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Explorer le « handicap » en situation coloniale. Le cas des « fillettes anormales » de l'hôpital Sainte-Élisabeth des Attafs (Algérie, années 1930-1950)
No full textInternational audienceThis article is based on a specific case: that of ‘abnormal girls’ taken in by the White Sisters at the Saint-Cyprien-des-Attafs Hospital (Algeria) between the 1930s and 1950s. It consolidates and enriches three previous lines of research: 1: the lack of interest in and delegation to private institutions of people with disabilities; 2: varying discrimination based on gender, race and, above all, the hierarchy based on the type of disability; 3: the agency of the ‘children’ and other protagonists (caregivers, sisters, etc.).In addition, the article opens up new avenues of research, particularly with regard to the analysis of fictional administrative narratives. The category of ‘abnormal children’ or ‘abnormal girls’, as well as the related legal measures, do not correspond in any way to practical realities.Cet article part d'un cas précis: celui des "fillettes anormales" accueillies à l'Hôpital de Saint-Cyprien-des-Attafs (Algérie), chez les soeurs blanches, entre les années 1930 et 1950. Il consolide ou enrichit trois pistes de recherches précédentes: 1: le désintérêt et la délégation à des institutions privées de personnes en situation de handicap; 2: les discriminations variables en fonction du genre, de la race et surtout la hiérarchisation en fonction des situations de handicap; 3: l'agentivité des "enfants" et d'autres protagonistes (aides soignantes, soeurs, etc.).En outre, l'article ouvre de nouvelles pistes, en particulier sur l'analyse des récits administratifs fictionnels. En effet, la catégorie "d'enfants anormaux" ou de "fillettes anormales", tout comme les mesures juridiques en lien, ne correspondent aucunement aux réalités pratiques
Femmes de Tanna – île d’abondance
No full textInternational audienceNombreuses sont les femmes qui ont conduit des recherches ethnologiques à Vanuatu depuis les années 1970. La plupart n’a pas manqué de contribuer par des observations et analyses à l’étude des mondes féminins des sociétés de cet archipel. A cet égard, l’île de Tanna fait figure d’exception. Quelques rares chercheuses ont mené leur enquête dans cette société sans qu’aucune, à ma connaissance, n’ait publié de données à ce sujet. Devant la nécessité de combler une telle lacune, j’assume plus sereinement en qu’ethnologue homme, de présenter quelques aperçus sur les femmes de Tanna. Un strict cloisonnement des genres et le respect des usages locaux ont imposé certaines limites à ma proximité avec les mères ou les sœurs de mes informateurs. Je dois beaucoup à ma femme, qui m’a accompagné lors de nombre de mes séjours sur le terrain ces trente dernières années, pour m’avoir éclairé sur certains moyens que se donnent les woman-Tanna afin de renforcer leur implication sociale déterminante. Aux éléments historiques et données d’observation sur les rôles et statuts dans les activités traditionnelles, mes commentaires porteront parallèlement sur l’évolution moderne de leurs conditions, avec une part de subjectivité propre à toute interprétation sur l’altérité. Mais commençons par situer Tanna en tant qu’île d’abondance, avant de voir en quoi les femmes en formeraient le cœur
Après la crise du Covid, assistons-nous au crépuscule de la démocratie représentative ?
