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Franco no duerme : le droit mémoriel espagnol se réveille !
No full textN° 43Bulletin d'information électronique trimestrielVéritable pacte du silence et parangon de pacifisme, la Transition espagnole n'en demeure pas moins l'archétype du modèle ayant absout les bourreaux et oublié les victimes. Quarante ans après l'adoption de la Constitution de 1978, les Cortes, à l'initiative du Président du Gouvernement José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, adoptent une première Ley de Memoria Histórica, prémisses timides à une pleine reconnaissance des victimes de la dictature. Une Ley de Memoria Democrática, adoptée en décembre 2022, parachève cette ambition et crée une cadre général pour un droit mémoriel espagnol. Cette loi permet, entre autres, d'octroyer la nationalité espagnole aux exilés, de mettre en place une politique de recherche des disparus plus intense ou de dissoudre des associations pour cause d'apologie du franquisme. Néanmoins, elle ne dessine que de grandes lignes et laisse le soin à des lois postérieures, nationales ou locales, ainsi qu'au juge de préciser les contours et la mise en application de ces dispositions. Or, plusieurs pas ont été franchis ce printemps pour une avancée des droits des victimes du franquisme. Le jeudi 10 avril 2025, la Commission constitutionnelle du Congrès des députés a ainsi validé une modification de la loi relative aux associations afin que soient dissoutes, sur appréciation du juge pénal, les associations faisant apologie du franquisme ou de la guerre civile
Table ronde: Le rôle de la recherche et de l’enseignement dans le développement de pratiques agricoles durables
No full textTable ronde Le rôle de la recherche et de l’enseignement dans le développement de pratiques agricoles durablesexemples de collaborations recherche/agriculture vertueuses pour améliorer l'environnement et la productio
Is the quest for efficiency harmful to health equity? An examination of the health efficiency-equity nexus in OECD countries over the past two decades
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Has the quest for efficiency in OECD health systems impacted the social gradient of health? We examined the cross-dynamics of the health system equity-efficiency nexus among OECD countries in the past two decades. Methods: We used a three-step methodology based on annual macro-level data from 36 OECD countries for the period 2004-2021. First, we estimated the efficiency of health systems using a stochastic frontier analysis. We then assessed the equity of health systems using simple measures of income-related inequality in self-assessed health. Lastly, we estimated the dynamic relationship between health system efficiency and equity using a panel Granger causality analysis. We also stratified the analysis by type of health system: viz. publicly- vs. privately-dominated health service provision. Findings: We find evidence for a bidirectional causality between health system efficiency and equity. An increase in health system efficiency leads to an increase in socioeconomic inequalities in health; a result particularly salient in countries with predominantly private health service provision. Interestingly, decreases in socio-economic inequalities in health are likely to lead to higher health system efficiency, especially in countries where the health system relies predominantly on public provision. Interpretation: The pursuit of efficiency gains in OECD health systems has not been a precondition for socioeconomic equity in health. Adverse effects of efficiency-seeking interventions on health equity are particularly apparent in the private provision of healthcare. However, addressing health inequalities provides a plausible route to enhance efficienc
Dynamiques socio-écologiques et perceptions locales face à la fragmentation forestière : Étude de cas dans l'écorégion du Pantanal paraguayen
