Institute for Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN)
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    Modifications du microenvironnement stromal après irradiation localisée du côlon : identification de voies moléculaires pour optimiser le processus de régénération épithéliale

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    Pelvic cancers are highly prevalent and are mainly treated with radiotherapy. While radiation therapy may control the tumor, it can also cause damage to surrounding healthy tissue, leading to disabling complications defined as a disease “pelvic radiation disease” (PRD). Currently, there is no curative treatment for this fibrosing pathology. The aims of this project are to study the colonic microenvironment after irradiation with a view to identify new therapeutic targets to improve the management of the colonic sequelae of PRD. For this project, a mouse model developing fibrosing colonic lesions similar to those observed in PRD patients was developed. It consists of localized colorectal irradiation with a single dose of 26Gy. We defined 2 post-irradiation study periods: 2 weeks to study the acute effects of irradiation and the regeneration process, and 12 weeks to study fibrosis. Histological studies characterized the mucosal lesions, with a deep ulcer at 2 weeks and fibrous remodeling at 12 weeks. At the 2 time points studied, an increased and disorganized proliferative process was observed, as well as a deficit in epithelial junction proteins, suggesting a defect in barrier function. We demonstrated the impact of the irradiated colonic microenvironment on epithelial proliferation and differentiation processes using a co-culture system with colonic organoids monitored by video microscopy. Our results validated in vivo observations of increased organoid proliferation in the presence of stroma derived from mice 12 weeks post-irradiation.To characterize stromal mesenchymal cells after irradiation, single-cell RNA sequencing experiments (using EpCAM-CD45-sorted colonic cells and from whole colon) and spatial transcriptomics were performed. They revealed a new marker, Edil3, specific for the major stromal population of the colon. This new marker allowed us to better characterize this cell population in terms of function and localization in the healthy colon. We proposed to call them mesitocytes. In the early stages, we found that this population could differentiate towards a pro-inflammatory profile called "IAF" for "Inflammation-Associated Fibroblasts". We also observed increased expression of transcripts involved in critical functions such as epithelial homeostasis, angiogenesis and inflammation by the majority of mesenchymal cells. The results demonstrate the importance of proliferative molecular signals from lymphatic endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, particularly Grem-1. Analysis of the chronic phase after irradiation confirms the increase in proliferative signals from stromal cells. In addition, a new fibroblast cell type associated with fibrosis was observed, characterized by a transcriptional profile different from that of the IAF observed in the early phase. The study of the effects of irradiation on the epithelial compartment revealed significant changes in the colonocyte population and the appearance of epithelial cells with a "revival" phenotype, already described in the literature. Interestingly, these populations have specific localizations in regenerating crypts. We also established the importance of genes such as Lypd8 and Anxa1 in the progression of proliferating epithelial cells towards a "revival" phenotype. Interesting observations from spatial transcriptomic analyses also allow us to hypothesize the role of immune cells in the epithelial regeneration process.Les cancers pelviens ont une prévalence élevée et sont principalement traités par radiothérapie. Si elle permet un contrôle de la tumeur, la radiothérapie peut également provoquer des lésions aux tissus sains environnants, entrainant des complications invalidantes définies comme une maladie à part entière, la «Pelvic Radiation Disease» ou PRD. Aujourd'hui, il n'existe pas de traitement curatif pour cette pathologie fibrosante. Ce projet vise à étudier le microenvironnement du côlon après irradiation afin d'identifier, à terme, des cibles thérapeutiques pour la prise en charge des séquelles coliques de la PRD. Pour ce projet, un modèle de souris développant des lésions coliques fibrosantes similaires à celles observées chez les patients atteints de PRD a été mis au point. Il consiste en une irradiation colorectale localisée en dose unique de 26Gy. Nous avons défini 2 temps d'étude post-irradiation : à 2 semaines afin d'étudier les effets aigus de l'irradiation ainsi que le processus de régénération et 12 semaines pour étudier la fibrose. Des études histologiques ont permis de caractériser les lésions muqueuses avec un ulcère profond à 2 semaines, et des remaniements fibreux à 12 semaines. Aux 2 temps étudiés, un processus de prolifération accru et désordonné a été observé ainsi qu'un déficit en protéines de jonctions épithéliales suggérant un défaut de la fonction de barrière. Nous avons démontré l'impact du microenvironnement colique irradié sur les processus de prolifération et de différenciation épithélial par un système de coculture avec des organoïdes coliques suivi par vidéo-microscopie. Nos résultats ont permis de valider les observations in vivo, à savoir une prolifération accrue des organoïdes en présence de stroma issus de souris 12 semaines post-irradiation. Afin de caractériser les cellules mésenchymateuses du stroma après irradiation, des expériences de séquençage d'ARN sur cellule unique (à partir de cellules coliques triées EpCAM-CD45- et issues de colon total) et de transcriptomique spatiale ont été réalisées. Elles ont mis en évidence un nouveau marqueur, Edil3, spécifique de la population stromale majeure du côlon. Ce nouveau marqueur nous a permis de mieux caractériser cette population cellulaire en termes de fonction et de localisation au niveau du côlon sain. Nous avons proposé de la nommer Mésitocytes. Au temps précoce, nous avons établi que cette population pouvait se différencier vers un profil pro-inflammatoire appelé « IAF » pour «Inflammation-Associated Fibroblasts». Nous avons également observé une augmentation de l'expression de transcrits impliqués dans des fonctions cruciales telles que l'homéostasie épithéliale, l'angiogenèse et l'inflammation par la majorité des cellules mésenchymateuses. Les résultats montrent l'importance des signaux moléculaires prolifératifs issus des cellules endothéliales lymphatiques et des cellules musculaires lisses, notamment Grem-1. L'analyse de la phase chronique après irradiation, confirme l'augmentation des signaux prolifératifs par les cellules du stroma. De plus, un nouveau type de cellules fibroblastique associé à la fibrose a été observé, caractérisé par profil transcriptionnel différent des IAF observés en phase précoce. L'étude de l'impact de l'irradiation sur le compartiment épithélial a mis en évidence des modifications importantes au niveau de la population de colonocytes et l'émergence de cellules épithéliales avec un phénotype « revival », déjà décrit dans la littérature. De façon intéressante, ces populations ont des localisations spécifiques au niveau des cryptes en régénération. Nous avons également établi l'importance de gènes tels que Lypd8 et Anxa1 dans la progression des cellules épithéliales proliférantes vers un phénotype «revival». Des observations intéressantes issues des analyses de transcriptomique spatiale permettent également d'émettre des hypothèses quant au rôle des cellules immunitaires dans le processus de régénération épithélial

