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No full textInternational audience(Loi no 2025-568 du 23 juin 2025 visant à renforcer l'autorité de la justice à l'égard des mineurs délinquants et de leurs parents
What roles do uncertainty, surprise, and arousal play in infants’ curiosity?
No full textInternational audienceHow do uncertainty and surprise shape curiosity in infants? Pioneering studies showed that 8-month-old infants are more curious about information that is neither too certain nor too uncertain, an adaptive phenomenon known as the "Goldilocks effect" that maximizes the cost-to-benefit ratio in information acquisition (Kidd et al., 2012, 2014). However, several questions remain. First, since these studies indexed curiosity via infants’ gaze, it remains unclear whether the Goldilocks effect generalizes to engaging contexts such as problem-solving tasks in which curiosity is central (Modirshanechi et al., 2023). Second, while surprise is known to influence curiosity (Murayama et al., 2019), it is unknown whether moderate surprise elicits the strongest curiosity in infants, as does moderate uncertainty. We thus tested 60 infants aged 18–24 months in a task where an experimenter pressed the top button of a demonstration cube eight times, triggering a sequence of sounds. The cube was then handed back to the infant, now silent. This procedure was repeated with four cubes, each emitting the sequence of sounds with varying probabilities (0, 1, 4, or 8 out of 8 presses) to manipulate uncertainty. We assessed curiosity via exploratory (e.g., varied button presses) and exploitative behaviors (e.g., repeated pressing) (Berlyne, 1966). Additionally, we developed an algorithm to detect the facial expression of surprise in infants (i.e., raised eyebrows, open eyes, open mouth; Camras et al., 2002). In line with the Goldilocks effect, we predicted that infants would show greater exploration - and hence greater curiosity - when interacting with the cube of intermediate uncertainty than with the cubes producing certain or uncertain outcomes. Furthermore, since Berlyne (1972) speculated that excessive surprise is aversive, we predicted that the most curious infants would exhibit a moderate expression of surprise. Behavioral and statistical analyses are on their way, with half of the infants tested
Epromoters bind key stress-related transcription factors to regulate clusters of stress response genes
No full textInternational audienceStress insults trigger the rapid and global reprogramming of gene transcription by coordinated recruitment of a limited number of key inducible transcription factors to cis-regulatory elements. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of different stress models and observed that co-induced genes are generally located in close genomic proximity. By integrating gene expression and transcription factor binding resources in different stress models, we found an enrichment for clusters whereby only one of the promoters of the cluster recruits the key transcription factors, reminiscent of Epromoters, a type of cis-regulatory elements displaying both promoter and enhancer function. Epromoter-regulated clusters were frequently found irrespectively of the stress or inflammatory response. Predicted Epromoters displayed enhancer activity and regulated clusters of stress-response genes independently of their genomic location.These findings have significant implications for understanding complex gene regulation following the response to acute perturbations..</div
Configurational Energy as a Microstructural Descriptor of Failure Precursors in 2D Frictional Granular Materials
No full textInternational audienceLocalized deformation in dense granular materials, often culminating in the formation of shear bands, is a key failure mechanism in geotechnical and material systems. However, predicting the onset of such localization remains a fundamental challenge due to the system's inherent inelasticity and microstructural complexity. In this study, we propose that the evolution of internal configuration—characterized by changes in contact topology and stored potential energy—governs the collective mechanical response and encodes precursors to material failure. To quantify this evolving internal state, we introduce the notion of configurational energy, defined as the change in contact‐scale elastic potential energy resulting from a controlled loading—unloading probe. This metric is first formulated at the contact level and subsequently analyzed at the specimen scale using Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations of biaxial compression. Our results demonstrate that configurational energy captures the system's sensitivity to perturbations and reflects local instability: both positive and negative values emerge at the contact level, with large magnitudes concentrated near regions of active rearrangement. Despite this local variability, the specimen‐scale configurational response remains strictly negative, and its magnitude increases systematically as the material approaches failure. Notably, spatial localization of configurational energy precedes the formation of macroscopic shear bands with an evolving internal length scale, offering a mesoscale energetic signature of incipient failure. These findings establish configurational energy as a physically grounded descriptor of microstructural evolution and a promising tool for anticipating failure in frictional granular systems