No full textInternational audienceCe texte se propose de montrer comment l'architecture juridico-institutionnelle, la pratique politique des institutions et la multiplication des « crises » justifiant la suspension provisoire de l’État de droit, finissent par vider de sens les principes démocratiques dont se revendique la France sous la Vème République. L'analyse est organisée en trois parties. La première examine la séparation des pouvoirs. La seconde explore la question de la représentativité d'un système politico-institutionnel dans lequel il n'existe quasiment aucun mécanisme de participation citoyenne directe et dont les électeurs se détournent de plus en plus, renonçant par dépit à ce qui est la justification philosophique et politique globale du système représentatif (le droit de vote). La troisième partie questionne d'abord la multiplication des « états d'urgence » conduisant à la suspension provisoire de tout ou partie des droits et libertés fondamentaux, puis détaille l'aboutissement de ces processus à travers la gestion politico-sanitaire de la crise du Covid. En conclusion, l'auteur pose la question de la captation oligarchique et capitalistique du pouvoir dans l'ensemble des pays occidentaux et suggère qu'ils n'auront bientôt plus de démocratiques que le nom
Assessing 3D and 2D hydrodynamic models for urban flood simulations: a district scale analysis with experimental street-level discharge, height and velocity
No full textInternational audienceUrban flood modeling is essential for understanding physical phenomena and enhancing flood forecasting. The relevance of these numerical tools must be assessed with flow measurements which are sparse for real floods. This article assesses the capability of state-of-the-art 2D (with or without k-ϵ turbulence model) and 3D (with k -ω SST turbulence model) numerical models in reproducing the characteristics of urban flood flows within a real-like street network using an experimental dataset. The results show that all models can predict the flow discharge distribution and flow depths inside the district. The 3D model is always slightly more accurate, especially in zones where the flow is strongly perturbed. The comparison of numerical and experimental velocity profiles across streets highlights the need of a turbulence model to represent recirculation areas of finite length after crossroads and obtain a more realistic velocity field and water elevation profile
A generic marine protected area model, challenged by indigenous peoples and local communities: How can the model be adapted or reinvented?
No full textInternational audienceMany Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) face difficulties of social acceptance. This comparative analysis of 13 MPAs spanning five continents aims to explain these problems by comparing their localization processes in order to identify possible recurring mechanisms. Analyzing their trajectories and the conflicts they cause reveal the existence of a generic model of Marine Protected AreaS which is mostly implicit and applied everywhere. It enables us to identify 7 components of this model: who decides, what legitimizes the decision, the decision's temporalities and vectors, and then, inside the action modalities, the relationship with the area, with nature, with exchange and the action presentation and organization. Laying bare this model makes it possible to explain the misunderstandings that arise and many acceptance problems that lead to conflict and inefficiency. Based on observations of local adaptations or reinventions of the MPA model, proposals are made for a global overhaul of the model. to make it more flexible and open to multiple ways of thinking about nature and conservation
« Ignorance et procédures référendaires. Quel rôle pour les autorités publiques dans l’information des citoyens ? »
No full textInternational audienceAlthough the development of methods of citizen participation has demonstrated an increase in citizen competence, referendum processes are still widely criticised for their alleged deliberative deficit, which limits citizens' understanding of the issues at stake in the ballot. Using two examples from France and Switzerland, this article highlights the complexity of the role of public authorities and judicial control over the quality of information provided to citizens.Bien que le développement des modalités de participation citoyenne ait démontré un accroissement de la compétence citoyenne, les processus référendaires sont encore largement critiqués en raison de leur déficit délibératif supposé qui limiterait la compréhension par ces mêmes citoyens des enjeux du scrutin. A travers deux exemples, en France et en Suisse, cet article met en lumière la complexité du rôle des autorités publiques et du contrôle juridictionnel de la qualité des informations fournies aux citoyens
Defect study in Xe-irradiated UO2 by XRD, TEM and PAS
No full textInternational audienceTransmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) characterizations were combined on polycrystalline UO2 disks, implanted with low energy xenon ions, to probe the microstructural transformations due to irradiation by taking advantage of their different sensitivities to radiation damage.While XRD provides information on elastic strain (and thus free swelling) and microstrains, PAS is sensitive to vacancy defects and TEM allows the direct observation of extended defects (dislocations and vacancy objects).These data were gathered in order to understand mechanisms involved in the damage build up in UO2. At a very low damage level, an increase of the free swelling is highlighted along with first vacancy defects, and then with interstitials dislocation loops. At a higher damage level, dislocation lines appear through loop interactions, inducing a small free swelling relaxation associated with an increase of microstrains. The results of this extensive experimental study are then discussed in the light of literature data
