite being a central concept in dentistry, minimum intervention dentistry (MID) still faces a gap between evidence and practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the management decisions of French general dental practitioners (FrGDPs) for occlusal carious lesions (OCL) in 2023 and to compare the results to those obtained in 2002 and 2012 using the same questionnaire. Methods: An online, cross-sectional survey was conducted using a precoded questionnaire among the French dental practice–based research network (ReCOL). The structured questionnaire assessed the restorative threshold and management strategies for OCL. Three simulated clinical scenarios are presented: 1 illustrating a discrete progression of an OCL (assessing the intervention threshold) and 2 clinical cases (focusing on diagnosis and caries management). Descriptive and statistical analyses were performed to study the evolution over 2 decades. Results: The response rate was 45.4%. The 2023 sample included 56% female dentists and was younger and less experienced than the 2002 and 2012 population studies. In 2023, 68.5% of the respondents stated a restorative threshold when the OCL reached the outer third of dentine. Over the last 2 decades, this threshold has been significantly delayed to later stages of carious progression and so is shifting the cavity preparation to a more conservative approach. Over the 2 decades, for clinical cases 1 and 2, diagnosis, management strategies, and material selection have significantly evolved toward earlier grades of carious extension, a more micro- and non-invasive approach, and composite (P < 0.0001). Substantial variability persists among respondents. Conclusions: The results reveal a significant shift over the last 2 decades among FrGDPs toward MID. Initial and continuing education are key factors in the improved implementation of MID into practice. Resistance and variability act as barriers, and uncertainty proves to be a challenge, all of which require further investigation. Knowledge Transfer Statement: This 2-decade study on the diagnosis and management of dental caries provides valuable insights for dental practitioners, academic institutions, policy-makers, and health system stakeholders. The findings underscore the importance of education, consideration of barriers, and tolerance for uncertainty. These findings are important for raising awareness of, and helping to reduce, the gap between evidence and clinical practice
Simulation of water radiolysis from conventional to ultra high dose rate with ion beams
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Recherche Reproductible: Comment les outils informatiques et le calcul scientifique impactent bien des disciplines
No full textInternational audienceCet ouvrage propose un état de l'art de la recherche reproductible. Il se concentre sur l'utilisation de l'informatique en science, et son impact sur la reproductibilité dans bien des domaines scientifiques. Nous étudions les divers problèmes et solutions existants, sur l'usage de l'informatique en général, et également plus particulièrement les défis techniques associés au calcul à haute performance. Ce travail de recherche cible un public averti, ayant conscience de certaines difficultés techniques inhérentes à l'utilisation de l'informatique lors de nos recherches. Cet ouvrage s'adresse donc principalement aux chercheurs qui souhaiteraient faire un tour d'horizon de la situation concernant la recherche reproductible. Néanmoins, tout public avec quelques notions en informatique peut bénéficier de la lecture de ce livre afin de se sensibiliser à la notion de reproductibilité, ce qui peut être intéressant, surtout pour notre science « jeune » qu'est l'informatique, où ces notions commencent à peine à être abordées durant les cursus universitaires
Role of platinum-free interval (PFI) and maintenance therapies in recurrent ovarian cancer to explain survival. An analysis from the French real-world ESME Ovarian Database
No full textInternational audienceObjective: Approximately 70 % of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) will relapse. Beyond the platinum-free interval (PFI), predictive factors for efficacy of subsequent therapies are poorly understood. We evaluated the impact of the PFI on progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and the role of therapies used at relapse.Methods: This retrospective study using the French ESME Ovarian Database included patients with first relapse of EOC after front-line platinum-based chemotherapy (PBCT). The impact of prognostic factors on survival was analyzed using multivariate Cox regression, with results expressed as hazard ratios, adjusted for patient and tumor characteristics, including a subgroup analysis of high-grade serous cancer.Results: 5558 patients, treated between 2010 and 2019 were included (median age 65 IQR 57-71). Median second- and third line PFS and OS were proportionally higher with PFI prolongation. Other factors influencing PFS and OS were BRCA mutation, FIGO stage, chemotherapy and maintenance regimens, and PS. PBCT was more effective than single-agent chemotherapy, even with a PFI < 6 months (PFSn2: adjusted HR = 0.48 95 %IC [0.43;0.53], OSn2: HR = 0.51 95 %IC [0.46;0.57]). Use of PARP inhibitors (PARPi) in second line seems to reduce outcomes in the third line. Findings were consistent in the HGSC subgroup.Conclusion: PFI remains an important prognostic factor but should no longer be the sole consideration for treatment selection at relapse in EOC, particularly in HGSC. The potential impact of prior PARPi maintenance on subsequent PBCT warrants investigation in prospective trials