    Homogenized descriptions for the elastoplastic response of polycrystalline solids with complex hardening laws: Application to neutron-irradiated bainitic steels

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    International audienceHomogenized descriptions are provided for polycrystalline solids deforming in accordance with certain crystal plasticity laws recently proposed for neutron-irradiated bainitic steels. These laws express intragranular plastic slip rates in terms of resolved shear stresses and key microstructural features, such as densities of forest dislocations and of solute clusters, for a wide range of deformation rates, temperatures, and radiation doses. The elastic domain is delimited by thresholds on the resolved stresses that depend on dislocation densities in an intricate manner, and the plastic hardening is described by evolution laws of the Mecking–Kocks type for the dislocation densities with plastic slip. However, thresholds also depend nonlinearly on the resolved stresses themselves. Full-field homogenized descriptions are generated with a Fast Fourier Transform algorithm implemented in the computer code CraFT, while mean-field homogenized descriptions are generated by means of a linear-comparison scheme based on a generalized-secant linearization of the crystal plasticity laws. Multiple ways of accounting for plastic hardening in the mean-field descriptions are explored. Sample results are reported in the form of uniaxial traction curves and concomitant dislocation density evolutions under different scenarios. Overall, the generalized-secant linearization is found to provide an appropriate compromise between precision and mathematical complexity to generate homogenized descriptions for the elastoplastic response of polycrystalline media governed by complex crystal plasticity laws

    La réorganisation du travail au temps du Covid-19.: Coexistence entre travail sur site et télétravail dans deux secteurs dits "essentiels"

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    International audienceCette communication porte sur le travail dans les secteurs du nucléaire et du contrôle sanitaire aux frontières pendant le premier confinement de la crise du Covid-19. Les services étudiés, considérés comme « essentiels », sont alors impactés par la pandémie mais ils n’arrêtent pas leur activité sur site. Des travailleuses et travailleurs continuent de se rendre sur leurs lieux de travail, pour assurer la maintenance des installations nucléaires ou contrôler les marchandises en provenance de pays tiers de l’Union européenne. D’autres participent à la continuité d’activité depuis leur domicile.Alors que la recherche en sciences sociales tend à étudier séparément le travail sur site et celui à distance, nous proposons dans cette communication d’analyser les situations de coexistence entre les deux afin d’appréhender leurs effets sur l’activité comme sur l’organisation. Pour ce faire, nous présenterons tout d’abord les spécificités de notre enquête concernant le secteur lié à la production d’énergie, ainsi que celui relatif à la circulation de l’alimentation. Il s’agira ensuite d’interroger la manière dont l’application des règles sanitaires dans ces deux secteurs a entrainé l’émergence d’une double scène du travail : sur site et à distance. Enfin, nous analyserons les effets de cette coexistence sur le travail concret et les deux modes d’organisation.Notre analyse repose sur une enquête par entretiens (n=56), auprès d’agents du service d’inspection vétérinaire et phytosanitaire aux frontières et auprès d’agents de services de maintenance d’installations nucléaires