No full textDeforestation drives socio-economic and environmental disruptions on a global scale. It depletes natural resources, including forest species and medicinal plants vital to numerous industries, while intensifying extreme climatic events, accelerating biodiversity loss, and increasing the prevalence of zoonotic diseases. The Paraguayan Pantanal Ecoregion (PPE), part of one of the world's largest freshwater wetlands and a biodiversity hotspot, faces these challenges despite being largely underexplored. Recognized as a Ramsar site and a critical area for bird conservation, the PPE is under increasing pressure from land-use changes, leading to its classification on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Ecosystems. Understanding how these changes impact landscape configuration is crucial for developing sustainable territorial management strategies and promoting biodiversity conservation. This dissertation examines the landscape dynamics of the PPE from 1987 to 2020 and explores stakeholder perceptions of these transformations. Specifically, it aims to: (a) assess land cover changes between 1987, 2004, and 2020; (b) analyze resulting landscape configurations; and (c) investigate stakeholder perspectives on spatial and climatic shifts. To achieve this, a diachronic analysis of Landsat satellite imagery was conducted to track land-use evolution, while landscape ecology metrics were applied to evaluate spatial structure. Additionally, lexicometric and content analyses of semi-structured interviews provided insights into the perceptions of local and institutional stakeholders. The study identifies four main land cover classes: forests, floodable areas, pastures and crops, and water bodies. Findings reveal mounting pressure on the socio-environmental system, with 9,119 km² (30.1%) of forest lost between 1987 and 2020. Deforestation was most pronounced between 2004 and 2020, when 5,946 km² (19.6%) were converted to pastures and crops, compared to 3,014 km² (9.9%) between 1987 and 2004. These changes were primarily driven by livestock intensification and agricultural expansion, particularly in the southwest. Despite deforestation trends, the structural connectivity of habitats remains intact for now, with a contiguous network of forests and floodable areas covering 34,797.7 km² in 2020. Stakeholder perceptions vary regarding environmental impacts and territorial challenges. Institutional actors consistently recognize deforestation and its consequences, while Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLC) generally perceive that sufficient forest cover remains, expressing less urgency about resource loss. In conclusion, this dissertation provides valuable insights into the socio-ecological dynamics of an underexplored region. While forest cover has not yet reached a critical threshold, proactive measures are needed to curb deforestation, safeguard PPE biodiversity over the long term, and ensure social and economic equity for IPLC.À l'échelle mondiale, la déforestation provoque des perturbations socio-économiques et environnementales. Elle entraîne la perte de ressources naturelles, telles que les espèces forestières et les plantes médicinales, affectant diverses industries. Elle contribue également à l'intensification des événements climatiques extrêmes, à la perte de biodiversité et à l'augmentation des zoonoses. L'écorégion du Pantanal paraguayen (EPP), qui fait partie de l'une des plus grandes zones humides d'eau douce et d'un écosystème riche en biodiversité, bien que largement inexplorée, n'échappe pas à ces défis. Reconnue comme site Ramsar et zone clé pour la conservation des oiseaux, cette écorégion subit diverses pressions, principalement dues aux changements dans l'utilisation des sols, ce qui l'a conduite à figurer sur la Liste rouge des écosystèmes menacés de l'UICN. Comprendre l'impact de ces changements sur la configuration paysagère est nécessaire pour élaborer une gestion territoriale durable et promouvoir la conservation de la biodiversité. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'analyser la dynamique paysagère de l'EPP entre 1987 et 2020, ainsi que les perceptions des différents acteurs à son sujet. Les objectifs spécifiques sont : a) évaluer l'évolution de la couverture du sol entre 1987, 2004 et 2020 ; b) analyser la configuration paysagère résultant de ces changements ; et c) étudier les perceptions des acteurs concernant l'évolution de l'espace et du climat. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, nous avons mené une analyse diachronique des images satellitaires Landsat afin de suivre l'évolution des usages du sol, et utilisé des métriques de l'écologie du paysage pour évaluer la configuration paysagère. Parallèlement, une analyse lexicométrique et de contenu des entretiens semi-directifs a permis de mieux comprendre les perceptions des acteurs locaux et institutionnels ainsi que les impacts des changements observés. Quatre classes de couverture du sol ont été identifiées : forêt, zones inondables, pâturages et cultures, et plans d'eau. Les résultats montrent une pression croissante sur le système socio-environnemental, avec une déforestation totale de 9 119 km² (30,1 %) entre 1987 et 2020. Ce phénomène a été plus