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Enseigner le FLE à l’ère du numérique
No full textInternational audienceLe chapitre « Enseigner le FLE à l’ère du numérique » analyse la transformation profonde de l’enseignement du français langue étrangère sous l’effet du développement technologique. Il retrace d’abord l’évolution historique des outils numériques depuis les premières expérimentations des années 1970 jusqu’aux innovations actuelles, comme l’intelligence artificielle générative.Il identifie ensuite les compétences numériques indispensables que les enseignants doivent acquérir pour exploiter efficacement ces technologies. La question de l’autoformation occupe une place centrale, avec une présentation des diverses ressources disponibles en ligne (MOOCs, webinaires, formations hybrides) qui favorisent la professionnalisation.Le chapitre décrit aussi les modalités d’intégration du numérique dans les pratiques pédagogiques du FLE, à travers l’unité didactique et plusieurs formats d’enseignement (en ligne, hybride, comodal). Deux modèles théoriques, SAMR et ASPID, servent de cadre pour analyser la manière dont le numérique transforme les tâches éducatives.Enfin, une réflexion est menée sur les enjeux éthiques (équité d’accès, protection des données, empreinte écologique) et sur la nécessité d’une posture réflexive de la part des enseignants, afin d’adopter un usage critique, responsable et pertinent du numérique.En conclusion, le chapitre insiste sur la nécessité d’un équilibre entre innovation technologique, efficacité pédagogique et responsabilité éthique, condition essentielle pour une intégration durable et bénéfique du numérique dans la formation en FLE
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No full textRecours personnel entre cofidéjusseurs : le principe de l'opposabilité des exceptions privant le contrat de cautionnement de tout effet
No full textInternational audienceLe cofidéjusseur peut opposer à la caution solvens exerçant son recours personnel toutes les exceptions qu'il aurait pu opposer au créancier principal, dès lors qu'elles ont pour conséquence de priver le contrat de cautionnement de tout effet
Numerical implication of water–soil leakage induced by longitudinal tunnel segment dislocation opening in saturated strata
No full textInternational audienceWater–soil leakage due to the longitudinal dislocation opening of tunnel segments in high-permeable soil strata is crucial for ensuring the longevity of underground tunnel infrastructures. This research delves into this complex phenomenon employing coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD), discrete element method (DEM), and finite element method (FEM), considering varied tunnel buried depths and dislocation opening sizes. Two critical areas susceptible to water–soil leakage have been identified, including an ‘ellipsoid’ shaped area at the tunnel top and a soil sliding area perpendicular to the tunneling direction. With a narrow segment opening (3d50), the fine loss remains below 2% across various buried depths, whereas it escalates to 7.4%–30% with increasing buried depth under a slightly wider opening (3.8d50). The proposed three-dimensional (3D) ellipsoid model is used to delineate the leakage region and quantify over 98% ground soil loss due to dislocation opening. Furthermore, the research reveals that soil sliding induced by water–soil leakage significantly decreases the structural shear stress on the waists and inverts of the tunnel segment, while the soil arching at the top of the tunnel would mitigate the stress release, particularly at the lower dislocated tunnel segment
Diagnostics of a Multicusp-Assisted Inductively-Coupled Radio-Frequency Plasma Source for Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation
No full textIn this article, we present a detailed characterisation of a multicusp-assisted inductively coupled RF plasma source for plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII). Using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and RF-compensated Langmuir probe diagnostics, we measured ion temperature T i and drift velocity v z in argon plasmas near an immersed electrode. The multicusp configuration enhances plasma density at low pressure, enabling stable operation down to 0.8 mTorr. Timeaveraged measurements show no detectable perturbation near the pulsed electrode, indicating full plasma recovery between high-voltage pulses. LIF-derived potential profiles match Riemann's presheath theory, and ion velocity distributions reveal acceleration consistent with sheath dynamics. These results support the use of LIF for steady-state characterisation of the bulk and presheath regions in PIII systems.</div
The recurring issue of syphilis in Europe: Comment on “Ancient genomes reveal a deep history of Treponema pallidum in the Americas”
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by Treponema pallidum, whose origin in Europe remains debated. Recent analysis of five ancient T. pallidum genomes from Central American surrounding Columbus’s time revealed genetic diversity suggesting an emergence of syphilis in Europe, after the 16th century colonisation of the Americas. However, this study missed two pre-Columbian Mexican genomes, and paleopathological evidence of European treponematoses long before the 15th century. These discoveries challenge the notion of a single transatlantic introduction and point to a complex evolutionary history, marked by recombination events and genetic plasticity, suggesting a rhizomatic rather than linear model of evolution
Genetic diversity of Coxiella burnetii in ticks from the Republic of Guinea
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The Phylogenomic Approach Suggests That Butyrophilins Have Ligands Beyond Gamma–Delta Receptors
No full textInternational audienceSince γδ T cells are present in all jawed vertebrates, we wondered whether butyrophilins, proteins that play a key role in the activation of these cells, were also present in these organisms. Our analyses revealed the presence of genes encoding butyrophilins across all jawed vertebrates, including in squamates, a reptilian clade that is nonetheless reported in the literature to have lost γδ T cells. The conservation of butyrophilins in this group, despite the absence of their only known cellular partner, suggests that they may fulfill an alternative function, possibly through interaction with another ligand. Given their strong conservation across jawed vertebrates, it is reasonable to hypothesize that this alternative ligand may also be present in humans