    COOLABILITY OF A CORIUM POOL IN A DEBRIS BED-CALCULATION OF CRITICAL HEAT FLUX (CHF) TESTS WITH THE ASTEC CODE

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    International audienceIn case of severe accident in a light water reactor, a debris bed may form in the core and possibly melt, as it happened in TMI-2. Knowledge about the coolability of such molten pool surrounded by debris is crucial to investigate the possibility of stabilizing a part of the fuel inside the vessel. Based on experimental tests conducted at IRSN investigating the effect of debris size, steam and liquid flowrate, inclination and pressure, some numerical simulations have been conducted with the severe accident system code ASTEC. Some global conclusions could be drawn: the surface temperature evolution is well reproduced and the pool boiling CHF value is correctly calculated except in presence of debris. Pressure and liquid flowrate are satisfactorily evaluated but differences are shown as concerns the debris diameter impact, the inclination impact and the gas flowrate impact. The observed discrepancies are analyzed here and prospects for improvements of CHF and void fraction modelling are provided

    Coefficients de dose interne : mise en application de l'arrêté de novembre 2023

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    International audienceLa dose efficace engagée à la suite de l’incorporation de radionucléides n’est pas directement mesurable. Elle est évaluée à partir de la radioactivité ambiante ou corporelle à l’aide d’un coefficient de dose spécifique à un radionucléide, une forme physicochimique, une voie de contamination interne (inhalation, ingestion ou par plaie) et à une classe d’âge.Les valeurs des coefficients de dose sont fixées par la réglementation à partir des publications de la Commission internationale de protection radiologique (CIPR). La CIPR a récemment complété une révision de l’ensemble des coefficients de dose applicables aux travailleurs exposés (série de publications Occupationnal intakes of radionuclides – OIR). Elle s’emploie désormais à mettre à jour les coefficients destinés aux membres du public, adultes et enfants, pour une prochaine série de publications. La tutoriale présentera les nouvelles hypothèses et les nouveaux outils de la CIPR qui motivent une mise à jour des coefficients de dose existants : données nucléaires de base, modèles biocinétiques respiratoire, alimentaire et systémique, fantômes anthropomorphes homme et femme, facteurs de pondération radiologiques et tissulaires. Les résultats numériques obtenus pour les travailleurs seront discutés. Le travail en cours sur les coefficients de dose interne applicables au public, notamment dans les situations d’exposition environnementale, sera évoqué.Les nouveaux coefficients de dose interne de la CIPR pour les travailleurs ont été adoptés par l’Arrêté du 16 novembre 2023 définissant les modalités de calcul des doses efficaces et des doses équivalentes résultant de l’exposition des personnes aux rayonnements ionisants qui est entré en vigueur le 1er janvier 2024. La façon de choisir la valeur appropriée à une situation d’exposition professionnelle sera discutée en s’appuyant à la fois :- sur l’annexe de l’Arrêté qui dispose des doses efficaces engagées par unité d’activité incorporée et - sur l’application informatique OIR data viewer mise à disposition par la CIPR

    POWER TRANSIENT EXPERIMENTS ON HIGHLY IRRADIATED PWR UO2 FUELS IN THE CABRI REACTOR: HIGHLIGHTING OF A BOILING CRISIS EVENT

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    International audienceThe CABRI International Program (CIP) tests submit irradiated UO2 or MOx fuels to Reactivity Initiated Accidents (RIA) in Pressurized Water Reactor thermal-hydraulic conditions. The objective is to obtain a better knowledge of the thermomechanical behavior of such fuel under RIA transient, not only during the Pellet Clad Mechanical Interaction phase, but above all during the boiling phases of the transient. CIP is operated by the Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN) within a OECD/NEA framework. Experiments are conducted in the CABRI reactor, operated by the French alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA). Test fuel rods are set in a pressurized water loop, located in the center of the CABRI core. The fuel pin is encased in a test device with an appropriate instrumentation to follow the test rod behavior during the transient. In 2022, CIP1-2B test was successfully carried out. Test rodlet was made of highly irradiated UO2 (72 GWd/t) with M5 TM cladding. The transient consisted in a power pulse of 9 ms-Full Width at Half Maximum, leading to an energy deposit in the test fuel around 117 cal/g, at peak power node. During the test sequence, all requested circuits and instrumentation worked as expected. The test channel temperature trend indicates that boiling crisis was reached during the transient. On-line measurements, as well as post-test gamma spectrometry examination, show that the rod did not fail

    Uranium and Kidney Cancer: Insights from Genetically Engineered Mouse Models in the UKCAN Project