Hannibal entre audace tactique et impasse logistique
No full textInternational audienceHannibal Barca, figure emblématique de l'Antiquité, est analysé sous l'angle rarement exploré jusqu'à présent de la logistique stratégique. L'article revisite ses campagnes, de l'Ibérie aux Alpes et à l'Italie, en montrant comment la coordination d'armées multiculturelles, un ravitaillement précaire des troupes et l'adaptation aux contraintes environnementales ont façonné ses succès tout en révélant leurs limites. L'originalité réside ici dans le dialogue établi entre histoire et management logistique pour souligner que les choix d'Hannibal anticipent des problématiques modernes d'agilité opérationnelle et de résilience des systèmes logistiques complexes. En confrontant audace tactique et impasse logistique, l'article éclaire les tensions classiques entre mobilité, surprise et capacité de soutien durable, tout en soulignant le rôle déterminant des contextes géopolitiques. Les enseignements dépassent largement l'histoire militaire en offrant des pistes stimulantes pour repenser planification stratégique, allocation des ressources et conception de réseaux de chaînes logistiques robustes face à des environnements incertains
Characterization of the submarine disposal of a Bayer effluent (Gardanne alumina plant, southern France): V: Evolution of metal and metalloid concentrations in the seawater column of the discharge area (Mediterranean Sea) from 2016 to 2024
No full textInternational audienceThis study examined the evolution of trace metal and metalloid concentrations in the Cassidaigne canyon water column (Mediterranean Sea), at the Gardanne alumina plant discharge area, between 2016 and 2024. Following the 2015 ban on solid waste discharge, the plant progressively switched to the discharge at sea of a regulatory clarified effluent, resulting from filter-presses, CO 2 treatment and biological unit implementations. Several anomalies in element concentrations at discrete depths in the water column above the outfall (station L1) reflected local environmental influences, such as submarine groundwater discharges and lithogenic inputs, including mistral-induced upwelling, remobilizing sediment. From 2016 to 2021, Al concentrations below 200 m depth resulted from the effluent-seawater mixing (the plume) and subsequent metals and metalloids removal and/or release during hydrotalcite particles formation and dissolution. Concretions at the outfall of the effluent (330 m depth) stopped forming after introduction of the CO 2 treatment of the effluent in 2018. Despite occasional biological treatment disruptions leading to increased Al, V, and Cu concentrations at sea in 2020 and 2021, the effluent's chemical footprint remained globally confined in the first hundred meters above the outfall, without broader upper water column impact. Deep Al anomalies at a distant site (station K) in the canyon axis also indicated potential local remobilization from legacy bauxite deposits. Overall, both the plume and the historical residues appeared as localized but distinct sources of contamination. Particular renewed attention emerged from monitoring committees regarding ancient deposits, the spatial extent of which in the canyon far exceeds the chemical footprint of the effluent
Galvo-scanning two photon temporal focusing microscopy with random speckled illumination
No full textInternational audienc
Entre Autonomie et Séparatisme, le défi constitutionnel Italien: L’exemple sicilien
No full textInternational audienceبعد التحرير، تمكنت الجزر الإيطالية من التفاوض مع الحكومة المركزية على وضع خاص منحها استقلالية واسعة، مما أبرز طابعها الخاص. وتعد صقلية مثالاً نموذجياً على ذلك. ومع ذلك، بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية، كان الرغبة في الاستقلال قوية للغاية. نجح براغماتية القادة السياسيين في الجزر، التي شاركهم فيها القادة الوطنيون، في إيجاد طريق وسط سلمي، كما في حالة الأقاليم المتمتعة بالحكم الذاتي في إسبانيا، ولكنه لم يستبعد حدوث حركات قومية في المستقبل.Nach der Befreiung konnten die italienischen Inseln mit der Zentralregierung einen Sonderstatus aushandeln, der ihnen weitgehende Autonomie gewährte und damit ihren besonderen Charakter unterstrich. Sizilien ist dafür ein paradigmatisches Beispiel. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg war der Wunsch nach Unabhängigkeit jedoch sehr stark. Der Pragmatismus der politischen Führer der Inseln, der von den nationalen Führern geteilt wurde, schaffte es, wie im Fall der spanischen Autonomien, einen friedlichen Mittelweg zu finden, der jedoch zukünftige nationalistische Bewegungen nicht ausschloss.After the Liberation, the Italian islands were able to negotiate a special status with the central government that granted them broad autonomy, thus highlighting their unique character. Sicily is a prime example of this. However, after the Second World War, the desire for independence was very strong. The pragmatism of the island's political leaders, shared with that of the national leaders, succeeded in creating, as in the case of Spanish autonomies, a