marqué entre 2004 et 2020, avec 5 946 km² (19,6 %) convertis en pâturages et cultures, contre 3 014 km² (9,9 %) entre 1987 et 2004. Les changements ont été accentués par l'intensification de l'élevage et l'expansion agricole, notamment dans le sud-ouest. Bien que la déforestation ait eu lieu, la connectivité structurelle des habitats est, pour l'instant, conservée. En effet, un ensemble continu de forêts et de zones inondables reste spatialement connecté, couvrant 34 797,7 km² en 2020. Les perceptions des différents acteurs révèlent une prise de conscience variée des impacts environnementaux et des défis du territoire. Les acteurs institutionnels reconnaissent unanimement les processus de déforestation et leurs conséquences, tandis que les peuples indigènes, estiment qu'il reste encore suffisamment de forêt et se montrent moins préoccupés par la perte des ressources naturelles. En conclusion, cette thèse apporte des perspectives originales sur les dynamiques socio-écologiques d'une région encore peu explorée. Bien que la couverture forestière n'ait pas encore atteint un seuil critique, il s'avère nécessaire de prendre des mesures adaptées pour limiter la déforestation, conserver la biodiversité de l'EPP à long terme, tout en assurant une justice sociale et économique pour les peuples indigènes et communautés locales
A Microsimulation-Based Methodology for Evaluating Efficiency and Safety in Roundabout Corridors: Case Studies of Pisa (Italy) and Avignon (France)
No full textInternational audienceThis research is part of a broader investigation into innovative simulation-based approaches for improving traffic efficiency and road safety in roundabout corridors. These corridors, composed of successive roundabouts along arterials, present systemic challenges due to the dynamic interactions between adjacent intersections. While previous studies have addressed localized inefficiencies or proposed isolated interventions, this paper introduces possible replicable methodology based on a microsimulation and surrogate safety analysis to evaluate roundabout corridors as integrated systems. In this context, efficiency refers to the ability of a road corridor to maintain stable traffic conditions under a given demand scenario, with low delay times corresponding to acceptable levels of service. Safety is interpreted as the minimization of vehicle conflicts and critical interactions, evaluated through surrogate measures derived from simulated vehicle trajectories. The proposed approach—implemented through Aimsun Next and the SSAM tool—is tested on two real-world corridors: Via Aurelia Nord in Pisa (Italy) and Route de Marseille in Avignon (France), assessing multiple intersection configurations that combine roundabouts and signal-controlled junctions. Results show how certain layouts can produce unexpected performance outcomes, underlining the importance of system-wide evaluations. The proposed framework aims to support engineers and planners in identifying optimal corridor configurations under realistic operating conditions
Epithelial-mesenchymal interface guides cell shapes and axis elongation in embryonic explants
No full textInternational audienceAbstract The spatial arrangement of tissues during development establishes regions of tissue-tissue interactions. While such interactions are prominent during gastrulation and organogenesis, how they guide morphogenesis remains unclear. Here, using Xenopus animal cap explants, we show that the coupling between epithelial and mesenchymal tissues is instrumental in robust axis elongation. We find that mesenchymal and epithelial tissues drive elongation hierarchically - the epithelium can elongate independently, while the mesenchyme requires the initial presence of the epithelium. The epithelial-mesenchymal boundary defines the direction of cell shape alignment and the axis of tissue elongation. Prior to explant elongation, epithelial cells align and elongate, a process that propagates into the underlying mesenchyme. These findings reveal how tissue boundaries can organize coherent axis elongation without external patterning cues, providing insights into the self-organization principles that guide embryonic morphogenesis
Mapping Implementation Strategies and Outcomes When Using Evidence Based Practice Implementation Models in Nursing Settings: A Scoping Review