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    International audienceExposure to uranium compounds is prevalent in various situations such as nuclear fuel processing, militaryactivities, and environmental context. Uranium has a property to accumulate in the kidneys, yet it’spotential carcinogenic effect remains controversial. The UKCAN project (Uranium Kidney CANcerous effectsin rodents) is dedicated to investigate the potential carcinogenic effects of low-dose uranium on thekidneys.To simulate the development of kidney cancer, we employ three genetically-engineered mouse models(GEMs) with mutation in key kidney cancer predisposition genes (Vhl ± Pbrm1, or Tsc2). In thisexperimental study, each of the three GEMs is exposed to repeated uranium intranasal instillation andmonitored for 10 to 12 months. Three different doses- 0; 125 or 250 μg/kg/d (n=20/dose/genotype) arebeing tested.Our study has the following objectives:Evaluate the development of benign and malignant renal tumor lesions over time and dose followinguranium exposure: ultrasonography is used throughout the animal’s lifespan and postmortemanalyses using histological and immunohistological methods provide details characterization oftumor lesions.Elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms (initiation, promotion, and proliferation) in renaloncogenesis and carcinogenesis associated with human exposure by clinical biochemistry, molecularbiology and protein-array techniques.Analyze the concentration of uranium in targets organs and excretory samples using ICP-MStechniques.Histological analyses showed delineated areas comprising various tumor types within the GEMs.Immunostaining of clinically relevant proteins (CA-IX, CK-7) allows for the identification and quantificationof specific tumor subtypes within renal tissue. This approach facilitates the correlation of histologicalfindings with ultrasound imaging data, enabling the tracking of endogenous renal tumors exceeding 200μm, and characterizing their type, number, and volume. Preliminary results indicate delineated areascomprising various adenomas, carcinomas and cysts with a higher tumor incidence observed in miceexposed to uranium depending on their age. Additionally, screening of genes and proteins by RTqPCR andprotein-array enables the identification of various targets involved in renal carcinogenesis and themechanisms of uranium toxicity, modified by uranium exposure.These findings will contribute to identifying the most relevant parameters for the experimental evaluationof the potential link between uranium exposure and the development of kidney cancer in our GEMs

    Resolved Resonance Evaluation for Neutron Interactions with <sup>103</sup> Rh Up to 8 keV

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    International audienceA neutron cross-section evaluation for the n + 103 Rh reaction in the resolved resonance region was carried out in the energy range 10 -5 eV to 8 keV encompassing thermal energy at 0.0253 eV. The scope of this work is to generate resonance parameters and resonance parameter covariances based on the Reich-Moore reduced R-matrix formalism using the code SAMMY. Some features of the new evaluation are the inclusion of high-resolution capture data in the SAMMY evaluation process and the extension of the resolved resonance range from 4 to 8 keV. Furthermore, the evaluation employs more accurate resonance parameter representation by exploring the use of the LRF = 7 ENDF feature and also the use of the LCOMP = 2 compact format for resonance parameter covariance representation. Included in the SAMMY evaluation are transmission data, capture cross-section data, and neutron scattering length information. Thermal cross-section values listed in the literature, as well as capture resonance integrals, were also incorporated into the evaluation process

    Technology Review and Safety Assessment of Nuclear-Renewable Hybrid Energy Systems With Light-Water Small Modular Reactors

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    International audienceAn increase of renewable energy share is expected in the next future to drive the energy transition towards a low-carbon future energy mix. However, renewable energy sources are intermittent and non-dispatchable by nature and could lead to grid stability issues. For this reason, the idea of coupling renewable energy sources with Nuclear Energy (in particular, Small Modular Reactors) in the so-called Nuclear-Renewable Hybrid Energy Systems has gained more attention during the past years. During the second half of 2022 a European project belonging to the Horizon Europe program, namely TANDEM, has started to investigate the safety aspects of Light-Water Small Modular Reactors when introduced in a Hybrid System scenario. This paper aims at summarizing some of the first outcomes of the TANDEM project regarding the technology assessment of a Nuclear-Renewable Hybrid Energy System with Light-Water Small Modular Reactors, with preliminary considerations about safety of nuclear cogeneration. To this purpose, the main components of a general Hybrid system are considered, i.e., Light-Water Small Modular Reactor, low and high temperature hydrogen production, thermal and electrical storages and seawater desalination, aiming at providing general rules to perform the future modelling of the system in the frame of the project

    Impact of Integral Experiments Choice for a GLLSM Data Assimilation Process: Application to Spent Fuel Pool Storage

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    International audienceThe main purpose of this paper is to study the impact of the choice of experiments and experimental correlation coefficient on the efficiency of cross-sections uncertainties reduction, through a Bayesian inference method called General Linearized Least Square Method (GLLSM). In detail, this paper highlights how relevant the results on experiments selection could be with an advanced method using modified representativity factors, compared to the ones given by the well-known Ck. Moreover, these studies have also shown how dependent a posteriori data are to experimental correlation coefficient (especially the bias) for some assimilation parameters

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