peaceful middle ground, but one that did not rule out future nationalist movements.Tras la Liberación, las islas italianas pudieron negociar con el Gobierno central un estatuto especial que les concedió una amplia autonomía, lo que puso de manifiesto su carácter específico. Sicilia es un ejemplo paradigmático. Sin embargo, tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial, el deseo de independencia era muy fuerte. El pragmatismo de los dirigentes políticos insulares, compartido con el de los dirigentes nacionales, logró crear, al igual que en el caso de las autonomías españolas, una vía intermedia pacífica, pero que no excluía futuros movimientos nacionalistas.Après la Libération, les îles italiennes ont pu négocier avec le gouvernement central un statut particulier qui leur a accordé une large autonomie, marquant ainsi leur caractère spécifique. La Sicile en est un exemple paradigmatique. Cependant, après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le désir d'indépendance était très fort. Le pragmatisme des dirigeants politiques insulaires, partagé avec celui des dirigeants nationaux, a réussi à créer, comme dans le cas des autonomies espagnoles, une voie médiane pacifique, mais qui n'excluait pas de futurs mouvements nationalistes.Dopo la Liberazione, le isole italiane sono state in grado di negoziare uno status specifico con lo Stato centrale, concedendo loro un'autonomia molto ampia che caratterizza la loro specificità. La Sicilia ne è un esempio paradigmatico. Tuttavia, la pressione per l'indipendenza era forte all'indomani della Seconda guerra mondiale. Il pragmatismo dei politici isolani, condiviso con quello dei leader nazionali, ha dato vita, come nel caso delle autonomie spagnole, a una via di mezzo, pacifica ma non esclusiva rispetto alle future spinte nazionaliste.Após a Libertação, as ilhas italianas conseguiram negociar com o governo central um estatuto especial que lhes concedeu ampla autonomia, marcando assim o seu caráter específico. A Sicília é um exemplo paradigmático disso. No entanto, após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, o desejo de independência era muito forte. O pragmatismo dos líderes políticos insulares, partilhado com o dos líderes nacionais, conseguiu criar, como no caso das autonomias espanholas, um caminho mediano pacífico, mas que não excluía futuros movimentos nacionalistas.После освобождения итальянские острова смогли договориться с центральным правительством об особом статусе, который предоставил им широкую автономию, подчеркнув таким образом их специфику. Сицилия является тому ярким примером. Однако после Второй мировой войны стремление к независимости было очень сильным. Прагматизм политических лидеров островов, разделяемый лидерами страны, позволил, как и в случае с испанскими автономиями, найти мирный компромисс, который, однако, не исключал будущих националистических движений.解放后，意大利的岛屿与中央政府谈判，获得了特殊地位，从而享有广泛的自治权，这标志着它们的独特性。西西里岛便是典型的例子。然而，二战后，独立的愿望非常强烈。岛屿政治领袖与国家领袖共同展现的务实态度，成功地开辟了一条和平的中间道路，如同西班牙的自治模式，但这并不排除未来民族主义运动的可能
Tertiary Lymphoid Structures Are Associated with Enhanced Macrophage Activation and Immune Checkpoint Expression and Predict Outcome in Cervical Cancer
No full textInternational audienceCervical tumors are usually treated using surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy and would benefit from immunotherapies. However, the immune microenvironment in cervical cancer remains poorly described. Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) were recently described as markers for better immunotherapy response and overall better prognosis in patients with cancer. We evaluated the cervical tumor immune microenvironment, specifically focusing on TLS, using combined high-throughput phenotyping, soluble factor concentration dosage in the tumor microenvironment, and spatial interaction analyses. We found that TLS presence was associated with a more inflammatory soluble microenvironment, with the presence of B cells as well as more activated macrophages and dendritic cells (DC). Furthermore, this myeloid cell activation was associated with the expression of immune checkpoints, such as PD-L1 and CD40, and the proximity of activated conventional type 2 DCs to CD8+ T cells, indicating better immune interactions and tumor control. Finally, we associated TLS presence, greater B-cell density, and activated DC density with improved progression-free survival, substantiating TLS presence as a potential prognostic marker. Our results provide evidence that TLS presence denotes cell activation and immunotherapy target expression
Acquisition and Management of Aquatic Resources in Fos-sur Mer, Provence, France (11th–14th century AD). Archaeoichthyological Results
No full textInternational audienceFew studies have focused on marine resources in the medieval and modern western Mediterranean from an archaeoichthyological perspective. This paper presents preliminary results from one of the five sites that are part of a larger PhD project on the consumption and acquisition of aquatic resources in Provence (6th–17th cent. AD). This study also integrates some of the results obtained within the framework of the inter-team AMORCE project Icht’isomed2, financed by the Institute of Mediterranean Archaeology ARKAIA