No full textInternational audienceEvidence‐based practice (EBP) should be implemented in clinical settings and practiced by registered nurses as it improves healthcare quality, safety, costs, and patient outcomes. For this to occur, nurses need to be skilled and acculturated. An EBP culture needs to be developed and sustained, both in initial academic programs and in clinical settings. Implementation models already exist and are being used, but outcomes are not consistently measured. Aims The aim of this scoping review was to gather and map the use of EBP implementation models as well as their implementation strategies and outcomes. Method The methodology for the JBI Scoping Reviews was applied. The databases queried were PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, EMCARE, AMED, BNI, HMIC, PsycInfo. Inclusion criteria were as follows: Any primary study that describes the implementation of EBP in nursing, clinical, or academic settings. Studies using the following EBP implementation models were included: the ARCC Model, ARCC‐E Model, IOWA Model, Stetler Model, Johns Hopkins Nursing EBP Model, ACE Star Model as well as PARIHS and i‐PARIHS. They must have used Proctor's taxonomy for implementation outcomes as well as described implementation strategies according to the ERIC classification. Data extraction was performed by four independent reviewers in February 2024. There was no language or date limitation. Three independent reviewers performed an initial selection on titles and abstracts. Reading of the full texts was carried out by two independent reviewers using the JBI SUMARI. Results A total of 2244 articles were retrieved. After removing duplicates and applying the inclusion criteria, 26 articles were reviewed, and data extracted. The most used implementation model was the PARiHS or i‐PARiHS model followed by the IOWA model, the ARCC model combined with the JHNEBP model and the Stetler model. Nearly all studies used the implementation strategy domain “Use evaluative and iterative strategies” of ERIC classification. Overall, the selected studies used between 1 and 2 outcomes from Proctor's eight available. Linking Evidence to Action The underuse of existing taxonomies (Proctor, ERIC) prevents an exhaustive mapping of the use of implementation models. The vocabulary used is too vague, and the implementation strategies are sometimes poorly described. An effort needs to be made to report on all work done to transfer the results to other settings and thus improve health care practices
Discovery and Localization of the Swift-Observed FRB 20241228A in a Star-forming Host Galaxy
No full textInternational audienceOn 2024 December 28, CHIME/FRB detected the thus-far non-repeating FRB 20241228A with a real-time signal-to-noise ratio of . Approximately 112~s later, the X-ray Telescope onboard the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory was on source, the fastest follow-up to-date of a non-repeating FRB (Tohuvavohu et al. in prep.). Using CHIME/FRB and two of the three CHIME/FRB Outriggers, we obtained a Very Long Baseline Interferometry localization for FRB 20241228A with a 1 confidence ellipse of 11 by 0.2. This represents the first published localization using both the CHIME-KKO and CHIME-GBO Outriggers. We associate FRB 20241228A with a star-forming galaxy at a redshift of . The persistent X-ray luminosity limit at this source's location and distance is erg s in the keV band, the most stringent limit of any non-repeating FRB to-date (Tohuvavohu et al. in prep.). The stellar mass () and star formation rate (~yr) of the host galaxy of FRB 20241228A are consistent with the broader FRB host galaxy population. We measure significant scattering (1ms) and scintillation (20 kHz at 600 MHz) along the line of sight to this source, and suggest the scintillation screen is Galactic while the scattering screen is extragalactic. FRB 20241228A represents an exciting example of a new era in which we can harness VLBI-localizations and rapid high-energy follow-up to probe FRB progenitors
« La lettre des Neuf contre la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme : une démarche annonciatrice d’une limitation de ses pouvoirs d’action ? »
No full textInternational audienc
Sommet sur l'océan à Nice : des résultats prometteurs mais un essai à transformer
No full texthttps://theconversation.com/sommet-sur-locean-a-nice-des-resultats-prometteurs-mais-un-essai-a-transformer-260739À Nice, le sommet sur l'océan s'est terminé le 13 juin 2025 sur un bilan en demi-teinte. Au-delà des engagements internationaux, l'UNOC-3 a surtout été l'occasion d'un dialogue entre quatre entités différentes mais complémentaires : scientifiques, décideurs, société civile et acteurs financiers. Il convient désormais de transformer l'essai en tenant compte des réalités locales de chaque territoire.</div