La viticulture dans l'Antiquité à Saint-Rémy-de-Provence : l'exemple de la villa agricole d'Ussol
No full textBeyond overweight, visceral adiposity is associated with estimation of cardiovascular risk in patients living with type 1 diabetes: findings from the SFDT1 cohort
No full textConflicts of interests: EBP reports receiving lecture honorariums from Astra Zeneca and Sanofi, and has been an employee of Boehringer Ingelheim since February 2024International audienceIntroduction & Objectives As in the general population, people living with type 1 diabetes (PWT1D) are faced with overweight and obesity, which contribute to cardiovascular (CV) risk. However, the role of visceral adiposity, due to its adverse metabolic profile, should also be addressed in PWT1D. We aimed to assess the 10-year CV risk of PWT1D according to body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), a parameter for estimating visceral adiposity. MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, PWT1D in primary CV prevention from the SFDT1 cohort were categorized by BMI status, either normal (18.5-24.9 kg/m 2 ) or overweight/obesity (≥ 25 kg/m 2 ), and by WHtR according to the validated threshold of 0.5. The 10-year CV risk was estimated using the Steno Type 1 Risk Engine and classified into three categories: low (< 10%), intermediate (10-20%) and high (> 20%). The distribution of CV risk was assessed using density plots. In multivariable analysis, the association between BMI, WHtR, and high estimated 10-year CV risk was studied using spline regression models with sex stratification. Thresholds were determined by the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. ResultsThe study included 1,482 patients; 49.9% had a normal BMI, and 50.1% a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m 2 . The proportion of patients with high CV risk was higher in PWT1D with overweight/obesity (12% vs. 7%) and in those with WHtR ≥ 0.5 (13% vs. 4%). BMI was significantly associated with high CV risk in men (p = 0.001) but a non-significant trend was found in women (p = 0.053). WHtR was significantly associated with high CV risk in both men (p < 0.001) and women (p = 0.046). The BMI threshold associated with high CV risk was 24.9 kg/m 2 for men, and the WHtR threshold was 0.5 for both men and women. ConclusionIn PWT1D in condition of primary CV prevention, visceral adiposity, assessed by WHtR, is a more robust marker of estimated 10-year CV risk than overweight/obesity status in both men and women.</div
Investigating the H I distribution and kinematics of ESO444-G084 and [KKS2000]23: New insights from the MHONGOOSE survey
No full textInternational audienceWe present the neutral atomic hydrogen (H I ) distribution, kinematics, mass modelling, and gravitational stability of the dwarf irregular galaxies ESO444–G084 and [KKS2000]23 using high spatial, spectral, and column density sensitivity data from the MeerKAT H I observations of nearby galactic objects: Observing Southern Emitters (MHONGOOSE) survey obtained with MeerKAT. ESO444–G084 exhibits centrally concentrated H I emission, while [KKS2000]23 has irregularly distributed high-density pockets. The total H I fluxes measured down to column density thresholds of 10 19 cm −2 and 10 18 cm −2 are nearly the same, suggesting that the increase in the H I diameter at lower column densities is primarily due to the larger beam size, and that no significant additional emission is detected. The total H I masses are (1.1±0.1)×10 8 M ⊙ for ESO444–G084 and (6.1±0.3)×10 8 M ⊙ for [KKS2000]23. We derived rotation curves using 3D kinematic modelling tools Python fully automated TiRiFiC (PyFAT) and tilted ring fitting code (TiRiFiC), which allow us to fully capture the gas kinematics. Both galaxies exhibit disk-like rotation, with ESO444–G084 showing a kinematic warp beyond ∼1.8 kpc. Its relatively fast-rising rotation curve suggests a more centrally concentrated dark matter distribution, whereas [KKS2000]23's more gradual rise indicates a more extended mass distribution. Mass modelling with an isothermal halo and stellar mass-to-light ratio ( M / L ) 3. μ m * =0.20 for ESO444–G084 and 0.18 for [KKS2000]23 yields physically consistent results. We further analyse disk stability using spatially resolved maps of the Toomre Q parameter and Σ gas /Σ crit , linking these with recent star formation traced by hydrogen-alpha (H α ) and far-ultraviolet (FUV) emission. ESO444–G084 supports localised star formation despite global stability, while [KKS2000]23 is gravitationally unstable yet lacks strong H α emission, suggesting that turbulence, gas depletion, or past feedback suppresses star formation. The absence of detectable inflows or outflows implies that internal processes regulate star formation. This study highlights the interplay between H I morphology, kinematics, dark matter distribution, and disk stability, demonstrating how internal mechanisms shape dwarf galaxy evolution